https://citizendium.org/wiki/api.php?hidebots=1&urlversion=1&days=7&limit=50&target=Category%3ALaw_Workgroup&action=feedrecentchanges&feedformat=atomCitizendium - Changes related to "Category:Law Workgroup" [en]2024-03-29T08:17:44ZRelated changesMediaWiki 1.39.5https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Alberto_Mora_(lawyer)&diff=946651&oldid=946640Alberto Mora (lawyer)2024-03-28T17:46:39Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Alberto Mora''' was the [[American people|U.S.]] [[General Counsel of the Navy]] in 2002<ref name=TheNewYorker2006-02-27/> when [[David Brant]], then the Director of the [[U.S. Naval Criminal Investigation Service]] ([[NCIS]]) informed Mora that interrogators were torturing individuals held in the newly created Guantanamo Bay detention camps.<ref name=TheNewYorker2006-02-27/><ref name=tjaglcsAlbertoMoraLecture2019/><ref name=witnesstoguantanamo2011-03-11/></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Alberto Mora''' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(1952-?) was an attorney for the U.S. Navy who wrote a 20-page memo in 2004 to the Navy's Inspector General advocating against the Navy allowing itself to become involved in torture. Mora </ins>was the [[American people|U.S.]] [[General Counsel of the Navy]] in 2002<ref name=TheNewYorker2006-02-27/> when [[David Brant]], then the Director of the [[U.S. Naval Criminal Investigation Service]] ([[NCIS]]) informed Mora that interrogators were torturing individuals held in the newly created Guantanamo Bay detention camps.<ref name=TheNewYorker2006-02-27/><ref name=tjaglcsAlbertoMoraLecture2019/><ref name=witnesstoguantanamo2011-03-11/></div></td></tr>
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</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Alberto_Mora_(lawyer)&diff=946640&oldid=943805Alberto Mora (lawyer)2024-03-28T16:13:14Z<p>trim</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2006, Mora was chosen as a [[John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award|John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award Recipient]], for his efforts to prevent the use of torture.<ref name=JRKProfileInCourageAward/></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2006, Mora was chosen as a [[John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award|John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award Recipient]], for his efforts to prevent the use of torture.<ref name=JRKProfileInCourageAward/></div></td></tr>
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</table>George Swanhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Southern_Poverty_Law_Center&diff=946577&oldid=717708Southern Poverty Law Center2024-03-28T13:45:00Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TOC|right</del>}}</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)''' was formed as part of the U.S. [[civil rights]] movement in 1971. Its first site was [[Montgomery, Alabama]], where a number of major protests had begun. Its co-founders were attorneys Morris Dees and Joe Levin, and its first president was [[Julian Bond]].<ref>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)''' was formed as part of the U.S. [[civil rights]] movement in 1971. Its first site was [[Montgomery, Alabama]], where a number of major protests had begun. Its co-founders were attorneys Morris Dees and Joe Levin, and its first president was [[Julian Bond]].<ref>{{citation</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Free_speech&diff=946574&oldid=918701Free speech2024-03-28T13:39:27Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TOC|right</del>}}</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even in liberal democracies, there are differing views of '''free speech'''. Nations with the greatest tradition still restrict things that are an immediate danger, as Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]] wrote in the unanimous opinion of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in the 1919 case, ''[[Schenck v. United States]]'', <blockquote>The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic.<ref name=Schenck>Schenck v. United States, 249 US 47 (1919)</ref></blockquote> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even in liberal democracies, there are differing views of '''free speech'''. Nations with the greatest tradition still restrict things that are an immediate danger, as Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]] wrote in the unanimous opinion of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in the 1919 case, ''[[Schenck v. United States]]'', <blockquote>The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic.<ref name=Schenck>Schenck v. United States, 249 US 47 (1919)</ref></blockquote> </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>UDHR Article 20 states a right of peaceful assembly and association. Violence, or threats of violence, are rarely if ever protected speech. ''[[Schenck v. United States]]'' further said, <blockquote>Words which, ordinarily and in many places, would be within the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment may become subject to prohibition when of such a nature and used in such circumstances a to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils which Congress has a right to prevent. The character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done.</blockquote> The 1942 ''[[Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire]]'' decision<ref>Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942)</ref> affirmed the decision of the [[New Hampshire (U.S. state)|New Hampshire]] on a state law blocking what it called "fighting words" in a face-to-face situation: <blockquote>"any offensive, derisive or annoying word to any other person who is lawfully in any street or other public place," or "call him by any offensive or derisive name," was construed by the Supreme Court of the State, in this case and before this case arose, as limited to the use in a public place of words directly tending to cause a breach of the peace by provoking the person addressed to acts of violence.</blockquote>The Court later refined its definition, in ''[[Bradenburg v. Ohio]] (1969)'':<blockquote>These later decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action.<ref name=Brandenburg>Bradenburg v. Ohio, 395 US 444 (1969)</ref></blockquote></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>UDHR Article 20 states a right of peaceful assembly and association. Violence, or threats of violence, are rarely if ever protected speech. ''[[Schenck v. United States]]'' further said, <blockquote>Words which, ordinarily and in many places, would be within the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment may become subject to prohibition when of such a nature and used in such circumstances a to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils which Congress has a right to prevent. The character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done.</blockquote> The 1942 ''[[Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire]]'' decision<ref>Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942)</ref> affirmed the decision of the [[New Hampshire (U.S. state)|New Hampshire]] on a state law blocking what it called "fighting words" in a face-to-face situation: <blockquote>"any offensive, derisive or annoying word to any other person who is lawfully in any street or other public place," or "call him by any offensive or derisive name," was construed by the Supreme Court of the State, in this case and before this case arose, as limited to the use in a public place of words directly tending to cause a breach of the peace by provoking the person addressed to acts of violence.</blockquote>The Court later refined its definition, in ''[[Bradenburg v. Ohio]] (1969)'':<blockquote>These later decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action.<ref name=Brandenburg>Bradenburg v. Ohio, 395 US 444 (1969)</ref></blockquote></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Hate speech==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{main|Hate speech}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Canada]], unquestionably a liberal democracy, recognized a difference between protected and hate speech in the 1990 Keegstra case. Chief Justice [[Robert Dickson]] wrote, <blockquote> "crucial to the disposition of this appeal: the relationship between Canadian and American approaches to the constitutional protection of free expression, most notably in the realm of hate propaganda...There is much to be learned from [[First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution|First Amendment]] jurisprudence." But he concluded that "the international commitment to eradicate hate propaganda and, most importantly, the special role given equality and multiculturalism in the Canadian Constitution necessitate a departure from the view, reasonably prevalent in America at present, that the suppression of hate propaganda is incompatible with the guarantee of free expression."<ref name=NYT2008-06-11>{{citation</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | title = Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | url = Adam Liptak</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | date = 11 June 2008</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html?pagewanted=all</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | journal = New York Times}}</ref> </blockquote> </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Defamation of religion===</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Various international organizations struggle with the issue of defamation of religion. Nations with a state religion, especially Islam, bar criticism of that religion. The [[Coalition to Defend Free Speech]], an affiliate of very disparate U.S. groups, is opposed to a charge of "defamation of religions", introduced to the [[UN Human Rights Council]] by the [[Organization of the Islamic Conference]] in 1999.<ref>{{citation</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | url = http://www.defendfreespeech.net/</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | title = Coalition to Defend Free Speech}}</ref> The charge was introduced by Pakistan, entitled "Defamation of Islam".<ref>{{citation</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | title = Don't Say a Word: A U.N. resolution seeks to criminalize opinions that differ with the Islamic faith.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | author = Christopher Hitchens | date = March 2, 2009</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | journal = Slate</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2212662/}}</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Western democracies do tend to restrict on action, such as job and housing discrimination, based on religion. Nevertheless, there are active controversies, such as proposed bans, in [[France]], against wearing of religious garments.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Political speech==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Political speech==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Walter_Berns&diff=946561&oldid=705152Walter Berns2024-03-28T13:22:16Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Walter Berns''' is a Resident Scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]] and professor emeritus at [[Georgetown University]], specializing in political philosophy and constitutional law. He is a member of the [[Committee for the Present Danger]] and President of APCO Insight, international survey research firm.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Walter Berns''' is a Resident Scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]] and professor emeritus at [[Georgetown University]], specializing in political philosophy and constitutional law. He is a member of the [[Committee for the Present Danger]] and President of APCO Insight, international survey research firm.</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Barbara_Dillon_Hillas&diff=946556&oldid=943270Barbara Dillon Hillas2024-03-28T13:16:03Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Barbara Dillon Hillas''' is an [[international law]]yer and a partner in Dillon, Hillas and Dillon, where she specializes in developing legal systems in newly democratic countries. She led the original post-2003 training for [[State of Iraq|Iraqi]] judges and legal system development in various other countries, including a major project in [[South Africa]] for the [[Agency for International Development]]; first post-[[perestroika]] resident U.S. lawyer in Russia; </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Barbara Dillon Hillas''' is an [[international law]]yer and a partner in Dillon, Hillas and Dillon, where she specializes in developing legal systems in newly democratic countries. She led the original post-2003 training for [[State of Iraq|Iraqi]] judges and legal system development in various other countries, including a major project in [[South Africa]] for the [[Agency for International Development]]; first post-[[perestroika]] resident U.S. lawyer in Russia; </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>She is a Trustee of the [[Fund for Peace]] and Washington Director for the CEELI Institute</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>She is a Trustee of the [[Fund for Peace]] and Washington Director for the CEELI Institute</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Anne_Bayefsky&diff=946303&oldid=638869Anne Bayefsky2024-03-27T08:05:31Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Anne Bayefsky''' is a Professor at York University, Toronto, Canada, an Adjunct Professor at Touro College in New York, and a Barrister and Solicitor, Ontario Bar. She is currently on leave from York as a Senior Fellow at the [[Hudson Institute]]. She is the recipient of Canada's human rights research fellowship, the Bora Laskin National Fellowship in Human Rights Research., and of a 1995 [[Macarthur Foundation]] grant for research in peace and international cooperation.<ref name=HudsonBio>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Anne Bayefsky''' is a Professor at York University, Toronto, Canada, an Adjunct Professor at Touro College in New York, and a Barrister and Solicitor, Ontario Bar. She is currently on leave from York as a Senior Fellow at the [[Hudson Institute]]. She is the recipient of Canada's human rights research fellowship, the Bora Laskin National Fellowship in Human Rights Research., and of a 1995 [[Macarthur Foundation]] grant for research in peace and international cooperation.<ref name=HudsonBio>{{citation</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Arms_control&diff=946269&oldid=944406Arms control2024-03-27T07:09:49Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Arms control''' involves negotiating and implementing agreements, among nations, to reduce the number or stop the development of certain types of weapons they produce, or to agree not to export weapons or weapons technologies to third countries. '''Strategic arms limitation''' refers principally to nuclear weapons and their delivery systems, but may include other [[weapons of mass destruction]]. Not all treaties and arms control initiatives deal with [[weapons of mass destruction]], such as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons or the [[Ottawa Treaty]]/</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Arms control''' involves negotiating and implementing agreements, among nations, to reduce the number or stop the development of certain types of weapons they produce, or to agree not to export weapons or weapons technologies to third countries. '''Strategic arms limitation''' refers principally to nuclear weapons and their delivery systems, but may include other [[weapons of mass destruction]]. Not all treaties and arms control initiatives deal with [[weapons of mass destruction]], such as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons or the [[Ottawa Treaty]]/</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another way to speak of arms control is that it has goals of both proactive nonproliferation and reactive [[counterproliferation]]. One of the challenges of arms control is '''verification''' that one's partners are living up to their agreements. Especially in the case of strategic arms, highly technical and sensitive methods may be required for verification. The term [[national technical means of verification]] was originally introduced due to Soviet sensitivity about a public admission that U.S. [[reconnaissance satellite]]s passed over Soviet territory without interference.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another way to speak of arms control is that it has goals of both proactive nonproliferation and reactive [[counterproliferation]]. One of the challenges of arms control is '''verification''' that one's partners are living up to their agreements. Especially in the case of strategic arms, highly technical and sensitive methods may be required for verification. The term [[national technical means of verification]] was originally introduced due to Soviet sensitivity about a public admission that U.S. [[reconnaissance satellite]]s passed over Soviet territory without interference.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Assistant_United_States_Attorney&diff=946252&oldid=728243Assistant United States Attorney2024-03-27T07:01:08Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An '''Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA)''' is a U.S. government lawyer, often a nonpolitical employee of the [[U.S. Department of Justice]], who supports an appointed [[United States Attorney]]. The AUSAs commonly do the actual courtroom work; there will be a substantial number of AUSAs in a busy judicial district such as the [[Southern District of New York]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An '''Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA)''' is a U.S. government lawyer, often a nonpolitical employee of the [[U.S. Department of Justice]], who supports an appointed [[United States Attorney]]. The AUSAs commonly do the actual courtroom work; there will be a substantial number of AUSAs in a busy judicial district such as the [[Southern District of New York]].</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Hassan_Abbas&diff=946075&oldid=943281Hassan Abbas2024-03-27T06:46:14Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Hassan Abbas''' is a Fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Hassan Abbas''' is a Fellow at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=David_Addington&diff=946066&oldid=944680David Addington2024-03-27T06:44:12Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TOC|right</del>}}</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''David Addington''' is an American attorney, closely associated with [[Dick Cheney]], who is a strong advocate of the [[unitary executive theory]], especially during the [[George W. Bush Administration]]. Even his detractors, and there are many, agree he is a brilliant lawyer, convinced that he is acting in the spirit of the Constitution, a copy of which he carries in his pocket. <ref name=USNWR>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''David Addington''' is an American attorney, closely associated with [[Dick Cheney]], who is a strong advocate of the [[unitary executive theory]], especially during the [[George W. Bush Administration]]. Even his detractors, and there are many, agree he is a brilliant lawyer, convinced that he is acting in the spirit of the Constitution, a copy of which he carries in his pocket. <ref name=USNWR>{{citation</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&diff=946004&oldid=945997Samuel Alito2024-03-26T14:57:14Z<p>changing status to Reviewed Passed; no real reason not to keep this; he's still on the court</p>
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</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Jamie_Gorelick&diff=946001&oldid=944283Jamie Gorelick2024-03-26T14:54:13Z<p>PropDel - bio of living person, written in present tense and not maintained</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Based in [[Washington, D.C.]], '''Jamie S. Gorelick''' (1950-) is an attorney who has held high and sometimes controversial responsibilities in both government and the private sector, identified as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]. She serves on the boards of the MacArthur Foundation and the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Based in [[Washington, D.C.]], '''Jamie S. Gorelick''' (1950-) is an attorney who has held high and sometimes controversial responsibilities in both government and the private sector, identified as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]. She serves on the boards of the MacArthur Foundation and the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&diff=945997&oldid=920154Samuel Alito2024-03-26T14:51:25Z<p>flagged</p>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Unitary_executive_theory&diff=945945&oldid=943935Unitary executive theory2024-03-26T14:14:11Z<p>PropDel</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{seealso|Prerogative power}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Unitary executive theory''' is a U.S. legal doctrine derived from the English concept of [[prerogative power]], which gives the President the right to operate in a supra-legal manner. Most, but not all, U.S. examples are related to warfare, and advocates of the theory claim it was the intent of the Framers. There is, indeed, substantial evidence that the Framers had a view that the ultimate executive authority would reside in an individual rather than a council, but much less evidence that they believed the executive had significant unilateral authority, not subject to review by other branches of government.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Unitary executive theory''' is a U.S. legal doctrine derived from the English concept of [[prerogative power]], which gives the President the right to operate in a supra-legal manner. Most, but not all, U.S. examples are related to warfare, and advocates of the theory claim it was the intent of the Framers. There is, indeed, substantial evidence that the Framers had a view that the ultimate executive authority would reside in an individual rather than a council, but much less evidence that they believed the executive had significant unilateral authority, not subject to review by other branches of government.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Prerogative_power&diff=945944&oldid=706434Prerogative power2024-03-26T14:13:54Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{TOC|right}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{TOC|right}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Prerogative power''' is a legal doctrine that originated in England, giving the sovereign the right to operate in a supra-legal manner if he determined it was in the supreme national interest, typically in the common defense.<blockquote>Historically, the medieval monarchy was both feudal lord and head of the kingdom. As such, the King had powers accounted for by the need to preserve the realm against external foes and an ‘undefined residue of power which he might use for the public good’. He could exercise the ‘royal prerogative’ and impose his will in respect of decision-making.<ref name=HoC-Lib>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Prerogative power''' is a legal doctrine that originated in England, giving the sovereign the right to operate in a supra-legal manner if he determined it was in the supreme national interest, typically in the common defense.<blockquote>Historically, the medieval monarchy was both feudal lord and head of the kingdom. As such, the King had powers accounted for by the need to preserve the realm against external foes and an ‘undefined residue of power which he might use for the public good’. He could exercise the ‘royal prerogative’ and impose his will in respect of decision-making.<ref name=HoC-Lib>{{citation</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Ambassador&diff=945935&oldid=916792Ambassador2024-03-26T14:07:44Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An '''ambassador''', in [[Diplomacy (foreign policy)|diplomacy]], is both a role and a rank. In the role of ambassador, Country A's ambassador is considered the diret representative of the [[Head of State]] of Country A to Country B. The ambassador and other accredited diplomats have [[diplomatic immunity]]. The rules of diplomatic conduct are principally defined by the [[Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations]]<ref name=VCDRAP>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An '''ambassador''', in [[Diplomacy (foreign policy)|diplomacy]], is both a role and a rank. In the role of ambassador, Country A's ambassador is considered the diret representative of the [[Head of State]] of Country A to Country B. The ambassador and other accredited diplomats have [[diplomatic immunity]]. The rules of diplomatic conduct are principally defined by the [[Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations]]<ref name=VCDRAP>{{citation</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Alternative_dispute_resolution&diff=945933&oldid=570902Alternative dispute resolution2024-03-26T14:07:22Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TOC|right</del>}}</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"'''Alternative Dispute Resolution ("ADR")''' refers to any means of settling disputes outside of the courtroom."<ref>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"'''Alternative Dispute Resolution ("ADR")''' refers to any means of settling disputes outside of the courtroom."<ref>{{citation</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Law_and_order&diff=945911&oldid=33492Law and order2024-03-26T13:14:36Z<p>PropDel</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:''This article is about the political rhetoric of law and order, for the television show, please see [[Law & Order]].''</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''"Law and order"''' commonly denotes a category of political [[rhetoric]] that emphasize on public safety and strong [[law enforcement]] to reduce [[crime]]. Politicians who espouse to "law and order" typically support toughening of penalties and lengthening of imprisonment on violent and drug crimes, and oppose [[rehabilitation]] of criminals as an alternative of [[incarceration]]. Most also support the use of [[capital punishment]]. In elections, they generally appeal to voters who are either [[conservatism|conservative]] or [[populism|populist]], and in areas with high crime rates their rhetoric has often been effective. One example of advocates of law and order politics in the United States is [[Bill O'Reilly]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''"Law and order"''' commonly denotes a category of political [[rhetoric]] that emphasize on public safety and strong [[law enforcement]] to reduce [[crime]]. Politicians who espouse to "law and order" typically support toughening of penalties and lengthening of imprisonment on violent and drug crimes, and oppose [[rehabilitation]] of criminals as an alternative of [[incarceration]]. Most also support the use of [[capital punishment]]. In elections, they generally appeal to voters who are either [[conservatism|conservative]] or [[populism|populist]], and in areas with high crime rates their rhetoric has often been effective. One example of advocates of law and order politics in the United States is [[Bill O'Reilly]].</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Korematsu_v._United_States&diff=945908&oldid=943850Korematsu v. United States2024-03-26T13:10:31Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Despite Justice Jackson's prognostication, the ''Korematsu'' ruling has had very little impact as a legal precedent. As Law Professor Michael J. Gerhardt describes, the case is "symbolic, like ''[[Dred Scott v. Sanford|Dred Scott]]'', of the Court's failings" and "almost universally condemned," even to the extent that "just as affirming ''[[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown]]'' is now required in judicial confirmation proceedings, rejecting ''Korematsu'' is ''pro forma'' for Supreme Court nominees."<ref>Michael J. Gerhardt, ''The Power of Precedent''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 170</ref> Nevertheless, the Court has cited the opinion's assertion that policies involving racial classifications are subject to strict scrutiny in ''[[Adarand v. Pena]]'', a 1995 case dealing with affirmative action.<ref>''Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena'', 515 U.S. 200 (1995)</ref> In another sense, the Korematsu case illustrates the fragility of the [[concept]] of [[Citizenship in the United States]], since approximately 60% of the [[detention|detainees]] had been technically [[citizens]] with [[document]]s to prove it, but citizenship was not as important as [[racial characteristics]] and perceived [[loyalty|loyalties]] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(see [[History of U</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S. citizenship]] for more information.)</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Despite Justice Jackson's prognostication, the ''Korematsu'' ruling has had very little impact as a legal precedent. As Law Professor Michael J. Gerhardt describes, the case is "symbolic, like ''[[Dred Scott v. Sanford|Dred Scott]]'', of the Court's failings" and "almost universally condemned," even to the extent that "just as affirming ''[[Brown v. Board of Education|Brown]]'' is now required in judicial confirmation proceedings, rejecting ''Korematsu'' is ''pro forma'' for Supreme Court nominees."<ref>Michael J. Gerhardt, ''The Power of Precedent''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 170</ref> Nevertheless, the Court has cited the opinion's assertion that policies involving racial classifications are subject to strict scrutiny in ''[[Adarand v. Pena]]'', a 1995 case dealing with affirmative action.<ref>''Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena'', 515 U.S. 200 (1995)</ref> In another sense, the Korematsu case illustrates the fragility of the [[concept]] of [[Citizenship in the United States]], since approximately 60% of the [[detention|detainees]] had been technically [[citizens]] with [[document]]s to prove it, but citizenship was not as important as [[racial characteristics]] and perceived [[loyalty|loyalties]].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Sources==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Sources==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{reflist|2}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{reflist|2}}</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Charles_Stimson&diff=945774&oldid=881356Charles Stimson2024-03-26T03:24:46Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Heritage_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heritage Foundation (page does not exist)">Heritage Foundation</a>" to "Heritage Foundation"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Charles "Cully" Stimson''' is Senior Legal Fellow, Center for Legal and Judicial Studies at the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Heritage Foundation<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>. He came to the post after resigning from a [[George W. Bush Administration]] post in 2007 after criticizing lawyers that represented terrorism; Stimson apologized. He had been Deputy Assistant Defense Secretary for Detainee Affairs.<ref>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Charles "Cully" Stimson''' is Senior Legal Fellow, Center for Legal and Judicial Studies at the Heritage Foundation. He came to the post after resigning from a [[George W. Bush Administration]] post in 2007 after criticizing lawyers that represented terrorism; Stimson apologized. He had been Deputy Assistant Defense Secretary for Detainee Affairs.<ref>{{citation</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | journal = Wall Street Journal</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | journal = Wall Street Journal</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | title = Cully Stimson resigns | author = Ashby Jones</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | title = Cully Stimson resigns | author = Ashby Jones</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He is a [[commander (naval)|commander]] and Judge Advocate General (JAG) reservist in the [[United States Navy]] Reserve, serving as a military judge. In addition, he has had three active-duty assignments both as a military prosecutor and defense attorney, and deployed to East Africa in 2000 for Operation Natural Fire as the Force Judge Advocate, and deployed with Navy SEALS as the [[Joint Special Operations Command]] JAG in 2001. <ref>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He is a [[commander (naval)|commander]] and Judge Advocate General (JAG) reservist in the [[United States Navy]] Reserve, serving as a military judge. In addition, he has had three active-duty assignments both as a military prosecutor and defense attorney, and deployed to East Africa in 2000 for Operation Natural Fire as the Force Judge Advocate, and deployed with Navy SEALS as the [[Joint Special Operations Command]] JAG in 2001. <ref>{{citation</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | url = http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/charlesstimson.cfm</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | url = http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/charlesstimson.cfm</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | publisher = <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Heritage Foundation<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | publisher = Heritage Foundation</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | title = Charles Stimson}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | title = Charles Stimson}}</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Edwin_Meese&diff=945663&oldid=919249Edwin Meese2024-03-26T03:12:17Z<p>Category:Reviewed Passed</p>
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</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Americans_United_for_Life&diff=945435&oldid=730169Americans United for Life2024-03-25T21:28:19Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Founded in 1971, and based in [[Chicago, Illinois]], '''Americans United for Life (AUL)''' is a is a nonprofit, public-interest law and policy organization "whose vision is a nation in which everyone is welcomed in life and protected in law." Its major goals are:<ref>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Founded in 1971, and based in [[Chicago, Illinois]], '''Americans United for Life (AUL)''' is a is a nonprofit, public-interest law and policy organization "whose vision is a nation in which everyone is welcomed in life and protected in law." Its major goals are:<ref>{{citation</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union&diff=945413&oldid=895885American Civil Liberties Union2024-03-25T21:03:10Z<p>flagged</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''American Civil Liberties Union''' ('''ACLU''') is a [[United States of America|U.S.]] organization dedicated to preserving the [[civil rights]] of persons in the U.S., especially those rights guaranteed in the [[Bill of Rights]] -- most notably those in the [[First Amendment]] (freedom of speech and religion) and the [[Fourth Amendment]] (prohibition of unreasonable search and seizure). It educates the public and conducts litigation in the judicial system and has divisions on different subjects such as [[voting rights]], [[LGBT|gay rights]], [[privacy]], and [[drug policy]]. Notable past and present members of the ACLU include [[Massachusetts (U.S. state)|Massachusetts]] Governor [[Michael Dukakis]], lawyer [[Clarence Darrow]], Supreme Court Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]], and progressive leader [[Jane Addams]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''American Civil Liberties Union''' ('''ACLU''') is a [[United States of America|U.S.]] organization dedicated to preserving the [[civil rights]] of persons in the U.S., especially those rights guaranteed in the [[Bill of Rights]] -- most notably those in the [[First Amendment]] (freedom of speech and religion) and the [[Fourth Amendment]] (prohibition of unreasonable search and seizure). It educates the public and conducts litigation in the judicial system and has divisions on different subjects such as [[voting rights]], [[LGBT|gay rights]], [[privacy]], and [[drug policy]]. Notable past and present members of the ACLU include [[Massachusetts (U.S. state)|Massachusetts]] Governor [[Michael Dukakis]], lawyer [[Clarence Darrow]], Supreme Court Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]], and progressive leader [[Jane Addams]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since its founding in 1920, the ACLU has frequently been embroiled in controversies over its stances on various hot-button issues, such as its advocacy of removing religious references from government buildings, supporting [[gay rights]], and opposition to [[Intelligent Design]]: ACLU lawyers represented Scopes at the "monkey trial" in 1925. The ACLU has also been criticized for failing to protect the [[Second Amendment]] rights of gun ownership, fueling views of it as a "leftist" and "lib-lab" (= politically liberal and pro-organized-labor) organization -- thousands of its members (many of them Jewish) resigned in 1978 when the ACLU championed the right of Nazis to march in Skokie, Illinois.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since its founding in 1920, the ACLU has frequently been embroiled in controversies over its stances on various hot-button issues, such as its advocacy of removing religious references from government buildings, supporting [[gay rights]], and opposition to [[Intelligent Design]]: ACLU lawyers represented Scopes at the "monkey trial" in 1925. The ACLU has also been criticized for failing to protect the [[Second Amendment]] rights of gun ownership, fueling views of it as a "leftist" and "lib-lab" (= politically liberal and pro-organized-labor) organization -- thousands of its members (many of them Jewish) resigned in 1978 when the ACLU championed the right of Nazis to march in Skokie, Illinois.</div></td></tr>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Steven_Calabresi&diff=945218&oldid=711347Steven Calabresi2024-03-25T12:14:42Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Civilian trial of 9-11 defendants</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Civilian trial of 9-11 defendants===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Civilian trial of 9-11 defendants===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He supports the decision of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Eric Holder<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Barack Obama<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>to conduct <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>U.S. v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>in a civilian court, based on his interpretation of Constitutional separation of powers. Only the Judiciary, he believes, has the power to punish; the military's own courts are an exception required for the maintenance of discipline among the armed services. <ref name=Politico2009-11-17>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He supports the decision of Eric Holder and Barack Obama to conduct U.S. v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al. in a civilian court, based on his interpretation of Constitutional separation of powers. Only the Judiciary, he believes, has the power to punish; the military's own courts are an exception required for the maintenance of discipline among the armed services. <ref name=Politico2009-11-17>{{citation</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | url = http://www.politico.com/arena/archive/terror-trials-ii.html#AF5616BC-989D-4F22-AC5D-5BB49FD22F1F</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | url = http://www.politico.com/arena/archive/terror-trials-ii.html#AF5616BC-989D-4F22-AC5D-5BB49FD22F1F</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Provisions for mandatory insurance coverage, in [[H.R. 3962]] are, according to Calabresi, unconstitutional. <ref name=Politico2009-09-18>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Provisions for mandatory insurance coverage, in [[H.R. 3962]] are, according to Calabresi, unconstitutional. <ref name=Politico2009-09-18>{{citation</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Extrajudicial_detention,_U.S.,_Barack_Obama_Administration&diff=945217&oldid=943799Extrajudicial detention, U.S., Barack Obama Administration2024-03-25T12:12:44Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Barack Obama]], on taking office as President of the United States, faced the reality of several hundred prisoners in extrajudicial detention at Guantanamo Bay detention camp, and possibly others at U.S. facilities in Afghanistan and Iraq. He had made a campaign promise to close Guantanamo, which has not happened in his first year but the Administration is moving to do so. Some prisoners have been freed, some deported, five associated directly with the [[9/11]] attack scheduled to be tried in Federal court <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">([[U.S. v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al.]])</del>, and no decision has been made for others.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Barack Obama]], on taking office as President of the United States, faced the reality of several hundred prisoners in extrajudicial detention at Guantanamo Bay detention camp, and possibly others at U.S. facilities in Afghanistan and Iraq. He had made a campaign promise to close Guantanamo, which has not happened in his first year but the Administration is moving to do so. Some prisoners have been freed, some deported, five associated directly with the [[9/11]] attack scheduled to be tried in Federal court, and no decision has been made for others.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In his announcement on 13 November 2009, Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] also said that five other defendants would still go before military commissions. <ref name=HolderDecision>{{Citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In his announcement on 13 November 2009, Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] also said that five other defendants would still go before military commissions. <ref name=HolderDecision>{{Citation</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=National_technical_means_of_verification&diff=945167&oldid=944400National technical means of verification2024-03-24T21:55:46Z<p></p>
<a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=National_technical_means_of_verification&diff=945167&oldid=944400">Show changes</a>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Hudson_Institute&diff=945039&oldid=942255Hudson Institute2024-03-24T18:03:52Z<p>PropDel</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Hudson Institute''' is a US think tank that "challenges conventional thinking and helps manage strategic transitions to the future through interdisciplinary and collaborative studies in defense, international relations, economics, culture, science, technology, and law."<ref name=Mission>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''Hudson Institute''' is a US think tank that "challenges conventional thinking and helps manage strategic transitions to the future through interdisciplinary and collaborative studies in defense, international relations, economics, culture, science, technology, and law."<ref name=Mission>{{citation</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Prison_Fellowship_Ministries&diff=945016&oldid=945013Prison Fellowship Ministries2024-03-24T17:44:09Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Prison Fellowship</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Angel Tree® (1982)—assists the children and families of prisoners</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Angel Tree® (1982)—assists the children and families of prisoners</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[InnerChange Freedom Initiative]]® (IFI), beginning in 1997, going beyond in-prison events to [[faith-based]] rehabilitation programs in prisons and in a community reentry facility. The appropriateness of this relationship was challenged by [[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]] (AU), joined by the Anti-Defamation League and [[American Jewish Committee]],<ref>{{citation</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | url = http://www.adl.org/Civil_Rights/ab/AU%20v%20Prison%20Fellowship.pdf</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | title = Brief Amicus Curiae of Anti-Defamation League and American Jewish Committee on Behalf of Plaintiff-Appellees, supporting Affirmance </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | date = 22 November 2006</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}}</ref> initially in the [[Iowa (U.S. state)|Iowa]] state courts in February 2003, and eventually in the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit]]; part of the challenge in [[Americans United for Separation of Church & State v. Prison Fellowship Ministries]] (also known as Ashburn v. Mapes) succeeded and part was reversed. IFI chose not to appeal to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], and, in a settlement agreement, paid AU's attorney fees. Iowa terminated the IFI program in March 2008.<ref>{{citation</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State&diff=945015&oldid=941959Americans United for Separation of Church and State2024-03-24T17:43:17Z<p>PropDel</p>
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</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Prison_Fellowship_Ministries&diff=945013&oldid=939819Prison Fellowship Ministries2024-03-24T17:42:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Prison Fellowship</span></span></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{PropDel}}<br><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{subpages}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{subpages}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Prison Fellowship Ministries (PFM)''' are a collection of organizations that originated from the efforts of former [[Richard Nixon]] aide [[Chuck Colson]], after Colson finished his prison sentence for [[Watergate]]-related offenses in 1974. While the original focus was Christian outreach to prisoners, the scope has broadened both to the overall criminal justice system and to general standards of Christian life. In 2006, Colson, while remaining on the Board of Directors, turned the chair over to [[Michael Timmis]]. Former Virginia Attorney General [[Mark Earley]] is President and CEO.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Prison Fellowship Ministries (PFM)''' are a collection of organizations that originated from the efforts of former [[Richard Nixon]] aide [[Chuck Colson]], after Colson finished his prison sentence for [[Watergate]]-related offenses in 1974. While the original focus was Christian outreach to prisoners, the scope has broadened both to the overall criminal justice system and to general standards of Christian life. In 2006, Colson, while remaining on the Board of Directors, turned the chair over to [[Michael Timmis]]. Former Virginia Attorney General [[Mark Earley]] is President and CEO.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Prison Fellowship International (1979) Global association of national Prison Fellowship organizations</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Prison Fellowship International (1979) Global association of national Prison Fellowship organizations</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Angel Tree® (1982)—assists the children and families of prisoners</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Angel Tree® (1982)—assists the children and families of prisoners</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Justice Fellowship]] (1983), aimed at policy-level reform of the criminal justice system, including victim healing, offender accountability, reconciliation, and community growth. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[InnerChange Freedom Initiative]]® (IFI), beginning in 1997, going beyond in-prison events to [[faith-based]] rehabilitation programs in prisons and in a community reentry facility. The appropriateness of this relationship was challenged by [[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]] (AU), joined by the Anti-Defamation League and [[American Jewish Committee]],<ref>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[InnerChange Freedom Initiative]]® (IFI), beginning in 1997, going beyond in-prison events to [[faith-based]] rehabilitation programs in prisons and in a community reentry facility. The appropriateness of this relationship was challenged by [[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]] (AU), joined by the Anti-Defamation League and [[American Jewish Committee]],<ref>{{citation</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | url = http://www.adl.org/Civil_Rights/ab/AU%20v%20Prison%20Fellowship.pdf</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | url = http://www.adl.org/Civil_Rights/ab/AU%20v%20Prison%20Fellowship.pdf</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | publisher = [[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]}}</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | publisher = [[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]}}</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==BreakPoint==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==BreakPoint==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These programs are not aimed directly at prisoners. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These programs are not aimed directly at prisoners. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Chuck Colson Center for Christian Worldview]] "Our mission is to seek the transformation of believers as they apply biblical thinking to all of life, enabling them to transform their communities through the grace and truth of Jesus Christ. BreakPoint provides a Christian perspective on today’s news and trends via radio, interactive media, and print"<ref>{{citation</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Wilberforce Forum]]: (1991) "a network of writers, scholars and speakers who promote a Christian worldview and annually recognize Christians of influence through the Wilberforce Award, under the auspices of the [[Chuck Colson Center for Christian Worldview]]"</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | title = About Us</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> | publisher = Chuck Colson Center for Christian Worldview}}</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del>*[[Wilberforce Forum]]: (1991) "a network of writers, scholars and speakers who promote a Christian worldview and annually recognize Christians of influence through the Wilberforce Award, under the auspices of the [[Chuck Colson Center for Christian Worldview]]"</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*BreakPoint Commentary: Colson and Earley's commentary news, from a Biblical perspective. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*BreakPoint Commentary: Colson and Earley's commentary news, from a Biblical perspective. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*ThePoint: Early's discussion about culture, again from a Biblical standpoint; a blog supplements the radio programming</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*ThePoint: Early's discussion about culture, again from a Biblical standpoint; a blog supplements the radio programming</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*BreakPoint.org—a Web site that serves as a resource for viewing topics with a Biblical perspective.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*BreakPoint.org—a Web site that serves as a resource for viewing topics with a Biblical perspective.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*BreakPoint WorldView Magazine—features commentaries by Chuck Colson and Mark Earley as well as articles written by established worldview writers</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*BreakPoint WorldView Magazine—features commentaries by Chuck Colson and Mark Earley as well as articles written by established worldview writers</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Life_Legal_Defense_Foundation&diff=944961&oldid=721511Life Legal Defense Foundation2024-03-24T15:16:59Z<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Terri_Schiavo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terri Schiavo (page does not exist)">Terri Schiavo</a>" to "Terri Schiavo"</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They oppose [[embryonic stem cell]] research, whether the cells come from discarded embryos or not, but support work using adult and umbilical cord stem cells. Citing <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Terri Schiavo<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>'s "imposed death by dehydration and starvation", they object to medical determinations of [[futile care]]. In cooperation with the [[National Right to Life Committee]], they distribute "pro-life advance directives", but discourage "living wills", which they consider to encourage the denial of treatment. <ref>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They oppose [[embryonic stem cell]] research, whether the cells come from discarded embryos or not, but support work using adult and umbilical cord stem cells. Citing Terri Schiavo's "imposed death by dehydration and starvation", they object to medical determinations of [[futile care]]. In cooperation with the [[National Right to Life Committee]], they distribute "pro-life advance directives", but discourage "living wills", which they consider to encourage the denial of treatment. <ref>{{citation</div></td></tr>
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</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=American_Civil_Rights_Union&diff=944843&oldid=715909American Civil Rights Union2024-03-23T18:39:54Z<p>PropDel; and, we should examine everything that links here as well</p>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''American Civil Rights Union (ACRU)''', not to be confused with the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU), states its mission as protecting "the civil rights of all Americans, by publicly advancing a Constitutional understanding of civil rights; monitoring judicial nominees, judges, and legal organizations, while resisting those that threaten civil rights; and filing amicus briefs in critical civil rights court cases... the ACRU stands against harmful anti-Constitutional ideologies that have taken hold in our nation's courts, law schools, and bureaucracies. While others promote entitlements and license in the name of "liberties," the ACRU defends the civil rights set forth at the American Founding." <ref>{{citation</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''American Civil Rights Union (ACRU)''', not to be confused with the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU), states its mission as protecting "the civil rights of all Americans, by publicly advancing a Constitutional understanding of civil rights; monitoring judicial nominees, judges, and legal organizations, while resisting those that threaten civil rights; and filing amicus briefs in critical civil rights court cases... the ACRU stands against harmful anti-Constitutional ideologies that have taken hold in our nation's courts, law schools, and bureaucracies. While others promote entitlements and license in the name of "liberties," the ACRU defends the civil rights set forth at the American Founding." <ref>{{citation</div></td></tr>
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</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Intelligence_interrogation,_U.S.&diff=944760&oldid=944649Intelligence interrogation, U.S.2024-03-23T15:38:31Z<p></p>
<a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Intelligence_interrogation,_U.S.&diff=944760&oldid=944649">Show changes</a>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Michael_Mukasey&diff=944632&oldid=941376Michael Mukasey2024-03-23T15:27:29Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Attorney General</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{seealso|Intelligence interrogation, U.S., review}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After his retirement from the court, Judge Mukasey returned to private practice at Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler until he was nominated by President George W. Bush to become the Attorney General on September 17, 2007. The Senate subsequently confirmed his nomination on November 8, 2007. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After his retirement from the court, Judge Mukasey returned to private practice at Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler until he was nominated by President George W. Bush to become the Attorney General on September 17, 2007. The Senate subsequently confirmed his nomination on November 8, 2007. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>President Ronald Reagan nominated Michael B. Mukasey to the bench of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and he was confirmed in that position in November 1987. Mr. Mukasey became the chief judge of the court in 2000 and served in that capacity until his retirement from the bench in 2006. During that time, Judge Mukasey presided over hundreds of cases, including the trial of Sheik Omar Rahman and 11 co-defendants charged with conspiring to blow up numerous sites in New York, including the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>President Ronald Reagan nominated Michael B. Mukasey to the bench of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and he was confirmed in that position in November 1987. Mr. Mukasey became the chief judge of the court in 2000 and served in that capacity until his retirement from the bench in 2006. During that time, Judge Mukasey presided over hundreds of cases, including the trial of Sheik Omar Rahman and 11 co-defendants charged with conspiring to blow up numerous sites in New York, including the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&diff=944631&oldid=943202Eric Holder2024-03-23T15:26:51Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Investigation of CIA illegalities</span></span></p>
<a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&diff=944631&oldid=943202">Show changes</a>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=National_security&diff=944146&oldid=930610National security2024-03-22T18:04:11Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''National security''', in the most objective usage, describing the totality of necessary functions of a nation; maintaining it is the mirror of the [[grand strategy|grand strategic]] attempts of adversaries to disrupt a nation. It also can reasonably refer to domestic attempts, as in insurgency, to disrupt a government, economy, or culture.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''National security''', in the most objective usage, describing the totality of necessary functions of a nation; maintaining it is the mirror of the [[grand strategy|grand strategic]] attempts of adversaries to disrupt a nation. It also can reasonably refer to domestic attempts, as in insurgency, to disrupt a government, economy, or culture.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It can have a reasonable use in broad legal policy, as in defining the potential and appropriate use of a [[state secrets privilege]]. It can also be used as a political or demagogic appeal to allow unrestrained state authority. In some cases, it is used in an apparently euphemistic way that remains informative to persons aware of the context, such as the nondescript name of the U.S. [[National Security Agency]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It can have a reasonable use in broad legal policy, as in defining the potential and appropriate use of a [[state secrets privilege]]. It can also be used as a political or demagogic appeal to allow unrestrained state authority. In some cases, it is used in an apparently euphemistic way that remains informative to persons aware of the context, such as the nondescript name of the U.S. [[National Security Agency]].</div></td></tr>
</table>Pat Palmerhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Mark_Madoff&diff=944118&oldid=919259Mark Madoff2024-03-22T17:48:37Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| name = Mark Madoff</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| name = Mark Madoff</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Andrew_Madoff&diff=944109&oldid=919108Andrew Madoff2024-03-22T17:44:02Z<p></p>
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</table>John Leachhttps://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Law&diff=944061&oldid=944050Law2024-03-22T16:44:39Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--[[Image:Advokat, Engelsk advokatdräkt, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|left|An English barrister]]--></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--[[Image:Advokat, Engelsk advokatdräkt, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|left|An English barrister]]--></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lawyers give people [[solicitor|advice]] about their legal rights and duties and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[barrister|</del>represent<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>them in [[court]], for the law to be adequately accessible to everyone, and for people to be able to foresee what law means for them.<ref>''The Sunday Times v. The United Kingdom'' [1979] [http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html ECHR 1 at 49] Case no. 6538/74</ref> [[Practice of law]] is typically overseen by either a government organization or independent regulating body such as a [[bar association]], [[bar council]], barrister society, or [[law society]]. An aspiring practitioner of law must be certified by the regulating body before beginning to practice. This usually entails a two or three-year program at a university [[faculty of law]] or a [[law school]], which earns the student a [[Bachelor of Laws]], a [[Bachelor of Civil Law]] or a [[Juris Doctor]] degree. This course of study is followed by an entrance examination (e.g. [[bar admission]]). Some countries require a further vocational qualification before a person is permitted to practice law. In the case of those wishing to become a barrister, this would lead to a Barrister-at-law degree, followed by a year's apprenticeship (sometimes known as pupillage or devilling) under the oversight of an experienced barrister (or master). Advanced law degrees are also often pursued, though they are academic degrees and are not required for the practice of law. These include a [[Master of Laws]], a [[M.S.L.|Master of Legal Studies]], and a [[Doctor of Laws]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lawyers give people [[solicitor|advice]] about their legal rights and duties and represent them in [[court]], for the law to be adequately accessible to everyone, and for people to be able to foresee what law means for them.<ref>''The Sunday Times v. The United Kingdom'' [1979] [http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html ECHR 1 at 49] Case no. 6538/74</ref> [[Practice of law]] is typically overseen by either a government organization or independent regulating body such as a [[bar association]], [[bar council]], barrister society, or [[law society]]. An aspiring practitioner of law must be certified by the regulating body before beginning to practice. This usually entails a two or three-year program at a university [[faculty of law]] or a [[law school]], which earns the student a [[Bachelor of Laws]], a [[Bachelor of Civil Law]] or a [[Juris Doctor]] degree. This course of study is followed by an entrance examination (e.g. [[bar admission]]). Some countries require a further vocational qualification before a person is permitted to practice law. In the case of those wishing to become a barrister, this would lead to a Barrister-at-law degree, followed by a year's apprenticeship (sometimes known as pupillage or devilling) under the oversight of an experienced barrister (or master). Advanced law degrees are also often pursued, though they are academic degrees and are not required for the practice of law. These include a [[Master of Laws]], a [[M.S.L.|Master of Legal Studies]], and a [[Doctor of Laws]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For example, in the United Kingdom and some common law jurisdictions, a barrister is the member of the legal profession who argues cases in court, sometimes supplemented by [[solicitor-advocates]]. In the UK, all barristers are members of one of the four [[Inns of Court]]: [[Inner Temple]], [[Middle Temple]], [[Gray's Inn]] and [[Lincoln's Inn]], and adhere to the [[cab rank principle]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For example, in the United Kingdom and some common law jurisdictions, a barrister is the member of the legal profession who argues cases in court, sometimes supplemented by [[solicitor-advocates]]. In the UK, all barristers are members of one of the four [[Inns of Court]]: [[Inner Temple]], [[Middle Temple]], [[Gray's Inn]] and [[Lincoln's Inn]], and adhere to the [[cab rank principle]].</div></td></tr>
</table>John Leach