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| == '''[[Osteoporosis]]''' ==
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| As defined by the National Osteoporosis Foundation:
| | ==Footnotes== |
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| <font face="Gill Sans MT">Osteoporosis, or porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and [microarchitectural] structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased susceptibility to fractures, especially of the hip, spine and wrist, although any bone can be affected.</font><ref name=fastfacts>National Osteoporosis Foundation (2005) [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmedschool.creighton.edu%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser%2Fmedicine%2Fimages%2FCreighton_FIRST%2FOsteo_Spotlight%2FFast_Facts.pdf].</ref>
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| The increase in fragility results from both low bone mass and impaired bone quality.
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| Emphasizing the factor of ‘bone strength’, a factor in addition to and distinct from low bone mass, and the consequent increase risk of sustaining a fracture, a [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy has defined osteoporosis in 2001 as
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| {|align="center" style="width:90%;font-size:98%;" | |
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| <font face="Gill Sans MT">a skeletal disease characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture. Bone strength primarily reflects the integration of bone density and bone quality...</font><ref name=NIH2001> NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. (2001) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.6.785 Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy]. ''JAMA'' 285(6):785-795. PMID 11176917.</ref>
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| Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (osteoporosis, postmenopausal) and age-related or senile osteoporosis."
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| {|align="left" cellpadding="10" style="background:lightgray; width:35%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 93%; font-family: Gill Sans MT;"
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| | Osteoporosis, which literally means "porous bone", is a disease in which the density and quality of bone are reduced. As the bones become more porous and fragile, the risk of fracture is greatly increased. The loss of bone occurs "silently" and progressively. Often there are no symptoms until the first fracture occurs.
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| : [http://www.iofbonehealth.org/patients-public/about-osteoporosis/what-is-osteoporosis.html —The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF)]
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| | Osteoporosis means “porous bone.” If you look at healthy bone under a microscope, you will see that parts of it look like a honeycomb. If you have osteoporosis, the holes and spaces in the honeycomb are much bigger than they are in healthy bone. This means your bones have lost density or mass. It also means that the structure of your bone tissues has become abnormal. As your bones become less dense, they become weaker.
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| : [http://www.nof.org/aboutosteoporosis/bonebasics/whatisosteoporosis —The National Osteoporosis Foundation]
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| Although more common in women, osteoporosis may occur in males.<ref name="pmid18385499">{{cite journal |author=Ebeling PR |title=Clinical practice. Osteoporosis in men |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=14 |pages=1474–82 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18385499 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0707217 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=18385499&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref>
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| ''[[Osteoporosis|.... (read more)]]''
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| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[Osteoporosis#References|notes]]
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| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
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| | </small> |
Latest revision as of 10:19, 11 September 2020
The Irvin pin. The eyes have always been red, but there are
urban legends about the meanings of other colors.
A pin from another company, possibly Switlik or Standard Parachute. This style is common in catalogs and auctions of military memorabilia.
The Caterpillar Club is an informal association of people who have successfully used a parachute to bail out of a disabled aircraft. After authentication by the parachute maker, applicants receive a membership certificate and a distinctive lapel pin.
History
Before April 28, 1919 there was no way for a pilot to jump out of a plane and then to deploy a parachute. Parachutes were stored in a canister attached to the aircraft, and if the plane was spinning, the parachute could not deploy. Film industry stuntman Leslie Irvin developed a parachute that the pilot could deploy at will from a back pack using a ripcord. He joined the Army Air Corps parachute research team, and in April 1919 he successfully tested his design, though he broke his ankle during the test. Irvin was the first person to make a premeditated free fall jump from an airplane. He went on to form the Irving Airchute Company, which became a large supplier of parachutes. (A clerical error resulted in the addition of the "g" to Irvin and this was left in place until 1970, when the company was unified under the title Irvin Industries Incorporated.) The Irvin brand is now a part of Airborne Systems, a company with operations in Canada, the U.S. and the U.K.[1].
An early brochure [2] of the Irvin Parachute Company credits William O'Connor 24 August 1920 at McCook Field near Dayton, Ohio as the first person to be saved by an Irvin parachute, but this feat was unrecognised. On 20 October 1922 Lieutenant Harold R. Harris, chief of the McCook Field Flying Station, jumped from a disabled Loening W-2A monoplane fighter. Shortly after, two reporters from the Dayton Herald, realising that there would be more jumps in future, suggested that a club should be formed. 'Caterpillar Club' was suggested because the parachute canopy was made of silk, and because caterpillars have to climb out of their cocoons and fly away. Harris became the first member, and from that time forward any person who jumped from a disabled aircraft with a parachute became a member of the Caterpillar Club. Other famous members include General James Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh and (retired) astronaut John Glenn.
In 1922 Leslie Irvin agreed to give a gold pin to every person whose life was saved by one of his parachutes. By 1945 the number of members with the Irvin pins had grown to over 34,000. In addition to the Irvin Air Chute Company and its successors, other parachute manufacturers have also issued caterpillar pins for successful jumps. Irvin/Irving's successor, Airborne Systems Canada, still provides pins to people who made their jump long ago and are just now applying for membership. Another of these is Switlik Parachute Company, which though it no longer makes parachutes, still issues pins.
