Jutta Rüdiger

Dr Jutta Rüdiger (14 June 1910–13 March 2001) was a German psychologist, the head of the Nazi Party's female youth organisation, the League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel, BDM) from 1937 to 1945.

Born in Berlin but raised in Düsseldorf where her father was an engineer, Rüdiger was trained as a psychologist. While a student at Würzburg in the 1920s became a convinced Nazi and joined the National Socialist Student League (Nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Studentenbund): she joined the Nazi Party in 1931. From 1933 she was an assistant psychologist at the Institute for Occupational Research in Düsseldorf. She also became active in the leadership of the BDM, which had been started in 1930 as a girls' auxiliary to the male-only Hitler Youth, but which grew rapidly after the Nazis came to power in January 1933. In 1935 she became BDM Leader in the Ruhr-Lower Rhine region. In November 1937 she became Leader of the BDM in succession to Trude Mohr, who had vacated the position on her marriage, as Nazi policy required.

As BDM Leader Rüdiger had the title Reichs Deputy of the BDM (Reichsreferentin des BDM). This signified that her position was subordinate to the overall Nazi Youth Leader (Reichsjugendführer}, Baldur von Schirach (and his successor from 1940, Artur Axmann). This was in accordance with Nazi policy that women and their organisations must always be subordinate to male leadership. Schirach was zealous in preventing the BDM becoming autonomous, or coming under the control of the Nazi Women's Organisation (Nationalsozialistische Frauenschaft, NSF), whose Leader Gertrud Scholtz-Klink he regarded as a rival.

Membership of the BDM became compulsory for girls between 10 and 18 in 1936, and the law was stregthened in 1939, but membership was never as universal as membership of the Hitler Youth was for boys. The basic purpose of the Hitler Youth was to train boys to be inducted into the armed forces, and Nazi ideology did not envisage women bearing arms. The destiny of BDM girls under the Nazi state was to become wives and mothers to Nazi men, bearing many children to increase the strength of the "Aryan" race.

By 1941, however, there was an acute labour shortage in Germany as men were drafted away to the front, and the BDM girls were increasingly pressed into compulsory labour service, usually either on farms or in munitions factories, with girls from upper or middle class families going into office jobs. Rüdiger came to preside over a female work force of several millions, directing them as the economic ministries requested additional labour.

From 1943 onwards the BDM also supplied thousands of girls for work in flak (anti-aircraft) batteries guarding German cities. This was the nearest the Nazi regime would allow young women to come to combat service. Girls as young as 13 manned flak batteries and shot down Allied planes. Many were killed when their batteries were hit by bombs or machine-gun fire from Allied fighters. In the last days of the war some BDM girls fought alongside Hitler Youth boys against the invading Allied armies, but this was never officially sanctioned by the regime, and Rüdiger denied after the war that she had approved it.

Rüdiger was arrested by the Americans in 1945 and spent two and a half years in detention. She was not charged with any specific offence and was never brought to trial. On her release she resumed her career as a paediatric psychologist in Düsseldorf. According to a recent historian, she remained "an unreconstructed Nazi". In a 2000 interview she said: "National Socialism is not repeatable. One can take over only the values which we espoused: comradeship, readiness to support one another, bravery, self-discipline, and not least honour and loyalty. Apart from these, each young person must find their way alone." She died in 2001 at Bad Reichenhall. A neo-Nazi website commented: "On March 13 Dr. Jutta Rüdiger died in Bad Reichenhall at the age of ninety. She was the highest leader of the Bund Deutscher Mädel (female version of the Hitler Youth) and remained a loyal comrade her entire life. We honor her memory!"