Atomic mass: Difference between revisions
imported>Paul Wormer No edit summary |
imported>Paul Wormer |
||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
==Handling of isotopic masses== | ==Handling of isotopic masses== | ||
Recall first that different isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons and the same number (the [[atomic number]] ''Z'') of protons. So, different isotopes of a given element have the same charge but differ in mass. For example, look at the element [[carbon]] (atomic number ''Z'' = 6, i.e., 6 protons). It has two stable isotopes and one radioactive—but long-lived—isotope. The respective atomic masses are, <sup>12</sup>C: 12 u (six neutrons), <sup>13</sup>C: 13.0033548378 u (seven neutrons), and <sup>14</sup>C: 14.003241988 u (eight neutrons). The ''relative'' atomic mass of e.g. the isotope <sup>13</sup>C is the dimensionless number 13.0033548378. | |||
In [[high resolution spectroscopy]] and [[mass spectrometry]] | In practice there are two ways of dealing with the different masses of [[isotope]]s: | ||
#In [[high resolution spectroscopy]] and [[mass spectrometry]] masses of isotopes are observed in the spectra. That is, one can distinguish the spectral peaks arising from the different [[isotopologue]]s, (same molecule, different isotopic composition) in the sample. In these fields it is common to consider the samples as mixtures of of different isotopologues, in much the same way as when the sample consists of different compounds. Hydrogen chloride, for instance, would be seen as a mixture of the following isotopologues: H–<sup>35</sup>Cl, D–<sup>35</sup>Cl, H–<sup>37</sup>Cl, and D–<sup>37</sup>Cl. | |||
#In most of practical [[chemistry]] different isotopologues—always present in "off-the-shelf" chemicals—are of no concern whatsoever. In off-the-shelf chemicals the concentrations of different isotopologues are determined by the terrestrial ''natural abundances'' of the isotopes. Take the element [[chlorine]] as an example. It has two stable isotopes: <sup>35</sup>Cl (with a mass of 34.96885271 u) and <sup>37</sup>Cl (with a mass of 36.96590260 u). Of all the chlorine atoms occurring on earth 75.78 % is of the lighter kind, while 24.22 % is the heavier isotope. The average mass of the Cl atom is | |||
::: (34.969×75.78 + 36.966×24.22)/100 = 35.453 u. | |||
: The atomic mass averaged over isotopic abundances is called the '''standard atomic weight'''. (For historical reasons the term "weight" is still used here.) In most of practical chemistry the standard weight is used as "the" mass of an element. By using averaged masses the chemist accounts for the fact that different isotopes occur in nature. For instance, the HCl molecule has standard atomic weight 1.00794 + 35.453 = 36.461, which is the valued used in almost all chemical calculations. | |||
The atomic mass averaged over isotopic abundances is called the '''standard atomic weight'''. (For historical reasons the term "weight" is still used here.) In most of practical chemistry the standard weight is used as "the" mass of an element. By using | |||
==Note on nomenclature== | ==Note on nomenclature== | ||
Revision as of 05:11, 22 January 2008
In chemistry and physics, atomic mass (formerly known as atomic weight) is the mass of an atom expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass is numerically equal to relative atomic mass, denoted by Ar( X), where X is the isotope of which the mass is indicated. The difference between atomic mass and relative atomic mass is that the former has a dimension (u), while the latter is dimensionless. The relative atomic mass is the ratio of atomic mass to one twelfth of the mass of the nuclide 12C at rest in its nuclear and electronic ground state.
Handling of isotopic masses
Recall first that different isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons and the same number (the atomic number Z) of protons. So, different isotopes of a given element have the same charge but differ in mass. For example, look at the element carbon (atomic number Z = 6, i.e., 6 protons). It has two stable isotopes and one radioactive—but long-lived—isotope. The respective atomic masses are, 12C: 12 u (six neutrons), 13C: 13.0033548378 u (seven neutrons), and 14C: 14.003241988 u (eight neutrons). The relative atomic mass of e.g. the isotope 13C is the dimensionless number 13.0033548378.
In practice there are two ways of dealing with the different masses of isotopes:
- In high resolution spectroscopy and mass spectrometry masses of isotopes are observed in the spectra. That is, one can distinguish the spectral peaks arising from the different isotopologues, (same molecule, different isotopic composition) in the sample. In these fields it is common to consider the samples as mixtures of of different isotopologues, in much the same way as when the sample consists of different compounds. Hydrogen chloride, for instance, would be seen as a mixture of the following isotopologues: H–35Cl, D–35Cl, H–37Cl, and D–37Cl.
- In most of practical chemistry different isotopologues—always present in "off-the-shelf" chemicals—are of no concern whatsoever. In off-the-shelf chemicals the concentrations of different isotopologues are determined by the terrestrial natural abundances of the isotopes. Take the element chlorine as an example. It has two stable isotopes: 35Cl (with a mass of 34.96885271 u) and 37Cl (with a mass of 36.96590260 u). Of all the chlorine atoms occurring on earth 75.78 % is of the lighter kind, while 24.22 % is the heavier isotope. The average mass of the Cl atom is
- (34.969×75.78 + 36.966×24.22)/100 = 35.453 u.
- The atomic mass averaged over isotopic abundances is called the standard atomic weight. (For historical reasons the term "weight" is still used here.) In most of practical chemistry the standard weight is used as "the" mass of an element. By using averaged masses the chemist accounts for the fact that different isotopes occur in nature. For instance, the HCl molecule has standard atomic weight 1.00794 + 35.453 = 36.461, which is the valued used in almost all chemical calculations.
Note on nomenclature
The concept of "relative atomic mass" is in principle a simple one, yet there is some confusion about its definition. We followed NIST, see the NIST web site, where clearly and unambiguously the relative mass is defined of an isotope. The site states:
Relative Atomic Mass (of the isotope): Ar(X), where X is an isotope
This usage is followed by Mohr and Taylor[1] who state that (the atomic mass constant mu is a twelfth of the mass of 12C):
The relative atomic mass Ar(X) of an elementary particle, atom, or more generally an entity X, is defined by Ar(X) = m(X) /mu, where m(X) is the mass of X. Thus Ar(X) is the numerical value of m(X) when m(X) is expressed in u, and evidently Ar(12C)=12.
On the other hand, the official IUPAC publication, IUPAC Goldbook, defines:
relative atomic mass (atomic weight), Ar
The ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit
Although it is not explicitly stated in the Goldbook what the average mass is, it is likely and plausible that the averaging is over different isotopes weighted by terrestrial isotopic abundance. Hence, acccording to IUPAC's definition, the relative atomic mass is almost synonymous with the standard atomic weight defined above.
IUPAC also defines standard atomic weight, but adds recommended to its definition, that is, IUPAC defines standard atomic weight as recommended relative atomic mass, which suggests that the recommended value may change in the future when more accurate data become available.
From reading Ref. [2] it becomes clear that the confusion is created by too many international comittees addressing this, basically very simple, problem of definition.
Standard Atomic Weights of the Elements
The following table [3] lists the standard atomic weights. The uncertainties in the last given decimal are in parentheses. Square brackets [ ] indicate the mass number of the most stable isotope. CS stands for chemical symbol. Z is the atomic number. See this article for a list of the full names of the elements.
| Z | CS | Mass | Z | CS | Mass | Z | CS | Mass | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | 1.00794(7) | 38 | Sr | 87.62(1) | 75 | Re | 186.207(1) | |||
| 2 | He | 4.002602(2) | 39 | Y | 88.90585(2) | 76 | Os | 190.23(3) | |||
| 3 | Li | 6.941(2) | 40 | Zr | 91.224(2) | 77 | Ir | 192.217(3) | |||
| 4 | Be | 9.012182(3) | 41 | Nb | 92.90638(2) | 78 | Pt | 195.078(2) | |||
| 5 | B | 10.811(7) | 42 | Mo | 95.94(2) | 79 | Au | 196.96655(2) | |||
| 6 | C | 12.0107(8) | 43 | Tc | [98] | 80 | Hg | 200.59(2) | |||
| 7 | N | 14.0067(2) | 44 | Ru | 101.07(2) | 81 | Tl | 204.3833(2) | |||
| 8 | O | 15.9994(3) | 45 | Rh | 102.90550(2) | 82 | Pb | 207.2(1) | |||
| 9 | F | 18.9984032(5) | 46 | Pd | 106.42(1) | 83 | Bi | 208.98038(2) | |||
| 10 | Ne | 20.1797(6) | 47 | Ag | 107.8682(2) | 84 | Po | [209] | |||
| 11 | Na | 22.989770(2) | 48 | Cd | 112.411(8) | 85 | At | [210] | |||
| 12 | Mg | 24.3050(6) | 49 | In | 114.818(3) | 86 | Rn | [222] | |||
| 13 | Al | 26.981538(2) | 50 | Sn | 118.710(7) | 87 | Fr | [223] | |||
| 14 | Si | 28.0855(3) | 51 | Sb | 121.760(1) | 88 | Ra | [226] | |||
| 15 | P | 30.973761(2) | 52 | Te | 127.60(3) | 89 | Ac | [227] | |||
| 16 | S | 32.065(5) | 53 | I | 126.90447(3) | 90 | Th | 232.0381(1) | |||
| 17 | Cl | 35.453(2) | 54 | Xe | 131.293(6) | 91 | Pa | 231.03588(2) | |||
| 18 | Ar | 39.948(1) | 55 | Cs | 132.90545(2) | 92 | U | 238.02891(3) | |||
| 19 | K | 39.0983(1) | 56 | Ba | 137.327(7) | 93 | Np | [237] | |||
| 20 | Ca | 40.078(4) | 57 | La | 138.9055(2) | 94 | Pu | [244] | |||
| 21 | Sc | 44.955910(8) | 58 | Ce | 140.116(1) | 95 | Am | [243] | |||
| 22 | Ti | 47.867(1) | 59 | Pr | 140.90765(2) | 96 | Cm | [247] | |||
| 23 | V | 50.9415(1) | 60 | Nd | 144.24(3) | 97 | Bk | [247] | |||
| 24 | Cr | 51.9961(6) | 61 | Pm | [145] | 98 | Cf | [251] | |||
| 25 | Mn | 54.938049(9) | 62 | Sm | 150.36(3) | 99 | Es | [252] | |||
| 26 | Fe | 55.845(2) | 63 | Eu | 151.964(1) | 100 | Fm | [257] | |||
| 27 | Co | 58.933200(9) | 64 | Gd | 157.25(3) | 101 | Md | [258] | |||
| 28 | Ni | 58.6934(2) | 65 | Tb | 158.92534(2) | 102 | No | [259] | |||
| 29 | Cu | 63.546(3) | 66 | Dy | 162.500(1) | 103 | Lr | [262] | |||
| 30 | Zn | 65.409(4) | 67 | Ho | 164.93032(2) | 104 | Rf | [261] | |||
| 31 | Ga | 69.723(1) | 68 | Er | 167.259(3) | 105 | Db | [262] | |||
| 32 | Ge | 72.64(1) | 69 | Tm | 168.93421(2) | 106 | Sg | [266] | |||
| 33 | As | 74.92160(2) | 70 | Yb | 173.04(3) | 107 | Bh | [264] | |||
| 34 | Se | 78.96(3) | 71 | Lu | 174.967(1) | 108 | Hs | [277] | |||
| 35 | Br | 79.904(1) | 72 | Hf | 178.49(2) | 109 | Mt | [268] | |||
| 36 | Kr | 83.798(2) | 73 | Ta | 180.9479(1) | 110 | Ds | [281] | |||
| 37 | Rb | 85.4678(3) | 74 | W | 183.84(1) | 111 | Rg | [272] | |||
Notes
- ↑ P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 77, p. 1 (2005)
- ↑ Article about Atomic Weights
- ↑ Physical Reference Data. The numbers in this table are taken from the web site of NIST on December 2, 2007.