User:Loc Vu-Quoc/Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png|thumb|left|150px|Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png|thumb|left|150px|Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
[[File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|150px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
[[File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|150px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
'''Nguyễn Ngọc Bích''' (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,<ref name=Buttinger.1967b /><sup>:850. </sup> <sup>[[#Primary sources, quotations|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Primary sources, quotations jump1"></span>   
'''Nguyễn Ngọc Bích''' (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,<ref name=Buttinger.1967b /><sup>:850. </sup> <sup>[[#Primary sources, quotations|N.psq1]]</sup><span id="Primary sources, quotations jump1"></span>   
a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam North Vietnam] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam South Vietnam].<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich />
a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam North Vietnam] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam South Vietnam].<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich />


The [[commons:File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street]] in the city of [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnam]], was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> that left a mark on his forehead,<sup>[[#bich-injury|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="bich-injury-jump"></span> and exiled) during the [[Indochinese revolution|First Indochina War]].
The [[commons:File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street]] in the city of [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnam]], was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> that left a mark on his forehead,<sup>[[#bich-injury|N.bi]]</sup><span id="bich-injury-jump"></span> and exiled) during the [[Indochinese revolution|First Indochina War]].


Upon graduating from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique] (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] (civil engineering) in France in 1935,<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=NNC.2018 /> Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the [[Viet-Minh]], and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.
Upon graduating from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique] (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] (civil engineering) in France in 1935,<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=NNC.2018 /> Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the [[Viet-Minh]], and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.


Suspecting<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|Note]]<span class="anchor" id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span></sup>
Suspecting<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|N.bs]]<span id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span></sup>
of being betrayed by the Communist faction<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span> of the [[Viet-Minh]] and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his [[École polytechnique]] classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,<!--{{sfn|Tran-Thi-Lien|2002|p=299}}--><ref name=Tran-Thi-Lien /><sup>: 299</sup> and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.<sup>[[#Minh Tan|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Minh Tan jump"></span> In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as the sixth [[Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers|prime minister]] of the [[State of Vietnam]] under the former Emperor [[Bao Dai]] as Head of State,<!--{{efn|See Section [[#Intellectual and politician|Intellectual and politician]] and Langguth (2000).{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}}}}--><ref name=Langguth.2000 /><sup>:84</sup> who selected [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",<!--{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=Honey.1962 /><ref name=NNC.2018 />, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]".<ref name=Honey.1962 /> <sup>[[#Political influence|Note 1]], [[#China Quarterly|Note 2]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Political influence jump"></span> <span class="anchor" id="China Quarterly jump"></span>
of being betrayed by the Communist faction<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|N.bs]]</sup><span id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span> of the [[Viet-Minh]] and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his [[École polytechnique]] classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,<!--{{sfn|Tran-Thi-Lien|2002|p=299}}--><ref name=Tran-Thi-Lien /><sup>: 299</sup> and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.<sup>[[#Minh Tan|N.mbl]]</sup><span id="Minh Tan jump"></span> In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as the sixth [[Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers|prime minister]] of the [[State of Vietnam]] under the former Emperor [[Bao Dai]] as Head of State,<!--{{efn|See Section [[#Intellectual and politician|Intellectual and politician]] and Langguth (2000).{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}}}}--><ref name=Langguth.2000 /><sup>:84</sup> who selected [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",<!--{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=Honey.1962 /><ref name=NNC.2018 />, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]".<ref name=Honey.1962 /> <sup>[[#Political influence|N.pi]]<span id="Political influence jump"></span>, [[#China Quarterly|N.tcq]]</sup><span id="China Quarterly jump"></span>


A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document
A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document
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Important historical events that affected [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s adult life, together with those mentioned in his 1962 paper (e.g., failed agrarian reform, napalm bombs, famine, conquest for rice, etc.) are summarized, in particular the atmosphere in which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] had lived for ten years working for the French colonialists (from 1935 to 1945), and the historical conditions that drove this French-educated engineer to become a
Important historical events that affected [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s adult life, together with those mentioned in his 1962 paper (e.g., failed agrarian reform, napalm bombs, famine, conquest for rice, etc.) are summarized, in particular the atmosphere in which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] had lived for ten years working for the French colonialists (from 1935 to 1945), and the historical conditions that drove this French-educated engineer to become a
"Francophile anticolonialist"<sup>[[#Francophile anticolonialists|Note 1]]<span class="anchor" id="Francophile anticolonialists jump"></span>, [[#Primary sources, quotations|Note 2]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Primary sources, quotations jump2"></span> and to join the [[Viet Minh]] in 1945 (e.g., the French brutal repressions in 1940 and 1945, the power vacuum after the Japanese ''coup de force'' in 1945, [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s call for a general uprising from [[:vi:Chiến_khu_Tân_Trào|Tân Trào]], the 1945 [[August Revolution]], the Black Sunday on 1945 Sep 2 in Saigon, etc.).  The key principle is to summarize a historical event only when it was directly related to [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s activities.
"Francophile anticolonialist"<sup>[[#Francophile anticolonialists|N.fa]]<span id="Francophile anticolonialists jump"></span>, [[#Primary sources, quotations|N.psq2]]</sup><span id="Primary sources, quotations jump2"></span> and to join the [[Viet Minh]] in 1945 (e.g., the French brutal repressions in 1940 and 1945, the power vacuum after the Japanese ''coup de force'' in 1945, [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s call for a general uprising from [[:vi:Chiến_khu_Tân_Trào|Tân Trào]], the 1945 [[August Revolution]], the Black Sunday on 1945 Sep 2 in Saigon, etc.).  The key principle is to summarize a historical event only when it was directly related to [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s activities.
Care is exercised in selecting references and quotations that complement, but not duplicate, other Wikipedia articles at the time of this writing.
Care is exercised in selecting references and quotations that complement, but not duplicate, other Wikipedia articles at the time of this writing.
For example, the history and the general use of [[napalm]] bombs, which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 article, are not summarized.
For example, the history and the general use of [[napalm]] bombs, which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 article, are not summarized.
Regarding the French using American-made [[napalm]] bombs in the [[First Indochina War]],  
Regarding the French using American-made [[napalm]] bombs in the [[First Indochina War]],  
well-known battles<sup>[[#Napalm battles|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Napalm battles jump"></span> are also not summarized.
well-known battles<sup>[[#Napalm battles|N.nb]]</sup><span id="Napalm battles jump"></span> are also not summarized.


== First Indochina War ==
The broader historic events of [[World War II]] and the [[First Indochina War]]---specifically, the short interwar period between end of the former and the beginning of the later—led to the context in which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Nguyen Ngoc Bich]] fought the French colonists until he was captured.
The activities directly or indirectly affected Bich's life by four historic individuals are summarized.
French General [[de Gaulle]], by his desire to reconquer Indochina as a French colony, was a main force that led to the First Indochina War, in which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] fought.
Ho Chi Minh, founder and leader of the [[Viet Minh]], called for the general uprising---against the French colonists and the Japanese occupiers---to which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] responded.  US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] ardent anticolonialism could have prevented the two Indochina wars, and changed the course of history.  US President [[Harry Truman]] was a reason that the [[First Indochina War]] is now called the "French-American" War in Vietnamese literature,<ref name="Lady.Borton.2020"/> and through his support for the French war effort supplied napalm bombs, which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 paper.  The US funded more than 30% of the war cost in 1952 under US President [[Eisenhower]], and "nearly 80%" in 1954 under [[Truman]].<!--<sup>[[#French-war cost|Note]]</sup>--><sup>[[#French-war cost|N.fwc]]</sup><span id="French-war cost jump"></span>
=== Charles de Gaulle ===
<!--
24.1.17, use this image when this draft becomes an article:
[[File:De-gaulle-radio.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Charles de Gaulle speaking on the BBC, 1941]]
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[[File:De Gaulle-OWI (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|left|[[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1942]]
At the beginning of [[World War II]], in his historic four-minute call-to-arms broadcast from London on 1940 June 18, later known as ''L'Appel du 18 Juin'' in French history, the mostly then unknown<sup>[[#de Gaulle|N.cdg1]]</sup><span id="de Gaulle jump1"></span> General [[de Gaulle]] counted on the French Empire, with Indochina as the "Pearl of the Empire", rich in rubber, tin, coal, and rice,<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:28</sup> to provide resources to fight the Axis, with the support of the British Empire and the powerful industry of the United States.
Understanding that Indochina was under the menace of occupation by the Japanese, [[de Gaulle]] harbored the dream of wresting this colony back into the fold of the French Empire, writing in his memoirs "As I saw her move away into the mist, I swore to myself that I would one day bring her back."<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:25</sup>
[[File:1945 Aug 12 de Gaulle Truman White House.jpg|thumb|250px|right|US President [[Harry Truman|Truman]] and French General [[de Gaulle]], White House, 1945 Aug 12.]]
"Within two weeks" of the death of US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] on 1945 Apr 12, de Gaulle pressured [[Harry Truman]] on the Indochina issue, and his government launched "an intensive propaganda effort to mold world opinion in favor of the status quo (French control) in Indochina",<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:116</sup> and this after having approved the Japanese occupation of Indochina since 1940 September 22.<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:452</sup> By the time General [[de Gaulle]]<sup>[[#de Gaulle|N.cdg2]]</sup><span id="de Gaulle jump2"></span> came to the US in 1945 Aug (inset photo) <!--, after US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] had died on 1945 Apr 12,--> to campaign for US military aid from then US President [[Harry Truman]], the "French had been forced to drown several Vietnamese uprisings in blood. They had seen the colonial economy completely disrupted. They had been humiliated by the Germans in Europe and incarcerated by the Japanese in Indochina. Even to begin to reassert sovereignty in Indochina, the French were forced to go hat in hand to the Americans (see inset photo, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1945_Aug_12_de_Gaulle_Truman_White_House.jpg de Gaulle visited Truman]), British, and Chinese."<ref name=Marr.1984/><sup>:413</sup>
[[File:Baodai2.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Emperor [[Bao Dai]]]]
De Gaulle was a prime mover leading to the First Indochina War in which the French-educated [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] fought on the [[Viet Minh]] side against the French colonialists. 
On 1945 Aug 20, just ten days before he abdicated on 1945 Aug 30,<sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span><!--{{efn|Under the pressure of the [[Viet Minh]],{{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}} [[Bao Dai]] had decided to abdicate on 1945 Aug 24,{{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}} and abdicated officially on 1945 Aug 30.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}} [[Ho Chi Minh]] then appointed "Mr. Nguyen Vinh Thuy"  ([[Bao Dai]]'s birth name) as "Supreme Counsellor"{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}} of the Provisional Government of Vietnam.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}}}--> Vietnam Emperor [[Bao Dai]] sent a moving plea to de Gaulle:<sup>[[#Bao Dai quote|N.bdq]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai quote jump"></span><!--{{efn|In the foreword by Devillers for Tønnesson's 2010 book ''Vietnam 1946''.{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}} }}-->
<!--
{{cquote|''Hello.''}} can also use this style to have large double quotes, but no frame.
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Bao Dai]] |source=message to [[de Gaulle]] on 1945 Aug 20{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}}</span>}}
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| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
|-
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Dai Bao Dai], message to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de_Gaulle de Gaulle] on 1945 Aug 20
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Dai Bao Dai], message to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de_Gaulle de Gaulle] on 1945 Aug 20<ref name=Tonnesson.2010/><sup>:xiii–xiv</sup>
|}
</blockquote>
 
[[File:1945 May Patti in Kunmiing.png|150px|thumb|right|[[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]] in [[Kunming]], 1945 May.]]
Just a few days later on 1945 Aug 26 (or very shortly thereafter), [[Ho Chi Minh]] put the resistance in much stronger terms to US [[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Major [[Archimedes Patti]], who still remembered vividly after some 35 years:<sup>[[#HCM quote1|N.hcm1]]</sup><span id="HCM quote1 jump"></span><!--{{efn|From 1945 Aug 26 to 1980, when Patti published his book.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}} }}-->
 
<!--
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} If the French intended to return to Viet Nam as imperialists to exploit, to maim and kill my people, [I] could assure them and the world that Viet Nam from north to south would be reduced to ashes, even if it meant the life of every man, woman, and child, and that [my] government's policy would be one of scorched earth to the end.  {{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Ho Chi Minh]] to [[Archimedes Patti]]  |source=''Why Viet Nam?'' 1980, p.4.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}}</span>}}
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{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
|-
! width="100%" | Ho Chi Minh to Archimedes Patti
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>If the French intended to return to Viet Nam as imperialists to exploit, to maim and kill my people, [I] could assure them and the world that Viet Nam from north to south would be reduced to ashes, even if it meant the life of every man, woman, and child, and that [my] government's policy would be one of scorched earth to the end.<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [[Ho Chi Minh]] to OSS Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]]<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:4</sup>
|}
|}
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


☛ Updated [[User:Loc Vu-Quoc|Loc Vu-Quoc]] ([[User talk:Loc Vu-Quoc|talk]]) 14:07, 15 May 2024 (CDT) - Started before [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:30, 5 July 2023 (UTC)
The Southeast Asia and Buddhism expert [[Paul Mus]], who first met [[Ho Chi Minh]] in 1945, recounted that [[Ho Chi Minh]] said<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary"/><!--{{sfn|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}--> then:<sup>[[#Year of the Pig|N.ytp1]]</sup><span id="Year of the Pig jump1"></span><!--{{efn |name=Paul Mus interview|In his interview in the 1968 documentary ''[[In the Year of the Pig]],'' at the {{plain link|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pibqRPi8Bo&t=13m56s|name=Youtube video time 13:56}}, Paul Mus recounted: "[[Ho Chi Minh]] said {{bracket|in 1945}}, 'I have no army.' That's not true now {{bracket|in 1968}}.  'I have no army.'  1945.  'I have no finance.  I have no diplomacy.  I have no public instruction.  I have just hatred and I will not disarm it until you give me confidence in you.'  Now this is the thing on which I would insist because it's still alive in his memory, as in mine. For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."}}-->


== First Indochina War ==
<!--
The broader historic events of [[World War II]] and the [[First Indochina War]]---specifically, the short interwar period between end of the former and the beginning of the later—led to the context in which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Nguyen Ngoc Bich]] fought the French colonists until he was captured.  
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} I have no army, no diplomacy, no finances, no industry, no public works. All I have is hatred, and I will not disarm it until I feel I can trust you [the French].{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Ho Chi Minh]] |source=according to [[Paul Mus]], the ''New York Times'' 1969 obituary{{sfn|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}</span>}}
The activities directly or indirectly affected Bich's life by four historic individuals are summarized.
-->
French General [[de Gaulle]], by his desire to reconquer Indochina as a French colony, was a main force that led to the First Indochina War, in which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] fought.
<blockquote>
Ho Chi Minh, founder and leader of the [[Viet Minh]], called for the general uprising---against the French colonists and the Japanese occupiers---to which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] responded. US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] ardent anticolonialism could have prevented the two Indochina wars, and changed the course of history.  US President [[Harry Truman]] was a reason that the [[First Indochina War]] is now called the "French-American" War in Vietnamese literature,<ref name="Lady.Borton.2020"/> and through his support for the French war effort supplied napalm bombs, which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 paper.  The US funded more than 30% of the war cost in 1952 under US President [[Eisenhower]], and "nearly 80%" in 1954 under [[Truman]].<sup>[[#French-war cost|Note]]</sup><span id="French-war cost jump"></span> <sup>[[#French-war cost|N.fwc]]</sup>
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
|-
! width="100%" | Ho Chi Minh to Paul Mus
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>I have no army, no diplomacy, no finances, no industry, no public works. All I have is hatred, and I will not disarm it until I feel I can trust you [the French].<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [[Ho Chi Minh]], according to [[Paul Mus]], the ''New York Times'' 1969 obituary<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary"/>
|}
</blockquote>


<span style="background-color:yellow">I AM HERE 24.5.15.</span>
[[Paul Mus]] added "For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."<sup>[[#Year of the Pig|N.ytp2]]</sup><span id="Year of the Pig jump2"></span><!--{{efn|name=Paul Mus interview}}-->


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
<div style="font-size:80%; background-color:lightyellow; border:1px outset black; padding:10px;">
The Note link-labels, such as <sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup> in superscript, are unique identifiers for the corresponding Notes, with "N" standing for "Note", followed by a period and three or four characters summarizing the Note contents, e.g., "bda" for "Bao Dai abdication," which is the title (in italics) of the Note <sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup>.  In front of each Note, the uparrow ↑ preceeding a Note link such as (↑ [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]) indicates the link to jump back to the text with the link <sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup>.
The target of the link (↑ [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]) is the HTML ''[[HTML element#Anchor |anchor]]'' with the code <code><nowiki><span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span></nowiki></code> having the anchor name being "Bao Dai abdication jump", without an [[Anchor_text]] (or link text, or link label) inside.  The code <code><nowiki>[[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]</nowiki></code> creates the link (see [[Help:Link]]) with label "[[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]" to jump to the anchor with anchor name "Bao Dai abdication jump".
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<!--<sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span>-->
<span id="Bao Dai abdication"></span>
* (↑ [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]) <i>Bao Dai abdication:</i> Under the pressure of the [[Viet Minh]],<!--{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:186-187</sup> [[Bao Dai]] had decided to abdicate on 1945 Aug 24,<!--{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:186-187</sup> and abdicated officially on 1945 Aug 30.<!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:220</sup> [[Ho Chi Minh]] then appointed "Mr. Nguyen Vinh Thuy"  ([[Bao Dai]]'s birth name) as "Supreme Counsellor"<!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:220</sup> of the Provisional Government of Vietnam.<!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:220</sup>
<!--<sup>[[#Bao Dai quote|N.bdq]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai quote jump"></span>-->
<span id="Bao Dai quote"></span>
* (↑ [[#Bao Dai quote jump|N.bda]]) <i>Bao Dai quote:</i> In the foreword by Devillers for Tønnesson's 2010 book ''Vietnam 1946''.<ref name=Tonnesson.2010/><sup>:xiii-xiv</sup><!--{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}}-->
<span id="NNBich-betrayed"></span>
<span id="NNBich-betrayed"></span>
* <i>Betrayal suspicion:</i> On the betrayal suspicion, {{citation |last=Cooper |first=Chester L. |year=1970 |title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam |publisher=Dood, Mead & Company, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=7 Mar 2023}}, p.123, wrote: "Whether the [[Viet Minh]] had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Bich's 1962 article, as written in  {{citation |editor=Honey, P.J. |title=Special Issue on Vietnam |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.  [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9].  See the [[#China Quarterly|Note on ''The China Quarterly'']]<span id="China Quarterly jump2"></span>.
* (↑ [[#NNBich-betrayed jump|N.bs]]) <i>Betrayal suspicion:</i> On the betrayal suspicion, {{citation |last=Cooper |first=Chester L. |year=1970 |title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam |publisher=Dood, Mead & Company, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=7 Mar 2023}}, p.123, wrote: "Whether the [[Viet Minh]] had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Bich's 1962 article, as written in  {{citation |editor=Honey, P.J. |title=Special Issue on Vietnam |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.  [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9].  See the [[#China Quarterly|Note on ''The China Quarterly'']]<span id="China Quarterly jump2"></span>.
:Back to [[#NNBich-betrayed jump|Note]].
<!--:Back to [[#NNBich-betrayed jump|Note]].-->


<span id="bich-injury"></span>
<span id="bich-injury"></span>
* <i>Bich's injury:</i> A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/>  
* (↑ [[#bich-injury-jump|N.bi]]) <i>Bich's injury:</i> A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/>  
:Back to [[#bich-injury-jump|Note]].
<!--:Back to [[#bich-injury-jump|Note]].-->


<span id="China Quarterly"></span>
<span id="China Quarterly"></span>
* <i>China Quarterly:</i> The [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] of [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], reads: "Five of our articles are by specialists who have observed the Hanoi regime from a distance. M. Tongas and Mr. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi] are writing on the basis of personal experience. Dr. Bich presents an independent view of the whole Vietnamese situation."  This China Quarterly issue contained the articles written by several well-known intellectuals on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (See [https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Philippe Devillers (1920–2016), un secret nommé Viêt-Nam, Mémoires d'Indochine], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220629093316/https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Internet archived 2022.06.29]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey], William Kaye (see e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962]),  Gerard Tongas, among others.  See the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] and the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors].
* (↑ [[#China Quarterly jump|N.tcq]]) <i>China Quarterly:</i> The [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] of [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], reads: "Five of our articles are by specialists who have observed the Hanoi regime from a distance. M. Tongas and Mr. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi] are writing on the basis of personal experience. Dr. Bich presents an independent view of the whole Vietnamese situation."  This China Quarterly issue contained the articles written by several well-known intellectuals on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (See [https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Philippe Devillers (1920–2016), un secret nommé Viêt-Nam, Mémoires d'Indochine], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220629093316/https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Internet archived 2022.06.29]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey], William Kaye (see e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962]),  Gerard Tongas, among others.  See the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] and the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors].
:Back to [[#China Quarterly jump|Note 1]], [[#China Quarterly jump2|Note 2]].
<!--:Back to [[#China Quarterly jump|Note 1]], [[#China Quarterly jump2|Note 2]].-->
 
<span id="de Gaulle"></span>
* (↑ [[#de Gaulle jump1|N.cdg1]], [[#de Gaulle jump2|N.cdg2]]) <i>De Gaulle:</i> The permanent undersecretary at the British Foreign Office knew only that de Gaulle had a 'head like a pineapple and hips like a woman's', whereas the counselor at the US embassy in Paris and most of de Gaulle compatriots never heard of him.<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:24</sup>  By Aug 1946, [[de Gaulle]] had resigned from the presidency of the French Provisional Government on 1946 Jan 20.<ref name="de Gaulle web"/>


<span id="Francophile anticolonialists"></span>
<span id="Francophile anticolonialists"></span>
* <i>Francophile anticolonialists:</i> "French teachings and models over Confucian ones. Some of these teachings were, to say the least, unhelpful to the colonial enterprise.  Voltaire's condemnation of tyranny, Rousseau's embrace of popular sovereignty, and Victor Hugo's advocacy of liberty and defense of workers' uprisings turned some Vietnamese into that curious creature found also elsewhere in the empire: the Francophile anticolonialist."<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:9</sup>
* (↑ [[#Francophile anticolonialists jump|N.fa]]) <i>Francophile anticolonialists:</i> "French teachings and models over Confucian ones. Some of these teachings were, to say the least, unhelpful to the colonial enterprise.  Voltaire's condemnation of tyranny, Rousseau's embrace of popular sovereignty, and Victor Hugo's advocacy of liberty and defense of workers' uprisings turned some Vietnamese into that curious creature found also elsewhere in the empire: the Francophile anticolonialist."<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:9</sup>
: Back to [[#Francophile anticolonialists jump|Note]].
<!--: Back to [[#Francophile anticolonialists jump|Note]].-->


<span id="French-war cost"></span>
<span id="French-war cost"></span>
* (↑ [[#French-war cost jump|N.fwc]]) <i>French-war cost:</i> PBS ''US Involvement in Vietnam'' Video time 0:11 to 0:32:<ref name="PBS US involvement in Vietnam"/> "In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected President, in part because he promised to take a tougher stance on communism.  That year, American taxpayers were footing more than 30% of the bill for the French war in Vietnam (also called the "French-American" war<ref name="Lady.Borton.2020"/>).  Within two years, that number would rise to nearly 80%." To be more precise, the "U.S. aid to the French military effort mounted from $130 million in 1950 to $800 million in 1953."<ref name="Deconde.2002"/><sup>:597</sup> The "United States became France's largest patron, ultimately funding 78 percent of the French war effort in Indochina,"reported historian L.H.T. Nguyen based on the Vietnamese document "Tong ket cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap," Hanoi: Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 1996.<ref name="Lawrence.2007"/><sup>:46</sup>
* (↑ [[#French-war cost jump|N.fwc]]) <i>French-war cost:</i> PBS ''US Involvement in Vietnam'' Video time 0:11 to 0:32:<ref name="PBS US involvement in Vietnam"/> "In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected President, in part because he promised to take a tougher stance on communism.  That year, American taxpayers were footing more than 30% of the bill for the French war in Vietnam (also called the "French-American" war<ref name="Lady.Borton.2020"/>).  Within two years, that number would rise to nearly 80%." To be more precise, the "U.S. aid to the French military effort mounted from $130 million in 1950 to $800 million in 1953."<ref name="Deconde.2002"/><sup>:597</sup> The "United States became France's largest patron, ultimately funding 78 percent of the French war effort in Indochina,"reported historian L.H.T. Nguyen based on the Vietnamese document "Tong ket cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap," Hanoi: Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 1996.<ref name="Lawrence.2007"/><sup>:46</sup>
:Back to [[#French-war cost jump|Note]] [[#French-war cost jump|N.fwc]].
<!--:Back to [[#French-war cost jump|Note]] [[#French-war cost jump|N.fwc]].-->
 
<!--<sup>[[#HCM quote1|N.hcm1]]</sup><span id="HCM quote1 jump"></span>-->
<span id="HCM quote1"></span>
* (↑ [[#HCM quote1 jump|N.hcm1]]) <i>HCM quote1:</i> From 1945 Aug 26 to 1980, when Patti published his book.<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:4</sup><!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}}-->


<span id="Minh Tan"></span>
<span id="Minh Tan"></span>
* <i>Minh Tan book list:</i>  A list of important books published by Minh Tan can be found in [https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography].
* (↑ [[#Minh Tan jump|N.mbl]]) <i>Minh Tan book list:</i>  A list of important books published by Minh Tan can be found in [https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography].
: Back to [[#Minh Tan jump|Note]].
<!--: Back to [[#Minh Tan jump|Note]].-->


<span id="Napalm battles"></span>
<span id="Napalm battles"></span>
* <i>Napalm battles:</i> See, e.g., the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_V%C4%A9nh_Y%C3%AAn battle of Vinh Yen] (1951), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A0_S%E1%BA%A3n battle of Na San] (1952), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu battle of Dien Bien Phu] (1954), etc.
* (↑ [[#Napalm battles jump|N.nb]]) <i>Napalm battles:</i> See, e.g., the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_V%C4%A9nh_Y%C3%AAn battle of Vinh Yen] (1951), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A0_S%E1%BA%A3n battle of Na San] (1952), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu battle of Dien Bien Phu] (1954), etc.
:Back to [[#Napalm battles jump|Note]].  
<!--:Back to [[#Napalm battles jump|Note]]. -->


<span id="Political influence"></span>
<span id="Political influence"></span>
* <i>Political influence:</i>  A direct quote from the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors] to [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], 1962, reads: Dr. Bich's "personal influence upon Cochin Chinese opinion is considerable, and he is regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".
* (↑ [[#Political influence jump|N.pi]]) <i>Political influence:</i>  A direct quote from the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors] to [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], 1962, reads: Dr. Bich's "personal influence upon Cochin Chinese opinion is considerable, and he is regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".
:Back to [[#Political influence jump|Note]].
<!--:Back to [[#Political influence jump|Note]].-->


<span id="Primary sources, quotations"></span>
<span id="Primary sources, quotations"></span>
* <i>Primary sources, quotations:</i> See primary sources, extensive notes and quotations in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/> and ''Notes on Vietnam History.''<ref name=VQL.2023a/>
* (↑ [[#Primary sources, quotations jump1|N.psq1]], [[#Primary sources, quotations jump2|N.psq2]]) <i>Primary sources, quotations:</i> See primary sources, extensive notes and quotations in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/> and ''Notes on Vietnam History.''<ref name=VQL.2023a/>
:Back to [[#Primary sources, quotations jump1|Note 1]], [[#Primary sources, quotations jump2|Note 2]].
<!--:Back to [[#Primary sources, quotations jump1|Note 1]], [[#Primary sources, quotations jump2|Note 2]].-->
 
<!--<sup>[[#Year of the Pig|N.ytp]]</sup><span id="Year of the Pig jump"></span>-->
<span id="Year of the Pig"></span>
* (↑ [[#Year of the Pig jump1|N.ytp1]], [[#Year of the Pig jump2|N.ytp2]]) <i>Year of the Pig:</i> In his interview in the 1968 documentary ''[[In the Year of the Pig]],'' at the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pibqRPi8Bo&t=13m56s Youtube video time 13:56]<!--{{plain link|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pibqRPi8Bo&t=13m56s|name=Youtube video time 13:56}}-->, Paul Mus recounted: "[[Ho Chi Minh]] said [in 1945]<!--{{bracket|in 1945}}-->, 'I have no army.' That's not true now [in 1968]<!--{{bracket|in 1968}}-->.  'I have no army.'  1945.  'I have no finance.  I have no diplomacy.  I have no public instruction.  I have just hatred and I will not disarm it until you give me confidence in you.'  Now this is the thing on which I would insist because it's still alive in his memory, as in mine. For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."


== References ==
== References ==
<!--{{Reflist|30em}}-->
<!--{{Reflist|30em}}-->
<!--
<span style="background-color:yellow">NOTE: 24.5.17, Reference links are NOT the same as in Wikipedia. Be careful when copy the section References from Wikipedia so NOT to overwrite the changes for CZ.  ENDNOTE </span>
Patti 1980<ref name=Patti.1980/>
Paul Mus 1969<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary"/>
-->
Marr 1984<ref name=Marr.1984/>,
Marr 2013<ref name=Marr.2013/>


<references>
<references>


<!-- Notes: All Notes are grouped at the beginning, above the references -->
<!-- NEW refs not yet re-organized -->
 
<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary">
{{citation |title=Dr. Paul Mus dies; a Yale professor. Southeast Asia authority also taught in France |journal=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/16/archives/dr-paul-mus-dies-a-yale-professor-southeast-asia-authority-also.html |date=16 August 1969 |ref={{harvid|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}}}.
</ref>
 
<ref name="de Gaulle web">
{{citation |title=Charles de Gaulle (1959-1969) |series= Former Presidents of the Republic |url=https://www.elysee.fr/en/charles-de-gaulle |website=www.elysee.fr |date= 15 November 2018 |access-date=13 Jun 2023 |ref = {{harvid|de Gaulle web}} }}.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328183641/https://www.elysee.fr/en/charles-de-gaulle Internet archived on 2023.03.28].
</ref>
 
<ref name=Marr.1984>
{{citation |last=Marr | first=David G. |year=1984 |title=Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945 |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamesetradit0000marr |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-05-05}}.
</ref>
 
<ref name=Marr.2013>
{{citation |last=Marr | first=David G. |year=2013 |title=Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945-1946) |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley.}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Patti.1980>
{{citation |last=Patti |first=Archimedes |year=1980 |title=Why Viet Nam? Prelude to America's Albatross |url=https://archive.org/details/whyvietnamprelud0000patt/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=University of California Press | location = Berkeley |isbn = 978-0520047839}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Tonnesson.2010>
{{citation |last=Tønnesson | first=Stein |year=2010 |title=Vietnam 1946: How the War Began |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, California |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnam1946howwa0000tnne/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-05-05}}.
</ref>
 
<!-- TO reorganize the above NEW refs -->


<!-- References: All references are grouped after the Notes -->
<!-- below are the references, not Notes -->
<!--
<!--
<ref name=Buttinger.1967a>
<ref name=Buttinger.1967a>
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<ref name="PBS US involvement in Vietnam">
<ref name="PBS US involvement in Vietnam">
{{citation |title=US Involvement in Indochina |url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/45c681ef-d364-4851-9f64-7ecce19e3c79/us-involvement-in-indochina-video-ken-burns-lynn-novick-the-vietnam-war/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |ref={{harvid|PBS US involvement in Vietnam}} }}, {{plain link|url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/|name=PBS Learning Media, Illinois}}. Teaching video excerpt from the documentary [[The_Vietnam_War_(TV_series)|The Vietnam War]], a film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.  
{{citation |title=US Involvement in Indochina |url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/45c681ef-d364-4851-9f64-7ecce19e3c79/us-involvement-in-indochina-video-ken-burns-lynn-novick-the-vietnam-war/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |ref={{harvid|PBS US involvement in Vietnam}} }}, <!--{{plain link|url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/|name=PBS Learning Media, Illinois}}-->[https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/ PBS Learning Media, Illinois]. Teaching video excerpt from the documentary [[The_Vietnam_War_(TV_series)|The Vietnam War]], a film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.  
</ref>
</ref>


Line 209: Line 317:


</references>
</references>
----
<span style="background-color:yellow">NOTE: 24.5.15, The code below not yet processed for this new style.</span>
== Early life and education ==
Engineer and doctor Nguyen Ngoc Bich was born on 18 May 1911{{efn|name=DoB-DoD-NNB|The exact dates of birth and of death of Dr. Bich, together with the locations, are inscribed in a commemoration stela for both [[Henriette_Bùi_Quang_Chiêu|Dr. Henriette Bui]] and Dr. Bich in a [[Cao Dai]]{{sfn|Lancaster|1961|p={{plain link|url=https://archive.org/details/emancipationoffr0000lanc/page/86/mode/2up?q=%22cao+dai%22&view=theater|name=85}}}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2021}} cemetery in [[Ben Tre]], [[Vietnam]].  A photo of this stela is provided in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}} in An Hoi village, Bao Huu canton, Bao An district, now in Giong Mong district, Ben Tre province.  He was the son of Mr. Nguyen Ngoc Tuong (1881–1951), [[Cao Dai]]{{sfn|Lancaster|1961|p={{plain link|url=https://archive.org/details/emancipationoffr0000lanc/page/86/mode/2up?q=%22cao+dai%22&view=theater|name=85}}}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2021}} Ban Chinh Dao (Ben Tre), and Ms. Bui Thi Giau.
As a child, he stayed with his father, lived in many places such as Can Tho, Ha Tien, Can Giuoc and mainly studied in Can Giuoc. In 1926, at the age of 15, he went to Saigon to study and graduated with a Baccalaureat at Chasseloup Laubat French School with very high scores, studying abroad in France. In France, he studied and obtained engineering degrees from the École Polytechnique in Paris (he entered in 1931 and graduated in 1933) and later from the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées also in Paris. These are 2 prestigious engineering universities in France, as well as in the world so far, especially Polytechnique because the entrance exam is very difficult and is a military school under the tutelage of the French Ministry of the Army, students when graduating have the rank of a military officer and at that time had to work for the government (civil or military) for a period of time.
<!--
Figure 1. Student at Ecole Polytechnique (1931–1932)
-->
☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:44, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
* Check for [[WP:NPOV]] style; rewrite if necessary.
* References
* Refer to master biography{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} for details.
== Life in exile ==
[[File:Henriette_Bùi_Quang_Chiêu_1931.jpg|thumb|left|Dr. Henriette Bui Quang Chieu, companion of Dr. Bich, in 1931]]
Back in France, he lived with [[Henriette_Bùi_Quang_Chiêu|Dr Henriette Bui Quang Chieu]], Vietnam's first female doctor, but the two did not marry because they were relatives (his mother, Bui Thi Giau, was a cousin of Bui Quang Chieu, Henriette Bui's father). Back in France, he founded in Paris Minh Tan{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2023}} publishing house ((agents in Vietnam were the two bookstores Truong Thi (Hanoi) and Bich Van Thu Xa (Saigon)) with some friends to publish works of Vietnamese intellectuals to help improve people's knowledge living in Vietnam.
<!--
Figure 2. Publishing house Minh Tân in Paris
-->
Published books include such as Dao Duy Anh's "''Hán-Việt Tự Điển''" (Chinese-Vietnamese dictionary) and "''Pháp-Việt Tự Điển''" (French-Vietnamese dictionary), "''French-Vietnamese'' Scientific ''Nouns''", Hoang Xuan Han's "''Danh từ khoa học Pháp-Việt''" (Scientific vocabulary French-Vietnamese), "''Chinh Phụ ngăm bị khảo''" and "''La sơn Phu tử''", Tran Duc Thao's "''Phénoménologie et matérialisme dialectique"'' (Phenomenology and Dialectical Materialism), doctors Pham Khac Quan and Le Khac Thien's "''Danh tử Pháp Việt về thuật ngữ kỹ thuật trong y tế''" (French Vietnamese vocabulary on technical terminology in medicine), etc. After graduating from medicine and receiving a doctor's degree, he studied cancer and taught Medical Physics at the Paris Medical School until his death.  After he finished composing his Agrégation thesis ("agrégation" (translated into Thạc Sĩ in Vietnamese) is a degree higher than PHD), he could not take the exam because foreigners who want to be enrolled in the exam, must provide a letter of recommendation from their Embassy, at that time the Embassy of the State of Viet Nam with which he refused to have any link. During the French colonial period, French citizenship was given with parsimony to the ones who rendered great service to France and who applied for it. He did not render any service to France, he just had to work as a civil engineer for the colonial government, which was mandatory because he graduated from Ecole Polytechnique.
☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:44, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
* Check for [[WP:NPOV]] style; rewrite if necessary.
* References
* Refer to master biography{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} for details.
== Engagement in politics ==
In 1954, before Diem was selected by Bao Dai, according to the books ''Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975'' by Arthur John Langguth{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}} and ''The Lost Crusade – America in Vietnam'' by Chester L. Cooper,{{sfn|Cooper|1970|loc=pp. 122–123}}<!--{{efn|Page 122–123 in Cooper (1970){{sfn|Cooper|1970}}.}}--> he was widely regarded as a possible prime minister of the State of Vietnam.
Along with some Vietnamese in France, he wanted to give the country another way than the one of war: cooperation between North and South that help each other develop to catch up with neighbouring countries and avoid dependence on foreign states: negotiations and economic and trade cooperation while waiting for favourable conditions for the two sides to unite the country. That idea was echoed by him in an article he wrote in the quarterly magazine China Quarterly, March 3–5, 1962.  Later, the same idea was proposed by Ho Chi Minh (in 1958 and 1962){{efn|"In his speech at the twelfth anniversary of independence on September 2, 1957, Ho Chi Minh emphasized the consolidation and development of the economy in order to enhance the people's destiny. Regarding the South, he spoke of patience to reunify the country peacefully through general elections and advocated meetings and negotiations with the South, a position he reiterated on February 7, 1958 in New Delhi. On March 7, 1958, Pham Van Dong sent a letter to Ngo Dinh Diem, requesting meetings to reduce the army on each side and establish trade relations, the first steps towards future unification. The South Vietnamese government, learning from past communist actions against the nationalists (1945–46), did not believe in this outstretched hand."{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2023|p=330}}
<!--According to the documents (FRUS, 1961–1963, Volume IV, Vietnam, August-December 1963, D151) « -->
"In March 1962, Mr. Ho Chi Minh said, in an interview with journalist Wilfred Burchett, the his concern for a peaceful resolution of the Vietnam issue [... and] in September [of the same year], the Indian President of the ICC (International Control) reported that Ho had said he was prepared to extend the hand of friendship to Diem ('a patriot') and that the North and South might possibly initiate several steps toward a modus vivendi, including an exchange of members of divided families."{{sfn|FRUS|1963|No.151}}}} and Ngo Dinh Diem and Ngo Dinh Nhu{{efn|"In March 1962, Ho Chi Minh said, in an interview with journalist Wilfred Burchett, his concern for a peaceful resolution of the Vietnam issue [... and] in September [of the same year], the Indian President of the ICC (International Control Commission) reported that Ho Chi Minh had said that he was prepared to extend a hand of friendship to Ngo Dinh Diem ('a patriotic'), and the North and the South can initiate some steps towards a modus vivendi, including the exchange of members of divided families."{{sfn|FRUS|1963|No.151}}}} (in 1963) but without success. A member of his group went to Geneva (Geneva Conference in 1954) to meet Phan Van Dong. He was invited by Georges Bidault, French Foreign Minister (until June 16, 1954) to meet and an American professor from Washington came to Paris to see him. But at that time the U.S. policy was to eliminate communism, and Pham Van Dong's side paid attention to the planned reunification elections in 1956.
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Minh Tan Logo.png|150px|thumb|right|Publisher Minh-Tan logo]]
That group of Vietnamese intellectuals—most of whom were professionals trained and residing in France—kept to be discreet at that time and often met at the headquarters of Minh Tan publishing house, which made them called by some the Minh Tan group. The publisher's logo is a pigeon sandwiched in the beak of an olive branch, symbolizing "Peace".
<!--
Figure 2b. Minh Tan's logo is a dove carrying an olive branch, symbolizing "Peace"". 
Figure 3. The French military interrogation in 1946 left a mark on his forehand (family photo 1964).
-->
He sent his candidacy for the 1961 South Viet Nam presidential election, with his partner Nguyễn Văn Thoại,{{efn|Nguyen Van Thoai comes from a famous Catholic family in the South. His brother, Nguyen Van At, married Ngo Dinh Thi Hiep, one of Ngo Dinh Diem's two sisters, and their son was later Cardinal Nguyen Van Thuan, the co-vice archbishop of Saigon. Nguyen Ngoc Bich is the son of one of the founders of [[Cao Dai]] (three million followers).}} a professor at Collège de France in Paris and a former minister of Ngô Đình Diệm. But his file was dismissed by the Ngo Dinh Diem government because of "technical problems".
☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:44, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
* Check for [[WP:NPOV]] style; rewrite if necessary.
* References
* Refer to master biography{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} for details.
== End of life ==
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Nhut headstone.jpg|thumb|right|Nguyen Ngoc Nhut (1918-1952)]]
Suffering from throat cancer, he returned to Vietnam in 1966 when he was very severe and died in Thu Duc on 4 Dec 1966.{{efn|name=DoB-DoD-NNB}} He was buried in Ben Tre, near the grave of his father Nguyen Ngoc Tuong and his brothers, including his brother martyr Nguyen Ngoc Nhut,{{sfn|Nguyen-Hung|2003}}{{efn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Nhut's name was given to a street in Ho Chi Minh City and in Ben Tre city.}} who was a member of the Southern Administrative Resistance Committee. But the grave is open because Nhut's remains have been moved by the government to a martyr's graveyard in Ben Tre.
☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:44, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
* Check for [[WP:NPOV]] style; rewrite if necessary.
* References
* Refer to master biography{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} for details.
== Peaceful negotiation ==
TO REMOVE:  [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 15:30, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
*  This section will be removed, and replace by Section [[#A 1962 peace proposal|A 1962 peace proposal]].
=== Vietnam-War casualties ===
[https://www.britannica.com/question/How-many-people-died-in-the-Vietnam-War How many people died in the Vietnam War?] Britannica (accessed on 2023.02.18)
[https://www.britannica.com/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419 Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica]
{| class="wikitable"
|In 1995 Vietnam released its official estimate of the number of people killed during the Vietnam War: as many as 2,000,000 civilians on both sides and some 1,100,000 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters. The U.S. military has estimated that between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., lists more than 58,300 names of members of the U.S. armed forces who were killed or went missing in action. Among other countries that fought for South Vietnam, South Korea had more than 4,000 dead, Thailand about 350, Australia more than 500, and New Zealand some three dozen.
|}
=== The China Quarterly, Vol. 9, Mar 1962 ===
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly The China Quarterly | Cambridge Core]
{| class="wikitable"
|''The China Quarterly'' is the leading scholarly journal in its field, covering all aspects of contemporary China including Taiwan. Its interdisciplinary approach covers a range of subjects including anthropology/sociology, literature and the arts, business/economics, geography, history, international affairs, law, and politics. Edited to rigorous standards by scholars of the highest repute, the journal publishes high-quality, authoritative research. International in scholarship, ''The China Quarterly'' provides readers with historical perspectives, in-depth analyses, and a deeper understanding of China and Chinese culture. In addition to major articles and research reports, each issue contains a comprehensive Book Review section.
|
|}
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB The China Quarterly: Volume 9 - | Cambridge Core  (Mar 1962)]
==== Contributors ====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE Contributors]
==== Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint ====
Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich (1962),
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint]
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly The China Quarterly], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], March, pp. 105–111.
DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1017/S030574100002525X https://doi.org/10.1017/S030574100002525X]
===== '''Summary of main points''' =====
In 1962, Dr. Bich{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich|1962}} laid out an argument to avoid the subversion war by North Vietnam to conquer rice from South Vietnam to solve its famine problem due to low yields in agricultural production using archaic methods and due to the failed agrarian reform.  His main points were (1) South Vietnam should have a truly liberal democratic government, (2) the South should establish commercial relations with the North to help solve the said famine problem, (3) the South should maintain a non-aligned neutrality that would prevent interference from the North, (4) the South would peacefully negotiate with the North toward a progressive reunification.  Below is a more detailed summary of his article, looking back from more than 60 years later.  As a result, past tense is used in this summary to describe long-past events, instead of the sometimes present tense used in the original article.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} The full article translated into French is available in the document <!--[[c:Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A biography|Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A biography]]-->''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
|Contrary to the belief of the Western world (that the Vietnamese generally disliked, and had an inferiority complex against, the Chinese), the Vietnamese tended to be too proud of their history and victories against the Chinese and Mongol invaders over the centuries.
Aware of the Chinese historical "fierce expansionism", an important question for North and South Vietnam was how to safeguard the future of Vietnam as a whole country.
While South Vietnam tried to forcibly assimilate Chinese immigrants and their descendants, North Vietnam adopted a "more subtle attitude", moving from "fears" during the Chiang Kai-shek era  to "solidarity and friendship" after the communist had won in 1949.
The Geneva agreements, while satisfying for China, left the North Vietnamese to be content with the prospect of reunifying with South Vietnam upon an election.  After the failure of the agrarian reform, there was a concern of the presence of many Chinese soldiers and civilians in North Vietnam.  To keep Chinese economic aid flowing, Ho Chi Minh initially maintained a balance between Peking (Beijing) and Moscow, but subsequently tilted toward Moscow after Peking admitted that it could not help carry out a semi-heavy industrialization.  In September 1960, Le Duan, then Secretary-General of the Party, put forward a three-point program: (1) Support Moscow in any Sino-Soviet dispute, (2) Five-year plan (1961–1965) to  socialize North Vietnam, (3) Progressive and peaceful reunification of the two Vietnams.
With the nomination of Le Duan—who led the struggle for independence in South Vietnam for a long time and knew the South more than anyone else—as First Secretary of the Party,  North Vietnam began to undertake the reconquest of the South, with the first step being to eliminate the Ngo Dinh Diem regime and the American influence in the South.  There were deeper motives.
"The most striking feature of the Vietnamese Communist leadership was its outstanding spirit of realism, even pragmatism."  They continuously and critically reexamined facts so that a lesson could be drawn for every action and every happening to avoid past mistakes.  By doing so, they tended to imitate or to repeat past actions that were proven successful, and lacked imagination and open-mindedness to create new solutions to tackle new challenges.
[[File:French_plane_dropped_napalm_bomb_on_Vietminh_force.png|550px|thumb|center|French plane pulling up after a dive to drop Napalm bombs on Vietminh force ambushing a French battalion. The white streak below the plane, clearly visible against the dark background of trees further behind, was the Napalm bomb that was just dropped. 1953 December.]]
[[File:French indochina napalm 1953-12 1.png|550px|thumb|center|French Napalm bomb exploded over Vietminh force.  1953 December. This image during the (French) [[First Indochina War]], conjuring up the horrific destruction of the Napalm on the human flesh,{{sfn|Tong|2018}} portended what was to come more than ten years later during the (American) [[Second Indochina War]] with even more deadly advanced Napalm technology.]]
For example, they stopped following the advice of Chinese tacticians in launching large-scale mass attacks once many of their soldiers died by French napalm bombs.  They switched from the costlier manufacturing of arms to the less expensive  manufacturing of hand grenades, which can be used against light battalions to seize their arms.  They bred dogs, instead of pigs, as a source of meat since dogs produced two litters of young each year, while pigs produced only one.
A deeper motive to swing closer to Moscow was to develop a rapid industrialization to raise the standard of living to avoid complaints about dictatorship and restriction of freedom, and also the "dreaded spectre of becoming a mere satellite state".
The targets of the Five-Year Plan were "extremely optimistic".  In the old French Indochina, "great leaps forward" in economics were achieved in some sectors, such as a 400% increase in plantation area, 150% increase in the number of workers in industrial establishments, in spite of World War I.  Now, there was an abundance of labor due to high unemployment.  The planned industrial projects could be completed if foreign aid maintained the same rhythm and agricultural production was adequate.
It was doubtful, however, that the target of growing agricultural production by 61% over five years could be achieved due to low yields resulting from the archaic methods of cultivation, the old system of sub-letting land, the difficulty of cultivating new land, the discontent among the peasants, and the disastrous agrarian reforms and its consequence.  Hunger had become endemic, and China could not come to the rescue because of her own problems.  Rice had to be smuggled from the South to the North.
[[File:Famine_in_Vietnam,_1945_(3).jpg|250px|thumb|right|The great Vietnamese famine 1944–1945.]]
The five-year plan ran a "grave risk of failure" due to lack of food to feed the people in North Vietnam, without an increase in rice supply from South Vietnam, not to mention other unpredictable factors such as floods, droughts, bad weather, etc.
The success of the Five-Year Plan would be a primary condition to maintain some independence from Peking, which would exert a greater influence than from Moscow in the case of "necessary and inevitable war", and the North being a satellite of China "would constitute a most serious menace for the South, particularly in time of any major crisis".
The reconquest of the South entrusted to Le Duan could then be understood as  "a struggle unleashed simply for the purpose of conquering rice", without which the five-year plan most certainly would fail.  For many Southerners, their reaction against the Diem regime, rather than the love for Communism, enabled this subversion war to continue. The enormous economic benefit that North Vietnam would harvest from the national reunification was the primary reason for the war.
North Vietnam was fighting to secure rice, and thus the war was, from the purely national point of view, a legitimate one.  Ngo Dinh Diem on the other hand refused to provide aid to alleviate the famine in the North.
The Vietnamese people had for a long time a desire to have a liberal, truly democratic government. and had proven that in the end they would rise time and again to thwart the yoke imposed on them by any foreign power.
To avoid such internal war for rice from becoming a proxy war for Moscow, there should be a liberal regime in Saigon that allowed for establishing commercial relations with Hanoi and for a call to stop the fighting.  Moreover, a non-aligned political neutrality would prevent interference by North Vietnam in the affairs of South Vietnam.
A peaceful and progressive reunification of the two Vietnams could only be achieved through negotiation at a table, and not by arm struggle in the jungle.  The South would hope to live side by side peacefully with the North to collaborate in building the common Vietnamese nation, as the alternative would make "reunification" a propaganda that concealed the desire to conquer.
|}
==Publication==
* {{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as [[Bernard B. Fall]], [[Hoang Van Chi]], Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book ''Histoire du Viet-Nam'' in Section [[#References|References]] and [[French Cochinchina#cite ref-41|French Cochinchina, Ref. 40]]), [[P. J. Honey]]<!--(see, e.g., his [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf review of Tongas' ''Enfer Communiste'']), William Kaye (see, e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962])-->,  Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, [https://www.abebooks.com/Jai-v%C3%A9cu-lEnfer-Communiste-Nord-Viet-Nam/31061452118/bd ''J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam''], Debresse, Paris, 1961, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf reviewed]] by [[P. J. Honey]]), among others.
==Timeline==
Important historical events in Vietnam and in the world that affected directly or indirectly the life of Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich, from his birth in 1911 to his death in 1966.
===1911===
* MM DD, Nguyen Ngoc Bich was born in LOCATION, Vietnam.  Section [[#Early life and education|Early life and education]].
===1930===
* Feb 9-10, [[Yen Bai mutiny]].  Brutal repression by the French colonialists.  Bich at 19 years old.
===1931===
* MM DD, began to study at the Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France.  Bich at 20.
* met Henriette Bui.
===1933===
* graduated from the Ecole Polytechnique.  Bich at 22.
* began to study at the Ecole National des Ponts et Chaussees.
== Notes OLD ==
{{notelist}}
== Citations OLD ==
<!--{{notelist}}-->
{{Reflist}}
== References OLD ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation 
|title=151: Memorandum Prepared for the Director of Central Intelligence (McCone) |work=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume IV, Vietnam, August-December 1963
|year=1963
|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d151
|access-date=15 Mar 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115194149/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d151
|archive-date=15 Nov 2022 
|ref = <!--{{harvid|FRUS|1963}}-->{{harvid|FRUS|1963|No.151}}
}}.
<!--[https://web.archive.org/web/20221115194149/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d151 Internet archived 2022.11.15].-->
* {{citation |title=US Involvement in Indochina |url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/45c681ef-d364-4851-9f64-7ecce19e3c79/us-involvement-in-indochina-video-ken-burns-lynn-novick-the-vietnam-war/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |ref={{harvid|PBS US involvement in Vietnam}} }}, {{plain link|url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/|name=PBS Learning Media, Illinois}}. Teaching video excerpt from the documentary [[The_Vietnam_War_(TV_series)|The Vietnam War]], a film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.
* {{citation |title=Charles de Gaulle (1959-1969) |series= Former Presidents of the Republic |url=https://www.elysee.fr/en/charles-de-gaulle |website=www.elysee.fr |date= 15 November 2018 |access-date=13 Jun 2023 |ref = {{harvid|de Gaulle web}} }}.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328183641/https://www.elysee.fr/en/charles-de-gaulle Internet archived on 2023.03.28].
* {{citation |title=How many people died in the Vietnam War? |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/question/How-many-people-died-in-the-Vietnam-War |access-date=30 Mar 2023 |ref = {{harvid|Encyclopedia Britannica, Vietnam-War casualties}}}}.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328065158/https://www.britannica.com/question/How-many-people-died-in-the-Vietnam-War Internet archived on 2023.03.28].
* {{citation |title=Dr. Paul Mus dies; a Yale professor. Southeast Asia authority also taught in France |journal=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/16/archives/dr-paul-mus-dies-a-yale-professor-southeast-asia-authority-also.html |date=16 August 1969 |ref={{harvid|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}}}.
* {{citation |year=1941 |title=The Atlantic Conference & Charter, 1941 |work=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations, 1937–1945  |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/atlantic-conf |access-date=21 Apr 2023 |ref = {{harvid|FRUS-Atlantic|1941}}}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221115194149/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d151 Internet archived 2022.11.15].
* {{citation |date=9 Apr 2019 |title=Street-naming plan in Can Tho, Vietnam, with biographies, Appendix 1  |work=The Can Tho Daily News  |url=https://baocantho.com.vn/imagetsdt/files/2019/20190416/attachs/126_dup914_28_278_pl-i-quy-mo-duong-2019-09-04-2019.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210223941/https://baocantho.com.vn/imagetsdt/files/2019/20190416/attachs/126_dup914_28_278_pl-i-quy-mo-duong-2019-09-04-2019.doc |access-date=15 Mar 2023 |archive-date=2023-02-10 |ref = {{harvid|CTDN|2019}}}}.  Internet archived 2023.02.10.
* {{citation |first=Pierre |last=Asselin |year=2013 |title=Hanoi's Road to War, 1954–1965  |publisher=University of California Press, California}}.
* {{citation |last=Bartholomew-Feis |first=Dixee |year=2006 |title=The OSS and Ho Chi Minh: Unexpected Allies in the War against Japan |publisher=University Press of Arkansas, Lawrence, Kansas}}.
* {{citation |last=Bartholomew-Feis |first=Dixee |year=2020 |title=The OSS in Vietnam, 1945: A War of Missed Opportunities |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/oss-vietnam-1945-dixee-bartholomew-feis |access-date=1 Mar 2023 |publisher=The National WWII Museum, New Orleans, Jul 15}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230426064106/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/oss-vietnam-1945-dixee-bartholomew-feis Internet archived on 2023.04.26].
* {{citation |last=Brocheux | first=Pierre |year=2007 |title=Ho Chi Minh: A Biography |publisher=translated by Claire Duiker, Cambridge University Press, New York}}.
* {{citation |last=[[Joseph Buttinger|Buttinger]] |first=Joseph |year=1967a |title=Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.1  |publisher=Frederik A. Praegers, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb01butt/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=25 Feb 2023}}
* {{citation |last=[[Joseph Buttinger|Buttinger]] |first=Joseph |year=1967b |title=Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.2  |publisher=Frederik A. Praegers, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=25 Feb 2023}}
* {{citation |last=Cooper |first=Chester L. |year=1970 |title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam |publisher=Dood, Mead & Company, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=7 Mar 2023}}
* {{citation |last=Colman | first=Jonathan |year=2012 |title=Lost crusader? Chester L. Cooper and the Vietnam War, 1963–68 |journal=[[Cold War History]] |volume=12 |number=3 |pages=429–449 | doi=10.1080/14682745.2011.573147 | s2cid=154769990 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2011.573147 |url-access=subscription}}.
* {{citation |last=Devillers |first=Philippe |year=1952 |title=Histoire du Viêt-Nam de 1940 à 1952 |publisher=Seuil, Paris.}} See also [https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Philippe Devillers (1920–2016), un secret nommé Viêt-Nam, Mémoires d'Indochine], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220629093316/https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Internet archived 2022.06.29]. Patti (1980), p.542, wrote about Devillers (1952): "The most accurate French account of the period; barring several omissions and minor inaccuracies generally attributable to his sources and to the lack of American documentation, it is by far one of the more reliable histories."
* {{citation
|editor-last1 = DeConde |editor-first1 = A.
|editor-last2 = Burns |editor-first2 = R.D.
|editor-last3 = Logevall |editor-first3 = F.
|year=2002
|title=Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy |volume=3
|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam03deco/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater
|access-date=2024-05-11
|publisher=Charles Scribner's & Sons
}}. 
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* {{citation |editor-last1 = Lawrence |editor-first1 = Mark A. |editor-last2 = Logevall |editor-first2 = Fredrik |year=2007 |title=The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict and the Cold War |publisher=Harvard University Press, Massachusetts }}.
* {{citation |last=Logevall | first=Fredrik |year=2012 |title=Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam |url=https://archive.org/details/embersofwarfallo0000loge |url-access=registration |access-date=12 Apr 2012 |publisher=Random House, New York}}, 864 pp. Winner of the [https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/fredrik-logevall 2013 Pulitzer Prize in History]: "''For a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the United States, Ten thousand dollars ($10,000).''  A balanced, deeply researched history of how, as French colonial rule faltered, a succession of American leaders moved step by step down a road toward full-blown war"  • Winner of the [https://sah.columbia.edu/content/prizes/francis-parkman-prize/2013-fredrik-logevall-embers-war-fall-empire-and-making 2013 Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians] • Winner of the [https://americanlibraryinparis.org/fredrik-logevall-reflects-on-vietnam-different-dreams-same-footsteps/ 2013 American Library in Paris Book Award] • Winner of the Council on Foreign Relations [https://www.cfr.org/past-winners-arthur-ross-book-award 2013 Gold Medal] [https://www.cfr.org/arthur-ross-book-award Arthur Ross Book Award] • Finalist for the [https://www.cundillprize.com/winners/2013 2013 Cundill Prize in Historical Literature].
* {{citation |last=Marr | first=David G. |year=1984 |title=Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945 |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamesetradit0000marr |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-05-05}}.
* {{citation |last=Marr | first=David G. |year=2013 |title=Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945-1946) |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley.}}
* {{citation |last=Nguyen-Hung |year=2003 |title=Dũng khí Nguyễn Ngọc Nhựt (The Heroic Nguyen Ngoc Nhut) |publisher=Trẻ (Youth), Ho-Chi-Minh City, Vietnam |series=Nam Bộ Nhân Vật Chí (History of notable personalities in South Vietnam)}}.
* {{citation |last=Nguyen |first=Lien-Hang T. |year=2012 |title=Hanoi's War |publisher=University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill}}.
<!--
* {{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics.
-->
* {{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |year=2018 |title=Le Temps des Ancêtres: Une famille vietnamienne dans sa traversée du XXe siècle |publisher=L'Harmattan, Paris, France |url=https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/livre-le_temps_des_ancetres_une_famille_vietnamienne_dans_sa_traversee_du_xxe_siecle_chau_nguyen_ngoc-9782343140834-58952.html |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.  Preface by historian Pierre Brocheux.
* {{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |title=The basic truths on Caodaism |url=https://www.academia.edu/44590508 |date=20 Jul 2021 |publisher=education.edu}}.
* {{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |year=2023 |title=Viet Nam Political History of the Two Wars: Independence War (1858–1954) and Ideological War (1945–1975) |publisher=Nombre 7, Nîmes, France}}.
* {{citation |last1=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |last2=Vu-Quoc-Loc |year=2023 |title=Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=21 Mar 2023}}, [[CC-BY-SA 4.0]]. ([https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Le5jRNs4Ib0FYTZkBdG2tlpAo0jH6q52/view?usp=share_link Backup copy].) Much of the information in the present article came from this biography, which also contains many relevant and informative photos not displayed here.
* {{citation |last=Osborne |first=Milton |year=1967 |title=Viet-Nam: The Search for Absolutes |journal=International Journal | volume=22 |number=4 |series=Fifty Years of Bolshevism (Autumn, 1967) |pages=647–654 |doi=10.2307/40200203 |jstor=40200203 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40200203 |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.
* {{citation |last=Pace | first=Eric |year=2001 |title=Ellen Hammer, 79; Historian Wrote on French in Indochina |work=[[The New York Times]]  |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/26/world/ellen-hammer-79-historian-wrote-on-french-in-indochina.html |url-access=subscription}}, Mar 26.
* {{citation |last=Patti |first=Archimedes |year=1980 |title=Why Viet Nam? Prelude to America's Albatross |url=https://archive.org/details/whyvietnamprelud0000patt/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=University of California Press | location = Berkeley |isbn = 978-0520047839}}
* {{citation |last=Scigliano | first=Robert |year=1963 |title=South Vietnam: Nation under Stress |publisher=Praeger, New York}}.
* {{citation |last1=Stockton | first1=Richard |year=2022 |title=The True Story Of Phan Thi Kim Phúc, The 'Napalm Girl' |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/napalm-girl }}, edited by Leah Silverman, Dec 25. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230331075026/https://allthatsinteresting.com/napalm-girl Internet archived on 2023.03.31.]
* {{citation |last=Tong | first=Traci |year=2018 |title=How the Vietnam War's Napalm Girl found hope after tragedy, The World from PRX |work=[[The World]]  |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2018-02-21/how-vietnam-wars-napalm-girl-found-hope-after-tragedy }}, Feb 21. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230322154140/https://theworld.org/stories/2018-02-21/how-vietnam-wars-napalm-girl-found-hope-after-tragedy Internet archived on 2023.02.22.]
* {{citation |last=Tønnesson | first=Stein |year=1991 |title=The Vietnamese Revolution of 1945: Roosevelt, Ho Chi Minh and de Gaulle in a world at war |publisher=SAGE Publications, London |url=https://www.prio.org/publications/11461 |access-date=2024-05-05}}. Link to this book at the Norwegian National Library.
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* {{citation |last=Tram-Huong |year=2003 |title=Đêm trắng của Đức Giáo Tông (Sleepless Night of the [[Cao Dai]] Pope)|publisher=People's Police Publishing House, Vietnam}}.
* {{citation |last=Tran-Thi-Lien |year=2002 |chapter=Henriette Bui: The narrative of Vietnam's first woman doctor |pages=278–309 |title=Viêt Nam Exposé: French Scholarship on Twentieth-Century Vietnamese Society |editor=Gisele Bousquet and Pierre Brocheux |url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12124 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |doi=10.3998/mpub.12124 |isbn=9780472098057 }}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aPQfqQB_7K0C&dq=Bui+Quang+Chieu+Ngoc+Bich&pg=PA281 Google Book] (search for "Bui Quang Chieu Ngoc Bich"), accessed 20 May 2023.
* {{citation |last=Vu Quoc Loc |year=2023a |title=Notes on Vietnam History |url=https://archive.org/details/notes-on-vietnam-history |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=27 Jun 2023 }}, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0].
* {{citation |last=Vu-Quoc-Loc |year=2023b |title=Marco Polo's Caugigu - Phạm Ngũ Lão's Đại Việt - 1285 |url=https://archive.org/details/marco-polo-caugigu-pham-ngu-lao-dai-viet-1285 |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=23 Apr 2023}}, [[CC-BY-SA 4.0]].
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{{refend}}
== Gallery ==
===Nguyen Ngoc Bich===
Images used to illustrate this article.
<gallery widths="110" heights="180">
File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street
File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911-1966) signature 1949.png|Signature 1949
File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png|Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole polytechnique
File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, Ecole polytechnique
File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Minh Tan Logo.png|Publisher Minh-Tan logo
File:Nguyen Ngoc Nhut headstone.jpg|Nguyen Ngoc Nhut (1918-1952)
File:NN Chau TDA cover.png|Le Temps des Ancêtres: Une famille vietnamienne dans sa traversée du XXe siècle, book cover
File:Henriette_Bùi_Quang_Chiêu_1931.jpg|Dr. Henriette Bui
</gallery>
===First Indochina War===
Images used to illustrate this article.
<gallery widths="110" heights="180">
File:1945 Aug 16 Deer Team train Vietminh.png|1945 Aug 16 Deer Team train Vietminh
File:1945 OSS train Vietminh grenade launcher.png|OSS Deer team<!--{{efn|name=OSS-HCM}}--> training the Viet Minh to use a grenade launcher.
File:1945 Aug Alison Thomas Vietminh to Hanoi.png|1945 Aug OSS Maj. Allison Thomas and Viet-Minh fighters marching to Hanoi, Aug 1945.
File:Patti Giap US flag 1945 Aug 26.png|[[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]] and [[Vo Nguyen Giap]] saluted American flag, with a [[Viet Minh]] band playing the ''Star Spangled Banner'', 1945 Aug 26, Sunday.
File:1945 Aug Archimedes Patti, Vo Nguyen Giap.png|[[Vo Nguyen Giap]] gave a welcoming parade to US Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]], head of the US Army intelligence team ([[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]]), 1945 Aug 26, Sunday.
File:1945 Vietnam Independence or Death.png|Vietnam Independence or Death demonstration, August 1945.
File:Président Ho-chi-Minh lit la Proclamation-d'indépendance sur la place Ba-dinh le 2nd Sep 1945.jpg|[[Ho Chi Minh]] declared [[Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam|Vietnam independence, 1945 Sep 2]].
File:Ho Chi Minh, Giap, farewell to OSS team 1945.png|[[Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Vo Nguyen Giap]] giving a farewell party to the US Army intelligence team ([[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]]), 1945.
File:French_plane_dropped_napalm_bomb_on_Vietminh_force.png|French plane pulling up after a dive to drop napalm bombs on Vietminh force ambushing a French battalion.
File:French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png|French napalm bomb exploded over Vietminh force. 1953 December.
File:1stIndochinaWar001.jpg|French Marines wading ashore off the coast of Annam (Central Vietnam) in July 1950.
File:HD-SN-99-02042.JPEG|A Viet-Minh suspect captured by a French-Foreign-Legion patrol in 1954.
File:Vietnamese_refugees_board_LST_516_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom,_October_1954_(030630-N-0000X-001).jpg|Vietnamese refugees boarding the US Navy ship LST 516 during Operation Passage to Freedom, October 1954.
File:Famine_in_Vietnam,_1945_(3).jpg|The great Vietnamese famine 1944–1945.
File:1945.09.02 Archimedes Patti Operational Priority.pdf|1945.09.02 [[Archimedes Patti]] Operational Priority communication
File:1946_Ho_Chi_Minh_Leclerc_Sainteny_2.png|[[Ho Chi Minh]], Leclerc, Sainteny, 1945 Mar 18
File:1945_Aug_12_de_Gaulle_Truman_White_House.jpg|de Gaulle visited Truman, 1946 Aug 12
File:1945_Oct_22_Ho_Chi_Minh_letter_to_US_Secretary_of_State_p1.jpg|Ho Chi Minh's letter to US Secretary of State, 1945 Oct 22, Page 1, with date
File:1945_Oct_22_Ho_Chi_Minh_letter_to_US_Secretary_of_State_p2.jpg|Ho Chi Minh's letter to US Secretary of State, 1945 Oct 22, Page 2
File:1945_Oct_22_Ho_Chi_Minh_letter_to_US_Secretary_of_State_p3.jpg|Ho Chi Minh's letter to US Secretary of State, 1945 Oct 22, Page 3, with signature
File:Ho Chi Minh and OSS Deer Team, Bac Bo Palace, 1945 Sep.png|Ho Chi Minh and OSS Deer Team, Bac Bo Palace, 1945 Sep
</gallery>
===Second Indochina War===
Images used to illustrate this article.
<gallery widths="120" heights="180">
File:Marines_Da_Nang_Vietnam_1965.04.30.png|US Marines wading ashore in Da Nang, Central Vietnam, on 1965 Apr 30
</gallery>
{{Commons category|Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911-1966)}}
{{Draft categories|
[[:Category:1911 births]]
[[:Category:1966 deaths]]
[[:Category:Vietnamese engineers]]
[[:Category:Vietnamese nationalists]]
[[:Category:Vietnamese physicians]]
[[:Category:Vietnamese politicians]]
}}
[[fr:Nguyen Ngoc Bich]]
[[vi:Nguyen Ngoc Bich]]
{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=March 2023}}

Latest revision as of 18:09, 18 May 2024

User:Loc_Vu-Quoc/sandbox

Nguyen Ngoc Bich

User:Loc_Vu-Quoc/Draft:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich

Introduction

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich, 1962
Nguyễn Ngọc Bích
Born 18 May 1911
Ben Tre, Vietnam
Died 4 Dec 1966
Thu Duc, Vietnam
Occupation *Engineer
  • Resistance fighter
  • Medical doctor
  • Politician
Title Doctor (medical)
Known for Resistance war, politics
Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931, student at École polytechnique.
Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at École polytechnique.

Nguyễn Ngọc Bích (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,[1]:850. N.psq1 a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.[2]

The Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street in the city of Cần Thơ, Vietnam, was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,[3]:122 imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"[3]:122 that left a mark on his forehead,N.bi and exiled) during the First Indochina War.

Upon graduating from the École polytechnique (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (civil engineering) in France in 1935,[4] Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the Viet-Minh, and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.

SuspectingN.bs of being betrayed by the Communist factionN.bs of the Viet-Minh and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his École polytechnique classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,[5]: 299 and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.N.mbl In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to Ngo Dinh Diem as the sixth prime minister of the State of Vietnam under the former Emperor Bao Dai as Head of State,[6]:84 who selected Ngo Dinh Diem as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",[7][4], he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".[7] N.pi, N.tcq

A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography,[8] which contains even more information, including primary-source evidence and photos, than presented here.

Important historical events that affected Bich's adult life, together with those mentioned in his 1962 paper (e.g., failed agrarian reform, napalm bombs, famine, conquest for rice, etc.) are summarized, in particular the atmosphere in which Bich had lived for ten years working for the French colonialists (from 1935 to 1945), and the historical conditions that drove this French-educated engineer to become a "Francophile anticolonialist"N.fa, N.psq2 and to join the Viet Minh in 1945 (e.g., the French brutal repressions in 1940 and 1945, the power vacuum after the Japanese coup de force in 1945, Ho Chi Minh's call for a general uprising from Tân Trào, the 1945 August Revolution, the Black Sunday on 1945 Sep 2 in Saigon, etc.). The key principle is to summarize a historical event only when it was directly related to Bich's activities. Care is exercised in selecting references and quotations that complement, but not duplicate, other Wikipedia articles at the time of this writing. For example, the history and the general use of napalm bombs, which Bich mentioned in his 1962 article, are not summarized. Regarding the French using American-made napalm bombs in the First Indochina War, well-known battlesN.nb are also not summarized.

First Indochina War

The broader historic events of World War II and the First Indochina War---specifically, the short interwar period between end of the former and the beginning of the later—led to the context in which Nguyen Ngoc Bich fought the French colonists until he was captured. The activities directly or indirectly affected Bich's life by four historic individuals are summarized. French General de Gaulle, by his desire to reconquer Indochina as a French colony, was a main force that led to the First Indochina War, in which Bich fought. Ho Chi Minh, founder and leader of the Viet Minh, called for the general uprising---against the French colonists and the Japanese occupiers---to which Bich responded. US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ardent anticolonialism could have prevented the two Indochina wars, and changed the course of history. US President Harry Truman was a reason that the First Indochina War is now called the "French-American" War in Vietnamese literature,[9] and through his support for the French war effort supplied napalm bombs, which Bich mentioned in his 1962 paper. The US funded more than 30% of the war cost in 1952 under US President Eisenhower, and "nearly 80%" in 1954 under Truman.N.fwc

Charles de Gaulle

Charles de Gaulle in 1942

At the beginning of World War II, in his historic four-minute call-to-arms broadcast from London on 1940 June 18, later known as L'Appel du 18 Juin in French history, the mostly then unknownN.cdg1 General de Gaulle counted on the French Empire, with Indochina as the "Pearl of the Empire", rich in rubber, tin, coal, and rice,[10]:28 to provide resources to fight the Axis, with the support of the British Empire and the powerful industry of the United States. Understanding that Indochina was under the menace of occupation by the Japanese, de Gaulle harbored the dream of wresting this colony back into the fold of the French Empire, writing in his memoirs "As I saw her move away into the mist, I swore to myself that I would one day bring her back."[10]:25

US President Truman and French General de Gaulle, White House, 1945 Aug 12.

"Within two weeks" of the death of US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 1945 Apr 12, de Gaulle pressured Harry Truman on the Indochina issue, and his government launched "an intensive propaganda effort to mold world opinion in favor of the status quo (French control) in Indochina",[11]:116 and this after having approved the Japanese occupation of Indochina since 1940 September 22.[11]:452 By the time General de GaulleN.cdg2 came to the US in 1945 Aug (inset photo) to campaign for US military aid from then US President Harry Truman, the "French had been forced to drown several Vietnamese uprisings in blood. They had seen the colonial economy completely disrupted. They had been humiliated by the Germans in Europe and incarcerated by the Japanese in Indochina. Even to begin to reassert sovereignty in Indochina, the French were forced to go hat in hand to the Americans (see inset photo, de Gaulle visited Truman), British, and Chinese."[12]:413

Emperor Bao Dai

De Gaulle was a prime mover leading to the First Indochina War in which the French-educated Bich fought on the Viet Minh side against the French colonialists. On 1945 Aug 20, just ten days before he abdicated on 1945 Aug 30,N.bda Vietnam Emperor Bao Dai sent a moving plea to de Gaulle:N.bdq

Bao Dai to de Gaulle
❝I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.❞
--- Bao Dai, message to de Gaulle on 1945 Aug 20[13]:xiii–xiv
OSS Maj. Archimedes Patti in Kunming, 1945 May.

Just a few days later on 1945 Aug 26 (or very shortly thereafter), Ho Chi Minh put the resistance in much stronger terms to US OSS Major Archimedes Patti, who still remembered vividly after some 35 years:N.hcm1

Ho Chi Minh to Archimedes Patti
❝If the French intended to return to Viet Nam as imperialists to exploit, to maim and kill my people, [I] could assure them and the world that Viet Nam from north to south would be reduced to ashes, even if it meant the life of every man, woman, and child, and that [my] government's policy would be one of scorched earth to the end.❞
--- Ho Chi Minh to OSS Maj. Archimedes Patti[11]:4

The Southeast Asia and Buddhism expert Paul Mus, who first met Ho Chi Minh in 1945, recounted that Ho Chi Minh said[14] then:N.ytp1

Ho Chi Minh to Paul Mus
❝I have no army, no diplomacy, no finances, no industry, no public works. All I have is hatred, and I will not disarm it until I feel I can trust you [the French].❞
--- Ho Chi Minh, according to Paul Mus, the New York Times 1969 obituary[14]

Paul Mus added "For every time Ho Chi Minh has trusted us, we betrayed him."N.ytp2

Notes

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  • (↑ N.bda) Bao Dai abdication: Under the pressure of the Viet Minh,[11]:186-187 Bao Dai had decided to abdicate on 1945 Aug 24,[11]:186-187 and abdicated officially on 1945 Aug 30.[11]:220 Ho Chi Minh then appointed "Mr. Nguyen Vinh Thuy" (Bao Dai's birth name) as "Supreme Counsellor"[11]:220 of the Provisional Government of Vietnam.[11]:220

  • (↑ N.bda) Bao Dai quote: In the foreword by Devillers for Tønnesson's 2010 book Vietnam 1946.[13]:xiii-xiv

  • (↑ N.bs) Betrayal suspicion: On the betrayal suspicion, Cooper, Chester L. (1970), The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam, Dood, Mead & Company, New York. Retrieved on 7 Mar 2023, p.123, wrote: "Whether the Viet Minh had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but Bich always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Bich's 1962 article, as written in Honey, P.J., ed. (March 1962), "Special Issue on Vietnam", The China Quarterly 9. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023. Volume 9. See the Note on The China Quarterly.

  • (↑ N.bi) Bich's injury: A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.[8]

  • (↑ N.cdg1, N.cdg2) De Gaulle: The permanent undersecretary at the British Foreign Office knew only that de Gaulle had a 'head like a pineapple and hips like a woman's', whereas the counselor at the US embassy in Paris and most of de Gaulle compatriots never heard of him.[10]:24 By Aug 1946, de Gaulle had resigned from the presidency of the French Provisional Government on 1946 Jan 20.[15]

  • (↑ N.fa) Francophile anticolonialists: "French teachings and models over Confucian ones. Some of these teachings were, to say the least, unhelpful to the colonial enterprise. Voltaire's condemnation of tyranny, Rousseau's embrace of popular sovereignty, and Victor Hugo's advocacy of liberty and defense of workers' uprisings turned some Vietnamese into that curious creature found also elsewhere in the empire: the Francophile anticolonialist."[10]:9

  • (↑ N.fwc) French-war cost: PBS US Involvement in Vietnam Video time 0:11 to 0:32:[16] "In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected President, in part because he promised to take a tougher stance on communism. That year, American taxpayers were footing more than 30% of the bill for the French war in Vietnam (also called the "French-American" war[9]). Within two years, that number would rise to nearly 80%." To be more precise, the "U.S. aid to the French military effort mounted from $130 million in 1950 to $800 million in 1953."[17]:597 The "United States became France's largest patron, ultimately funding 78 percent of the French war effort in Indochina,"reported historian L.H.T. Nguyen based on the Vietnamese document "Tong ket cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap," Hanoi: Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 1996.[18]:46

  • (↑ N.hcm1) HCM quote1: From 1945 Aug 26 to 1980, when Patti published his book.[11]:4

  • (↑ N.psq1, N.psq2) Primary sources, quotations: See primary sources, extensive notes and quotations in Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography[8] and Notes on Vietnam History.[19]

  • (↑ N.ytp1, N.ytp2) Year of the Pig: In his interview in the 1968 documentary In the Year of the Pig, at the Youtube video time 13:56, Paul Mus recounted: "Ho Chi Minh said [in 1945], 'I have no army.' That's not true now [in 1968]. 'I have no army.' 1945. 'I have no finance. I have no diplomacy. I have no public instruction. I have just hatred and I will not disarm it until you give me confidence in you.' Now this is the thing on which I would insist because it's still alive in his memory, as in mine. For every time Ho Chi Minh has trusted us, we betrayed him."

References

Marr 1984[12], Marr 2013[20]

  1. ↑ Buttinger, Joseph (1967b), Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.2, Frederik A. Praegers, New York. Retrieved on 25 Feb 2023
  2. ↑ Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich (March 1962), "Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint", The China Quarterly 9. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023, pp. 105–111. See also the contents of Volume 9, which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as Bernard B. Fall, Hoang Van Chi, Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book Histoire du Viet-Nam in Section References and French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40), P. J. Honey, Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam, Debresse, Paris, 1961, reviewed] by P. J. Honey), among others.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cooper, Chester L. (1970), The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam, Dood, Mead & Company, New York. Retrieved on 7 Mar 2023
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau (2018), Le Temps des Ancêtres: Une famille vietnamienne dans sa traversée du XXe siècle, L'Harmattan, Paris, France. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023. Preface by historian Pierre Brocheux.
  5. ↑ Tran-Thi-Lien (2002), Henriette Bui: The narrative of Vietnam's first woman doctor, in Gisele Bousquet and Pierre Brocheux, Viêt Nam Exposé: French Scholarship on Twentieth-Century Vietnamese Society, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 9780472098057, DOI:10.3998/mpub.12124, at 278–309. Google Book (search for "Bui Quang Chieu Ngoc Bich"), accessed 20 May 2023.
  6. ↑ Langguth, Arthur John (2000), Our Vietnam: The war, 1954–1975, Simon & Schuster, New York. Retrieved on 14 Mar 2023
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Honey, P.J., ed. (March 1962), "Special Issue on Vietnam", The China Quarterly 9. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau & Vu-Quoc-Loc (2023), Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 21 Mar 2023, CC-BY-SA 4.0. (Backup copy.) Much of the information in the present article came from this biography, which also contains many relevant and informative photos not displayed here.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lady Borton (2020), WE NEVER KNEW: Napalm use during Vietnam's French-American War, vietnamnet.vn, May 5.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Logevall, Fredrik (2012), Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam, Random House, New York. Retrieved on 12 Apr 2012, 864 pp. Winner of the 2013 Pulitzer Prize in History: "For a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the United States, Ten thousand dollars ($10,000). A balanced, deeply researched history of how, as French colonial rule faltered, a succession of American leaders moved step by step down a road toward full-blown war" • Winner of the 2013 Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians • Winner of the 2013 American Library in Paris Book Award • Winner of the Council on Foreign Relations 2013 Gold Medal Arthur Ross Book Award • Finalist for the 2013 Cundill Prize in Historical Literature.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Patti, Archimedes (1980), Why Viet Nam? Prelude to America's Albatross, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520047839
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Marr, David G. (1984), Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945, University of California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved on 2024-05-05.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Tønnesson, Stein (2010), Vietnam 1946: How the War Began, University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Retrieved on 2024-05-05.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Dr. Paul Mus dies; a Yale professor. Southeast Asia authority also taught in France", New York Times, 16 August 1969.
  15. ↑ Charles de Gaulle (1959-1969), Former Presidents of the Republic, 15 November 2018. Retrieved on 13 Jun 2023. Internet archived on 2023.03.28.
  16. ↑ US Involvement in Indochina. Retrieved on 2023-12-09, PBS Learning Media, Illinois. Teaching video excerpt from the documentary The Vietnam War, a film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.
  17. ↑ Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, vol. 3, Charles Scribner's & Sons, 2002. Retrieved on 2024-05-11.
  18. ↑ The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict and the Cold War, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts, 2007.
  19. ↑ Vu Quoc Loc (2023a), Notes on Vietnam History, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 27 Jun 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0.
  20. ↑ Marr, David G. (2013), Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945-1946), University of California Press, Berkeley.
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