Artemisinin: Difference between revisions
imported>Howard C. Berkowitz |
mNo edit summary |
||
| (4 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Artemisinin''' and its derivatives are | {{subpages}} | ||
{{TOC|right}} | |||
'''Artemisinin''' and its derivatives are sesquiterpene lactones used primarily in the treatment of [[malaria]], especially the most lethal form caused by ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]''; also, it is currently being investigated as a possible antineoplastic due to its [[angiogenesis|antiangiogenic]] and selectively oxidizing effect<ref name="UW">{{citation | |||
| title = Ancient chinese remedy shows potential in preventing breast cancer | |||
| date = 19 December 2005 | |||
| url = http://www.uwnews.org/article.asp?articleID=21353 | |||
| author = Rob Harrill}}</ref>. The classic form is a [[phytotherapy|plant product]] from the herb [[qinghaosu]] used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. | |||
To | To prevent the development of artemisinin resistance in P. falciparum, the [[WHO]] discourages artemisinin monotherapy, instead recommending combining artemisinin with other antimalarial drugs, which has been termed '''artemisinin combination therapy (ACT)'''. | ||
==Class drug and derivatives== | ==Class drug and derivatives== | ||
Artemisin itself has | Artemisin itself has relatively low bioavailability and has been banned in some countries, to avoid resistance formation due to underdosage. | ||
Artesunate is a derivative that produces higher blood levels when given intravenously. In 2007, the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) received an exception from the [[Food and Drug Administration]] to Artesunate in the United States, specifically for treatment of malarial clinical emergencies; CDC will dispense it to requesting organizations that meet treatment criteria. | Artesunate is a derivative that produces higher blood levels when given intravenously. In 2007, the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) received an exception from the [[Food and Drug Administration]] to Artesunate in the United States, specifically for treatment of malarial clinical emergencies; CDC will dispense it to requesting organizations that meet treatment criteria. | ||
| Line 18: | Line 24: | ||
| title = A stratified random survey of the proportion of poor quality oral artesunate sold at medicine outlets in the Lao PDR - implications for therapeutic failure and drug resistance | | title = A stratified random survey of the proportion of poor quality oral artesunate sold at medicine outlets in the Lao PDR - implications for therapeutic failure and drug resistance | ||
| journal = Malar J. | | journal = Malar J. | ||
| year = 2009 | volume = 8 | page = 172}}</ref> An editorial in Expert Opinion of Anti-Infective Therapy suggested that the only rational way of stopping the spread of artemisinin resistance was to deliver the drug free of charge <ref>{{citation | | year = 2009 | volume = 8 | page = 172}}</ref> An editorial in ''Expert Opinion of Anti-Infective Therapy'' suggested that the only rational way of stopping the spread of artemisinin resistance was to deliver the drug free of charge <ref>{{citation | ||
| author = Schlagenhauf P and Petersen E | | author = Schlagenhauf P and Petersen E | ||
| title = Antimalaria drug resistance: the mono-combi-counterfeit triangle | | title = Antimalaria drug resistance: the mono-combi-counterfeit triangle | ||
| Line 35: | Line 41: | ||
| title = Malaria, Artemisin Resistance, Southeast Asia | | title = Malaria, Artemisin Resistance, Southeast Asia | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
===Counterfeiting=== | ===Counterfeiting=== | ||
<ref>{{citation | A collaborative effort based around the [[World Health Organization]] and [[INTERPOL]] began in May 2005 when it became clear the counterfeit artesunate situation was worsening in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region of South East Asia (comprising [[Cambodia]], [[Laos|Lao People's Democratic Republic]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Yunnan Province]] of the [[People's Republic of China]]). "Chemical analysis revealed that all tablets thought to be fake contained no or very small quantities of artesunate. Other ingredients found in the artesunate counterfeit tablets included paracetamol, antibiotics, older antimalarial drugs, and a range of minerals, and there were a variety of gases surrounding the tablets inside the packaging. Biological analyses of pollen grains inside the packaging suggested that the packages originated in the parts of South East Asia along the Chinese border...two regional clusters where the counterfeit tablets appeared to be coming from, thus flagging a potential manufacturing site or distribution network. The presence of wrong active pharmaceutical ingredients (such as the older antimalarial drugs) suggested the counterfeiters had access to a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The presence of [[safrole]], a precursor to the illicit drug [[(3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|Ecstasy or MDMA]], suggested the counterfeits may be coming from factories that manufacture Ecstasy. And the identification of minerals indigenous to certain regions also helped identify the counterfeits' origin. The researchers concluded that at least some of the counterfeit artesunate was coming from southern China. The Secretary General of INTERPOL presented the findings to the Chinese government, which then carried out a criminal investigation and arrested individuals alleged to have produced and distributed the counterfeit artesunate."<ref>{{citation | ||
| title = A Collaborative Epidemiological Investigation into the Criminal Fake Artesunate Trade in South East Asia | | title = A Collaborative Epidemiological Investigation into the Criminal Fake Artesunate Trade in South East Asia | ||
| author = Newton PN, Fernández FM, Plançon A, Mildenhall DC, Green MD, et al. | year =2008 | | author = Newton PN, Fernández FM, Plançon A, Mildenhall DC, Green MD, et al. | year =2008 | ||
| Line 43: | Line 50: | ||
| doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050032 | | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050032 | ||
| url =http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050032}}</ref> | | url =http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050032}}</ref> | ||
== Antineoplastic == | |||
Artemisinin is currently being investigated as a possible cancer treatment. Cancer cells tend to hoard iron; iron in turn can catalyze the decomposition of artemisinin's peroxide moiety, releasing reactive oxygen species which can ultimately result in cancer cell death. Apart from this, artemisinin has been shown to inhibit [[angiogenesis]] in-vitro in certain cell cultures. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
Latest revision as of 06:00, 13 July 2024
Artemisinin and its derivatives are sesquiterpene lactones used primarily in the treatment of malaria, especially the most lethal form caused by Plasmodium falciparum; also, it is currently being investigated as a possible antineoplastic due to its antiangiogenic and selectively oxidizing effect[1]. The classic form is a plant product from the herb qinghaosu used in traditional Chinese medicine.
To prevent the development of artemisinin resistance in P. falciparum, the WHO discourages artemisinin monotherapy, instead recommending combining artemisinin with other antimalarial drugs, which has been termed artemisinin combination therapy (ACT).
Class drug and derivatives
Artemisin itself has relatively low bioavailability and has been banned in some countries, to avoid resistance formation due to underdosage.
Artesunate is a derivative that produces higher blood levels when given intravenously. In 2007, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) received an exception from the Food and Drug Administration to Artesunate in the United States, specifically for treatment of malarial clinical emergencies; CDC will dispense it to requesting organizations that meet treatment criteria. [2]
Resistance
The main drivers of the developing resistance are under-dosing and counterfeit drugs. One study found that 88 percent of the drugs purchased at local markets contained no or substandard amounts of artemisinin. Many people cannot afford to buy a full treatment course and may therefore be under-dosed even if the drugs contained correct amounts of artemisinin.[3] An editorial in Expert Opinion of Anti-Infective Therapy suggested that the only rational way of stopping the spread of artemisinin resistance was to deliver the drug free of charge [4]
Several drug combinations, however, such as artesunate, when used with older antimalarial drugs against which resistance already exists, may produce treatment failures, which already may have happened in the historically drug-resistant border between Cambodia and Thailand. [5]
The problem is aggravated by the extensive worldwide practice of self-medication for malaria, coupled with widespread distribution of counterfeit drugs.[6]
Counterfeiting
A collaborative effort based around the World Health Organization and INTERPOL began in May 2005 when it became clear the counterfeit artesunate situation was worsening in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region of South East Asia (comprising Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Yunnan Province of the People's Republic of China). "Chemical analysis revealed that all tablets thought to be fake contained no or very small quantities of artesunate. Other ingredients found in the artesunate counterfeit tablets included paracetamol, antibiotics, older antimalarial drugs, and a range of minerals, and there were a variety of gases surrounding the tablets inside the packaging. Biological analyses of pollen grains inside the packaging suggested that the packages originated in the parts of South East Asia along the Chinese border...two regional clusters where the counterfeit tablets appeared to be coming from, thus flagging a potential manufacturing site or distribution network. The presence of wrong active pharmaceutical ingredients (such as the older antimalarial drugs) suggested the counterfeiters had access to a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The presence of safrole, a precursor to the illicit drug Ecstasy or MDMA, suggested the counterfeits may be coming from factories that manufacture Ecstasy. And the identification of minerals indigenous to certain regions also helped identify the counterfeits' origin. The researchers concluded that at least some of the counterfeit artesunate was coming from southern China. The Secretary General of INTERPOL presented the findings to the Chinese government, which then carried out a criminal investigation and arrested individuals alleged to have produced and distributed the counterfeit artesunate."[7]
Antineoplastic
Artemisinin is currently being investigated as a possible cancer treatment. Cancer cells tend to hoard iron; iron in turn can catalyze the decomposition of artemisinin's peroxide moiety, releasing reactive oxygen species which can ultimately result in cancer cell death. Apart from this, artemisinin has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis in-vitro in certain cell cultures.
References
- ↑ Rob Harrill (19 December 2005), Ancient chinese remedy shows potential in preventing breast cancer
- ↑ Jorge Rivas (2 August 2007), "CDC to Distribute Novel Drug for the Treatment of Malaria Emergencies", Associated Content
- ↑ Sengaloundeth et al. (2009), "A stratified random survey of the proportion of poor quality oral artesunate sold at medicine outlets in the Lao PDR - implications for therapeutic failure and drug resistance", Malar J. 8: 172
- ↑ Schlagenhauf P and Petersen E (2009), "Antimalaria drug resistance: the mono-combi-counterfeit triangle", Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 7: 1039-42
- ↑ Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR (2008 May), "Declining artesunate-mefloquine efficacy against falciparum malaria on the Cambodia–Thailand border", Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]
- ↑ Malaria, Artemisin Resistance, Southeast Asia, ProMED, International Society for Infectious Diseases mailing list, 29 Dec 2009
- ↑ Newton PN, Fernández FM, Plançon A, Mildenhall DC, Green MD, et al. (2008), "A Collaborative Epidemiological Investigation into the Criminal Fake Artesunate Trade in South East Asia", PLoS Med 5(2): e32, DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050032