Temperature > Catalogs

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http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Temperature/Catalogs&printable=yes
An informational catalog, or several catalogs, about Temperature.

Temperature conversion

(CC) Photo: Jan SchwartzA thermometer dial displaying temperatures in degrees Celsius and in degrees Fahrenheit.
(CC) Photo: Jan Schwartz
A thermometer dial displaying temperatures in degrees Celsius and in degrees Fahrenheit.

Table 1 compares the values for three major reference points in the Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit and Rankine temperature scales. Table 2 presents the factors required to convert temperatures from any one of those four scales to the other three.

Table 1: Comparison of Temperature Scales
Reference pointsKelvinCelsiusFahrenheitRankine
Absolute zero0 K−273.15 °C−459.67 °F0 °R
Melting point of water (a)273.15 K0 °C32 °F491.67 °R
Normal boiling point of water (b)373.15 K100 °C 212 °F671.67 °R
(a) The melting point of water (i.e., ice) used to be defined as 0°C (32°F) under an atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kPa. 0 °C is taken to be 273.15 K but does not exactly equal the melting point of water which is now defined as 273.152519 K. Note that the freezing point ofwater is ill-defined as water usually freezes a few degrees below 0°C and the actual temperature is not reproducible.

(b) The normal boiling point of water used to be defined as 100°C at an atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kPa, but it now been estimated at 99.9839°C.

Table 2: Temperature Conversions
ScaleTo KelvinFrom Kelvin
CelsiusK = °C + 273.15°C = K − 273.15
FahrenheitK = (°F + 459.67) ÷ 1.8°F = (K × 1.8) − 459.67
RankineK = °R ÷ 1.8°R = 1.8 × K
ScaleTo FahrenheitFrom Fahrenheit
Celsius°F = (1.8 × °C) + 32°C = (°F − 32) ÷ 1.8
Rankine°F = °R − 459.67°R = °F + 459.67
Kelvin°F = (1.8 × K) − 459.67K = (°F + 459.67) ÷ 1.8
ScaleTo CelsiusFrom Celsius
Fahrenheit°C = (°F − 32) ÷ 1.8°F = (1.8 × °C) + 32
Rankine°C = (°R ÷ 1.8) − 273.15°R = 1.8 × (°C + 273.15)
Kelvin°C = K − 273.15K = °C + 273.15
ScaleTo RankineFrom Rankine
Celsius°R = 1.8 × (°C + 273.15)°C = (°R ÷ 1.8) − 273.15
Fahrenheit°R = °F + 459.67°F = °R − 459.67
Kelvin°R = 1.8 × KK = °R ÷ 1.8
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