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[[Image:VariousPills.JPG|thumb|Oral medication]]
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A '''medication''' is a licenced [[drug]] taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an [[illness]] or medical condition.
A '''medication''' is a licensed [[drug]] taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an [[illness]] or medical condition. Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often [[patent|patented]] to protect their exclusive rights to produce them, but they can also be derived from naturally occurring substances in plants called [[herbal medicine]]. Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called [[generic drug]]s since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder. Referring to medications by their generic name rather than their brand name is important.<ref name="pmid15941695">{{cite journal| author=Haas JS, Phillips KA, Gerstenberger EP, Seger AC| title=Potential savings from substituting generic drugs for brand-name drugs: medical expenditure panel survey, 1997-2000. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2005 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 891-7 | pmid=15941695 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15941695  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18827211">{{cite journal| author=Hochman M, Hochman S, Bor D, McCormick D| title=News media coverage of medication research: reporting pharmaceutical company funding and use of generic medication names. | journal=JAMA | year= 2008 | volume= 300 | issue= 13 | pages= 1544-50 | pmid=18827211 | doi=10.1001/jama.300.13.1544 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18827211  }} </ref>
Medications are generally divided into two groups by the United States and similar laws -- ''[[Over-the-counter drug]]'' (OTC) medications, which are available in [[pharmaci]]es and supermarkets without special restrictions, and ''[[Prescription only medicine]]s'' (POM), which must be prescribed by a [[physician]], [[physician assistant]], [[nurse practitioner]], or [[dentist]].
The [[International Narcotics Control Board]] of the [[United Nations]] imposes a [[world law]] of [[prohibition]] or [[censorship]] of certain [[medications]]. They publish a lengthy list of chemicals and plants whose trade and consumption (where applicable) is forbidden. Most OTC medication is generally considered to be safe enough that most persons will not hurt themselves accidentally by taking it as instructed. Many countries, such as the [[United Kingdom|UK]] have a third category of [[pharmacy medicine]]s which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a [[pharmacist]].
However, the precise distinction between OTC and prescription depends on the legal [[jurisdiction]].
Medications are typically produced by [[pharmaceutical companies]] and are often [[patent|patented]]. Those that are not patented are called [[generic drug]]s.  


== Medication guide==
[[Zoopharmacognosy]] is animal usage of drugs and non-foods.
Medication guide is given by the [[pharmacist]] with every [[prescription]]. It generally includes [[description]], [[clinical pharmacology]] ([[pharmacokinetics]], [[pharmacodynamics]]), [[clinical trial]]s, [[indication]]s and usage, [[contraindication]]s, [[warning]]s, [[precaution]]s, [[adverse reaction]]s, [[dosage]] and administration, [[overdosage]], [[how supplied]], [[storage]], [[revision]] date and [[manufacturer]] and [[distributor]].


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
Medication can be usually classified in various ways, e.g. by its chemical properties, mode of administration, or biological system affected. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System]].
Medication can be usually classified in various ways, e.g. by its chemical properties, mode of administration, or biological system affected. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System]].


== Types of medication ==
==Regulation==
=== For the [[gastrointestinal tract]] or [[digestive system]] ===
Medications are generally divided into groups by the United States and similar laws.


* Upper digestive tract: [[antacid]]s, [[reflux suppressant]]s, [[antiflatulent]]s, [[antidopaminergic]]s, [[proton pump inhibitor]]s, [[H2-receptor antagonist]]s, [[cytoprotectant]]s, [[prostaglandin analogue]]s
===Over-the-counter drug===
* Lower digestive tract: [[laxative]]s, [[antispasmodic]]s, [[antidiarrhoeal]]s, [[bile acid sequestrant]]s, [[opioid]]s
''[[Over-the-counter drug]]'' (OTC) medications, which are available in [[pharmacy|pharmacies]] and supermarkets without special restrictions


=== For the [[cardiovascular system]] ===
===Behind the counter===
''[[Behind the counter]]'' ([[BTC]]) are dispensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctor's prescription,


* General: [[beta-receptor blocker]], [[calcium channel blocker]]s, [[diuretic]]s, [[cardiac glycoside]]s, [[antiarrhythmic]]s, [[nitrate]], [[antianginal]]s, [[vasoconstrictor]], [[vasodilator]], peripheral activator
===Prescribed drugs===
* Affecting [[Antihypertensive|Blood pressure]]: [[ACE inhibitor]]s, [[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist|angiotensin receptor blockers]], [[alpha blocker]]
''[[Prescription only medicine]]s'' (POM), which must be prescribed by a [[physician]], [[physician assistant]], [[nurse practitioner]], or [[dentist]]. These medications are approved by national entities such as the [[Food and Drug Administration]] in the United States or by international entities such as the [[European Medicines Agency]] (EMEA) of the [[European Union]] and United Kingdom’s Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.
* Coagulation: [[anticoagulant]], [[heparin]], [[antiplatelet drug]], [[fibrinolytic]], [[Factor VIII|anti-hemophilic factor]], haemostatic drugs
* Atherosclerosis/cholesterol agents: [[hypolipidaemic agent]]s, [[statin]]s.
=== For the [[central nervous system]] ===
{{see also|Psychoactive drug}}


[[hypnotic]], [[anaesthetics]], [[antipsychotic]], [[antidepressant]] (including [[tricyclics|tricyclic antidepressants]], [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]], [[lithium salt]], [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]), [[anti-emetic]], [[anticonvulsant]] and [[antiepileptic]], [[anxiolytic]], [[barbiturate]], movement disorder drug, [[stimulant]] (including [[amphetamine]]s), [[benzodiazepine]], cyclopyrrolone, [[dopamine antagonist]], [[antihistamine]], [[cholinergic]], [[anticholinergic]], [[emetic]], [[cannabinoids]], 5-HT antagonist
The approval process may not study adequate number of patients for sufficient period of time.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001407
| volume = 10
| issue = 3
| pages = e1001407
| last = Duijnhoven
| first = Ruben G.
| coauthors = Sabine M. J. M. Straus, June M. Raine, Anthonius de Boer, Arno W. Hoes, Marie L. De Bruin
| title = Number of Patients Studied Prior to Approval of New Medicines: A Database Analysis
| journal = PLoS Med
| accessdate = 2013-03-21
| date = 2013-03-19
| url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001407
}}</ref>


=== For pain & consciousness ([[analgesic drugs]]) ===
===Proscribed drugs===
{{further|[[Analgesic]]}}
The [[International Narcotics Control Board]] of the [[United Nations]] imposes a [[world law]] of [[prohibition]] or [[censorship]] of certain medications. They publish a lengthy list of chemicals and plants whose trade and consumption (where applicable) is forbidden. Most OTC medication is generally considered to be safe enough that most persons will not hurt themselves accidentally by taking it as instructed. Many countries, such as the [[United Kingdom|UK]] have a third category of [[pharmacy medicine]]s which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a [[pharmacist]].
However, the precise distinction between OTC and prescription depends on the legal [[jurisdiction]].


The main classes of painkillers are [[NSAIDs]], [[opioid]]s and various orphans such as [[paracetamol]], [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s and [[anticonvulsant]]s.
== Medication information for consumers==
Medication guides, or labels are given by the [[pharmacist]] with every [[prescription]]. It generally includes [[description]], [[clinical pharmacology]] ([[pharmacokinetics]], [[pharmacodynamics]]), [[clinical trial]]s, [[indication]]s and usage, [[contraindication]]s, [[warning]]s, [[precaution]]s, [[adverse reaction]]s, [[dosage]] and administration, [[overdosage]], [[how supplied]], [[storage]], [[revision]] date and [[manufacturer]] and [[distributor]].


=== For [[Muscular system|musculo]]-[[Skeleton|skeletal]] disorders ===
United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approved labels
*[http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/ Daily Med]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=medmaster.TOC|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=medmaster.TOC  MedMaster]  


[[NSAID]]s (including [[COX-2 selective inhibitor]]s), [[muscle relaxant]], neuromuscular drug<br> [[anticholinesterase]]
European Union
*[http://www.emea.europa.eu/htms/human/epar/eparintro.htm European Public Assessment Report] (EPAR)


=== For the [[eye]] ===
United Kingdom
* [http://www.nelm.nhs.uk/ National electronic Library for Medicines]


* General: adrenergic neurone blocker, [[astringent]], ocular lubricant
==Compliance with taking medications==
* Diagnostic:  [[topical anesthetic]]s, [[sympathomimetic]]s, [[parasympatholytic]]s, [[mydriatic]]s, [[cycloplegic]]s
{{main|Patient compliance}}
* Anti-bacterial:  [[antibiotic]]s, [[topical antibiotic]]s, [[sulfa drugs]], [[aminoglycosides]], [[fluoroquinolones]]
* Anti-viral:
* Anti-fungal: [[imidazole]]s, [[polyene]]s
* Anti-inflammatory:  [[NSAID]]s, [[corticosteroids]]
* Anti-allergy:  [[mast cell|mast cell inhibitors]]
* Anti-glaucoma:  adrenergic agonists, [[beta-blocker]]s, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/[[hyperosmotic]]s, [[cholinergic]]s, [[miotic]]s, [[parasympathomimetic]]s, prostaglandin agonists/prostaglandin inhibitors.  [[nitroglycerin]]
 
=== For the ear, nose and [[oropharynx]] ===
 
[[sympathomimetic]], [[antihistamine]], [[anticholinergic]], [[NSAID]]s, [[steroid]], [[antiseptic]], [[local anesthetic]], [[antifungal]], cerumenolytic
 
=== For the [[respiratory system]] ===
 
[[bronchodilator]], [[NSAID]]s, anti-allergic, [[antitussive]], [[mucolytic]], [[decongestant]]<br>[[corticosteroid]], [[beta-receptor antagonist]], [[anticholinergic]], [[steroid]]
 
=== For [[endocrine]] problems ===
 
[[androgen]], [[antiandrogen]], [[gonadotropin]], [[corticosteroid]], [[growth hormone]], [[insulin]], [[antidiabetic]] ([[sulfonylurea]], [[biguanide]]/[[metformin]], [[thiazolidinedione]], [[insulin]]), [[thyroid hormone]]s, antithyroid drugs, [[calcitonin]], [[diphosponate]], [[vasopressin analogue]]s
 
=== For the [[reproductive system]] or [[urinary system]] ===
 
[[antifungal]], alkalising agent, [[quinolones]], [[antibiotic]], [[cholinergic]], [[anticholinergic]], [[anticholinesterase]], [[antispasmodic]], 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, selective alpha-1 blocker, [[sildenafil]]
 
=== For [[contraception]] ===
 
[[contraceptive]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[spermicide]], depot contraceptives
 
=== For [[obstetrics and gynaecology]] ===
 
[[NSAID]]s, [[anticholinergic]], haemostatic drug, antifibrinolytic, [[Hormone Replacement Therapy]], bone regulator, beta-receptor agonist, [[follicle stimulating hormone]], [[luteinising hormone]], [[LHRH]]<br> [[gamolenic acid]], gonadotropin release inhibitor, [[progestogen]], [[dopamine agonist]], [[estrogen|oestrogen]], [[prostaglandin]], [[gonadorelin]], [[clomiphene]], [[tamoxifen]], [[Diethylstilbestrol]]
 
=== For the [[skin]] ===
 
[[emollient]], [[antipruritic|anti-pruritic]], [[antifungal]], [[disinfectant]], scabicide, pediculicide, tar products, [[vitamin A derivatives]], [[vitamin D analogue]], [[keratolytic]], [[abrasive]], [[systemic antibiotic]], [[topical]] [[antibiotic]], [[hormone]]s, desloughing agent, exudate absorbent, [[fibrinolytic]], [[proteolytic]], [[sunscreen]], [[antiperspirant]], [[corticosteroid]]
 
=== For infections and infestations ===
 
[[antibiotic]], [[antifungal]], antileprotic, antituberculous drug, antimalarial, [[anthelmintic]], amoebicide, [[antiviral]], [[antiprotozoal agent|antiprotozoal]], [[antiserum]]
 
=== For [[immunology]] ===
 
[[vaccine]], [[immunoglobulin]], [[immunosuppressant]], [[interferon]], [[monoclonal antibody]]
 
=== For [[Allergy|allergic]] disorders ===
 
anti-allergic, [[antihistamine]], [[NSAID]]s
 
=== For nutrition ===
 
tonic, iron preparation, [[electrolyte]], parenteral nutritional supplement, [[vitamin]]s, [[anti-obesity drug]], anabolic drug, haematopoietic drug, food product drug
 
=== For [[Neoplasia|neoplastic]] disorders ===
 
[[cytotoxic drug]], [[sex hormone]]s, [[aromatase inhibitor]], somatostatin inhibitor, recombinant [[interleukin]]s,  [[Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor|G-CSF]], [[erythropoietin]]
 
=== For diagnostics ===
 
[[contrast media]]
 
=== For euthanasia ===
 
A euthanaticum is used for [[euthanasia|euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide]], see also [[Barbiturate#Other non-therapeutical use|barbiturates]].
 
=== Other/related topics ===


==Polypharmacy==
{{main|Polypharmacy}}
[[Polypharmacy]]: suggests that multiple use  of prescribed and non-prescribed medications, (use of 5 or more), can have adverse effects on the recipient.
[[Polypharmacy]]: suggests that multiple use  of prescribed and non-prescribed medications, (use of 5 or more), can have adverse effects on the recipient.


[[Zoopharmacognosy]]: Animal usage of drugs and non-foods.
==Drug toxicity==
 
{{main|Drug toxicity}}
== See also ==
Unfortunately, drugs may also cause drug toxicity (also called drug-related side effects and adverse reactions or adverse drug event).


* [[Compliance (medicine)|Drug compliance & concordance]]
==Storage and expiration date==
* [[Herbology]]
Many drugs, but not [[epinephrine]] in ''EpiPen'', may be effective after their expiration date.<ref>Anonymous (2009) [http://www.medicalletter.org/restricted/articles/w1327d.html Drugs Past Their Expiration Date] The Medical Letter</ref>
* [[Herbalism]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Nocebo]]
* [[Pharmacology]]
* [[Pharmaceutical company]]
* [[Placebo (origins of technical term)]]
* [[Prescription]]
* [[Use of biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing]]
* [[Vaccine]]


== External links ==
==Promotion of medications by industry==
Off label promotion of medications is problematic.<ref>Kesselheim AS, Mello MM, Studdert DM, 2011 Strategies and Practices in Off-Label Marketing of Pharmaceuticals: A Retrospective Analysis of Whistleblower Complaints. PLoS Med 8(4): e1000431. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pmed.1000431}}</ref>


* [http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines]
===Free samples===
* [http://www.theacpa.org/ American Chronic Pain Association (ACPA)]
Free samples of medications provided to the offices of health care providers may be problematic.<ref name="pmid19434227">{{cite journal| author=Chimonas S, Kassirer JP| title=No more free drug samples? | journal=PLoS Med | year= 2009 | volume= 6 | issue= 5 | pages= e1000074 | pmid=19434227 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000074 | pmc=PMC2669216 | url= }} </ref> The provision of free samples by doctors is decreasing but is more common in regions of high Medicare expenditures.<ref name="pmid21059976">{{cite journal| author=Campbell EG, Rao SR, DesRoches CM, Iezzoni LI, Vogeli C, Bolcic-Jankovic D et al.| title=Physician professionalism and changes in physician-industry relationships from 2004 to 2009. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2010 | volume= 170 | issue= 20 | pages= 1820-6 | pmid=21059976 | doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2010.383 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21059976  }} </ref>
* [http://www.psdh.gov.hk/eps/productSearchSimpleAction.do Database of registered pharmaceuticals in Hong Kong]* [http://www.drugs-treatment.org/ Drugs treatment] Online drug information in an A to Z format. Includes information of side effects, warnings, overdose and drug interactions.
* [http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/DrugSafety/DrugIndex.htm Consumer drug information from the FDA]
* [http://international.phrma.org/publications/publications//admin/2004-10-12.1086.pdf Discoverers Award in Pharmaceuticals]
* [http://dev.innovation.org/story/researcher-stories.php Innovation's list of important pharmaceutical discoverers since 1987]
* [http://www.wisegeek.com/how-do-i-dispose-of-expired-medicine.htm Medication disposal]
* {{dmoz|Health/Medicine/|Medicine}}
* [http://www.phrma.org/ Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America] (PhRMA)
* [http://international.phrma.org/publications/policy/admin/30.08.2005.1222.cfm Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America - Discoverers Award]
* [http://www.efpia.org/ The European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations] (EFPIA)
* [http://www.drugid.com Anti-Counterfeiting technology for drugs DrugId.com]


== Attribution ==
{{WPAttribution}}


[[Category:CZ Live]]
==References==
[[Category:Health Sciences Workgroup]]
<references/>[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]

Latest revision as of 11:01, 17 September 2024

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https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Medication&printable=yes
This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

A medication is a licensed drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to protect their exclusive rights to produce them, but they can also be derived from naturally occurring substances in plants called herbal medicine. Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder. Referring to medications by their generic name rather than their brand name is important.[1][2]

Zoopharmacognosy is animal usage of drugs and non-foods.

Classification

Medication can be usually classified in various ways, e.g. by its chemical properties, mode of administration, or biological system affected. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System.

Regulation

Medications are generally divided into groups by the United States and similar laws.

Over-the-counter drug

Over-the-counter drug (OTC) medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions

Behind the counter

Behind the counter (BTC) are dispensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctor's prescription,

Prescribed drugs

Prescription only medicines (POM), which must be prescribed by a physician, physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or dentist. These medications are approved by national entities such as the Food and Drug Administration in the United States or by international entities such as the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) of the European Union and United Kingdom’s Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.

The approval process may not study adequate number of patients for sufficient period of time.[3]

Proscribed drugs

The International Narcotics Control Board of the United Nations imposes a world law of prohibition or censorship of certain medications. They publish a lengthy list of chemicals and plants whose trade and consumption (where applicable) is forbidden. Most OTC medication is generally considered to be safe enough that most persons will not hurt themselves accidentally by taking it as instructed. Many countries, such as the UK have a third category of pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. However, the precise distinction between OTC and prescription depends on the legal jurisdiction.

Medication information for consumers

Medication guides, or labels are given by the pharmacist with every prescription. It generally includes description, clinical pharmacology (pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics), clinical trials, indications and usage, contraindications, warnings, precautions, adverse reactions, dosage and administration, overdosage, how supplied, storage, revision date and manufacturer and distributor.

United States Food and Drug Administration approved labels

European Union

United Kingdom

Compliance with taking medications

For more information, see: Patient compliance.


Polypharmacy

For more information, see: Polypharmacy.

Polypharmacy: suggests that multiple use of prescribed and non-prescribed medications, (use of 5 or more), can have adverse effects on the recipient.

Drug toxicity

For more information, see: Drug toxicity.

Unfortunately, drugs may also cause drug toxicity (also called drug-related side effects and adverse reactions or adverse drug event).

Storage and expiration date

Many drugs, but not epinephrine in EpiPen, may be effective after their expiration date.[4]

Promotion of medications by industry

Off label promotion of medications is problematic.[5]

Free samples

Free samples of medications provided to the offices of health care providers may be problematic.[6] The provision of free samples by doctors is decreasing but is more common in regions of high Medicare expenditures.[7]

Attribution

Some content on this page may previously have appeared on Wikipedia.

References

  1. ↑ Haas JS, Phillips KA, Gerstenberger EP, Seger AC (2005). "Potential savings from substituting generic drugs for brand-name drugs: medical expenditure panel survey, 1997-2000.". Ann Intern Med 142 (11): 891-7. PMID 15941695. [e]
  2. ↑ Hochman M, Hochman S, Bor D, McCormick D (2008). "News media coverage of medication research: reporting pharmaceutical company funding and use of generic medication names.". JAMA 300 (13): 1544-50. DOI:10.1001/jama.300.13.1544. PMID 18827211. Research Blogging.
  3. ↑ Duijnhoven, Ruben G.; Sabine M. J. M. Straus, June M. Raine, Anthonius de Boer, Arno W. Hoes, Marie L. De Bruin (2013-03-19). "Number of Patients Studied Prior to Approval of New Medicines: A Database Analysis". PLoS Med 10 (3): e1001407. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001407. Retrieved on 2013-03-21. Research Blogging.
  4. ↑ Anonymous (2009) Drugs Past Their Expiration Date The Medical Letter
  5. ↑ Kesselheim AS, Mello MM, Studdert DM, 2011 Strategies and Practices in Off-Label Marketing of Pharmaceuticals: A Retrospective Analysis of Whistleblower Complaints. PLoS Med 8(4): e1000431. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000431
  6. ↑ Chimonas S, Kassirer JP (2009). "No more free drug samples?". PLoS Med 6 (5): e1000074. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000074. PMID 19434227. PMC PMC2669216. Research Blogging.
  7. ↑ Campbell EG, Rao SR, DesRoches CM, Iezzoni LI, Vogeli C, Bolcic-Jankovic D et al. (2010). "Physician professionalism and changes in physician-industry relationships from 2004 to 2009.". Arch Intern Med 170 (20): 1820-6. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.383. PMID 21059976. Research Blogging.
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