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==Typical inorganic chemical reactions==


There is no universally accepted list of the typical, important inorganic reactions. Although there are numerous available sources (books, journal and Internet websites) that include such lists, they all differ to some extent from each other. The inorganic reaction types listed and explained below were drawn from many of the available sources:<ref name=Cotton/><ref name=Cox>{{cite book|author=P.A. Cox|title=Inorganic Chemistry|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2004|id=ISBN 1-85996-289-0}}</ref><ref>[http://www.files.chem.vt.edu/RVGS/ACT/notes/Types_of_Equations.html Types of Equations] From the website of the [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] (Virgina Tech). A list of many similar, excellent chemistry articles are available [http://www.files.chem.vt.edu/RVGS/ACT/notes/ACT-notes.html here].</ref><ref name=About1>[http://chemistry.about.com/cs/generalchemistry/a/aa072103a.htm Types of Inorganic Chemical Reactions]  By Dr. Anne Marie Helmenstine on the website of About.com: Chemistry.</ref><ref name=About2>[http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemicalreactions/a/reactiontypes.htm Types of Chemical Reactions]  By Dr. Anne Marie Helmenstine on the website of About.com: Chemistry.</ref>
'''''Synthesis reaction:''''' (also referred to as '''''combination''''' or '''''composition''''' reaction)
This is a reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product, where each reactant is a chemical element or compound and the reaction product consist of the two reactants. Examples include:
*[[sodium]] + [[chlorine]] &rarr;  [[sodium chloride]]
::2Na + Cl<sub>2</sub> &rarr; 2NaCl
*[[carbon dioxide]] + [[water]] &rarr; [[carbonic acid]]
::CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O &rarr; H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
*[[hydrogen]] + [[sulfur]] &rarr; [[hydrogen sulfide]]
::2H<sub>2</sub> + S &rarr; H<sub>2</sub>S
'''''Decomposition reaction:''''' (may be '''''thermal''''', '''''electrolytic''''' or '''''catalytic''''' decomposition reaction)
This is a reaction in which a chemical compound is separated into elements or simpler compounds. It is often defined as being the opposite of a synthesis reaction. Examples include:
* [[hydrogen peroxide]] &rarr; water + [[oxygen]] &nbsp; &nbsp; (Hydrogen peroxide spontaneously decomposes into water and gaseous oxygen.)
::2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> &rarr; 2H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub>
* [[calcium carbonate]] + [[heat]] &rarr; [[calcium oxide]] + carbon dioxide &nbsp; &nbsp; (When heated, calcium carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide and gaseous carbon dioxide.)
::CaCO<sub>3</sub> + heat  &rarr; CaO + CO<sub>2</sub>
'''''Single displacement reaction:''''' (also referred to as '''''substitution''''' or '''''single replacement''''' reaction)
This is a reaction characterized by one element being displaced from a compound by another element. Examples include:
* [[copper]] + [[hydrochloric acid]] &rarr; [[cupric chloride]] + hydrogen
::Cu + 2HCl &rarr; CuCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>
* [[zinc]] + [[cupric sulfate]] &rarr; copper + zinc sulfate
::Zn + CuSO<sub>4</sub> &rarr; Cu + ZnSO<sub>4</sub>
'''''Metathesis reaction:'''''  (also referred to as '''''exchange''''' or '''''double displacement''''' or '''''double replacement''''' reaction)
This is a reaction in which two compounds exchange bonds or ions to form new, different compounds. Examples include:
* [[sodium sulfate]] + [[barium chloride]] &rarr; [[barium sulfate]] + sodium chloride
::Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + BaCl<sub>2</sub> &rarr; BaSO<sub>4</sub> + 2NaCl
*[[silver nitrate]] + hydrochloric acid &rarr; [[nitric acid]] + [[silver chloride]]
::AgNO<sub>3</sub> + HCl &rarr; HNO<sub>3</sub> + AgCl
'''''Precipitation reaction:''''' (a specific type of metathesis referred to as '''''aqueous metathesis''''')
This is a reaction that occurs when two inorganic [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] solutions, as in the example below, react to form a solution containing a soluble product and another product that is insoluble and precipitates out of the solution:
* [[calcium chloride]] + silver nitrate &rarr; [[calcium nitrate]] + silver chloride &nbsp; &nbsp; (Insoluble silver chloride precipitates out of  the aqueous solution).
::CaCl<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2AgNO<sub>3</sub> (aq) &rarr; Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2AgCl (s)
'''''Neutralization reaction''''' (another specific type of metathesis that is sometimes referred to as an '''''acid-base''''' reaction )
This is a reaction in which an [[acid (chemistry)|acid]] and a [[base (chemistry)|base]] react to form a [[salt (chemistry)|salt]].  Water is also produced in neutralizations with [[Arrhenius acid]]s, which dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (H<sup> +</sup>), and [[Arrhenius base]]s, which form [[hydroxide]] ions (OH<sup>−</sup>). However, water is not produced in all neutralizations as is the case with [[ammonia]]. Examples include:
* nitric acid + [[sodium hydroxide]] &rarr;  [[sodium nitrate]] + water
::HNO<sub>3</sub> + NaOH &rarr; NaNO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
* hydrochloric acid + ammonia &rarr; [[ammonium chloride]]
::HCl + NH<sub>3</sub> &rarr; NH<sub>4</sub>Cl
'''''Redox reaction:''''' (also referred to as '''''oxidation-reduction''''' reaction)
This is a reaction in which the [[oxidation number]]s of atoms are changed. Examples include:
* hydrogen + [[fluorine]] &rarr; [[hydrogen fluoride]]
:: H<sub>2</sub> + F<sub>2</sub> &rarr; 2HF
&nbsp; &nbsp; Hydrogen is oxidized by its oxidation number increasing from zero to +1. Fluorine is reduced by its oxidation number decreasing from zero to -1.
* [[Iron]] + cupric sulfate &rarr; [[ferrous sulfate]] + copper
:: Fe + CuSO<sub>4</sub> &rarr; FeSO<sub>4</sub> + Cu
&nbsp; &nbsp; Iron is oxidized by its oxidation number increasing from zero to +2. Copper is reduced by its oxidation number decreasing from +2 to zero.
{{reflist}}
Iodine + thiosulfate ion &rarr; tetrathionate ion + iodide ion &nbsp; &nbsp; (the iodine has been reduced and the thiosulfate ion has been oxidized)
:: I<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2&thinsp;S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) &rarr; S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + 2&thinsp;I<sup> −</sup> (aq)

Revision as of 02:07, 9 October 2010

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