Gyrification: Difference between revisions
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imported>Daniel Mietchen (started) |
imported>Daniel Mietchen (more refs added) |
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| url = http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/56 | | url = http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/56 | ||
| accessdate = 2008-04-22 | | accessdate = 2008-04-22 | ||
}}</ref>. | }}</ref><ref name=Mayhew1996>{{cite journal | ||
| author = Mayhew, T.M. | |||
| coauthors = Mwamengele, G.L.; Dantzer, V.; Williams, S. | |||
| year = 1996 | |||
| title = The gyrification of mammalian cerebral cortex: quantitative evidence of anisomorphic surface expansion during phylogenetic and ontogenetic development. | |||
| journal = Journal of Anatomy | |||
| volume = 188 | |||
| issue = Pt 1 | |||
| pages = 53 | |||
| url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1167632 | |||
| accessdate = 2008-04-22 | |||
}}</ref>. | |||
While the extent of cortical folding has been found to be partly determined by genetic factors<ref name=Bartley>{{cite journal | |||
| author = Bartley, A.J. | |||
| coauthors = Jones, D.W.; Weinberger, D.R. | |||
| year = | |||
| title = Genetic variability of human brain size and cortical gyral patterns | |||
| journal = Brain | |||
| volume = 120 | |||
| issue = 2 | |||
| pages = 257-269 | |||
| url = http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/120/2/257 | |||
| accessdate = 2008-04-22 | |||
}}</ref>, the underlying [[biomechanical]] mechanisms are not yet well understood. The overall folding pattern, however, can be mechanistically explained in terms of the cerebral cortex resembling a [[gel]] that buckles under the influence of non-[[isotropic]] [[force]]s<ref name=Van1997>{{cite journal | |||
| author = Van Essen, D.C. | |||
| year = 1997 | |||
| title = A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system | |||
| journal = Nature | |||
| volume = 385 | |||
| issue = 6614 | |||
| pages = 313-8 | |||
| url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385313a0.html | |||
| accessdate = 2008-04-22 | |||
}}</ref><ref name=Mora2006>{{cite journal | |||
| author = Mora, T. | | author = Mora, T. | ||
| coauthors = Boudaoud, A. | | coauthors = Boudaoud, A. | ||
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| url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/V446J5073H3417L0.pdf | | url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/V446J5073H3417L0.pdf | ||
| accessdate = 2008-04-22 | | accessdate = 2008-04-22 | ||
}}</ref>. | }}</ref>. | ||
Possible causes of the non-isotropy include [[thermal]] [[noise]], variations in the number and timing of [[cell division]]s, [[cell migration]], [[cortical connectivity]], [[pruning]], [[brain size]] and [[metabolism]] ([[phospholipid]]s in particular), all of which may interact<ref name=Price2004>{{cite journal | Possible causes of the non-isotropy include [[thermal]] [[noise]], variations in the number and timing of [[cell division]]s, [[cell migration]], [[cortical connectivity]], [[pruning]], [[brain size]] and [[metabolism]] ([[phospholipid]]s in particular), all of which may interact<ref name=Price2004>{{cite journal | ||
| author = Price, D.J. | | author = Price, D.J. | ||
| Line 50: | Line 84: | ||
| url = http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/bhm261v1 | | url = http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/bhm261v1 | ||
| accessdate = 2008-04-22 | | accessdate = 2008-04-22 | ||
}}</ref>. | }}</ref>. | ||
The concept of gyrification is important for clinical diagnostics, since it is one of the parameters distinguishing patients with [[neuropsychiatric diseases]] like [[schizophrenia]] or [[Williams syndrome]] from [[healthy control]] populations<ref name=Schmitt2002>{{cite journal | |||
| author = Schmitt, J.E. | |||
| coauthors = Watts, K.; Eliez, S.; Bellugi, U.; Galaburda, A.M.; Reiss, A.L. | |||
| year = 2002 | |||
| title = Increased gyrification in Williams syndrome: evidence using 3D MRI methods | |||
| journal = Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology | |||
| volume = 44 | |||
| issue = 5 | |||
| pages = 292-295 | |||
| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00813.x | |||
}}</ref>. | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
Revision as of 10:57, 22 April 2008
In brain anatomy, gyrification (also known as foliation) refers to the folding of the cerebral cortex during brain development in many vertebrate taxa, including songbirds, cetaceans and primates[1][2][3].
While the extent of cortical folding has been found to be partly determined by genetic factors[4], the underlying biomechanical mechanisms are not yet well understood. The overall folding pattern, however, can be mechanistically explained in terms of the cerebral cortex resembling a gel that buckles under the influence of non-isotropic forces[5][6]. Possible causes of the non-isotropy include thermal noise, variations in the number and timing of cell divisions, cell migration, cortical connectivity, pruning, brain size and metabolism (phospholipids in particular), all of which may interact[7][8].
The concept of gyrification is important for clinical diagnostics, since it is one of the parameters distinguishing patients with neuropsychiatric diseases like schizophrenia or Williams syndrome from healthy control populations[9].
See also
References
- ↑ Hofman, M.A. (1989). "On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals.". Prog Neurobiol 32 (2): 137-58. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Armstrong, E.; Schleicher, A.; Omran, H.; Curtis, M.; Zilles, K. (1995). "The Ontogeny of Human Gyrification". Cerebral Cortex 5 (1): 56-63. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Mayhew, T.M.; Mwamengele, G.L.; Dantzer, V.; Williams, S. (1996). "The gyrification of mammalian cerebral cortex: quantitative evidence of anisomorphic surface expansion during phylogenetic and ontogenetic development.". Journal of Anatomy 188 (Pt 1): 53. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Bartley, A.J.; Jones, D.W.; Weinberger, D.R.. "Genetic variability of human brain size and cortical gyral patterns". Brain 120 (2): 257-269. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Van Essen, D.C. (1997). "A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system". Nature 385 (6614): 313-8. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Mora, T.; Boudaoud, A. (2006). "Buckling of swelling gels". The European Physical Journal E - Soft Matter 20 (2): 119-124. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Price, D.J. (2004). "Lipids make smooth brains gyrate". Trends in Neurosciences 27 (7): 362-364. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Toro, R.; Perron, M.; Pike, B.; Richer, L.; Veillette, S.; Pausova, Z.; Paus, T. (2008). "Brain Size and Folding of the Human Cerebral Cortex". Cerebral Cortex. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Schmitt, J.E.; Watts, K.; Eliez, S.; Bellugi, U.; Galaburda, A.M.; Reiss, A.L. (2002). "Increased gyrification in Williams syndrome: evidence using 3D MRI methods". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 44 (5): 292-295. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00813.x. Research Blogging.