Brucella canis: Difference between revisions
imported>Aleisha Murdock |
imported>Meg Taylor No edit summary |
||
| (34 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{subpages}} | {{subpages}} | ||
[[Image:Brucella_tax1.jpg|frame]] | |||
==Description and Significance== | |||
''Brucella canis'' are Gram-negative Proteobacteria within the Brucellacae family. ''B. canis'' is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can survive well outside a host, but prefer to reproduce within the host. When first found ''B. canis'' was one of many species of ''Brucella'', but in 1977 it was determined that the only species is ''B. melitensis'' and the others are just at subtypes of the species. The subtypes only exist for their differences in the animal host it prefers and phenotypic appearance. ''B. canis'' is one of the subtypes with the preference for dogs as its host (“''Brucella'',” 2009).<ref>''Brucella''. (2009). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Brucella+canis</ref> | |||
===History=== | |||
''Brucella'' species was first discovered by a British doctor named Davis Bruce, hence the name ''Brucella''. In the 1950’s in Malta an unknown disease known as Malta fever caused British soldiers to become ill. In 1887 Bruce determined that the causal agent of the disease was from a ''Brucella'' bacterium found in milk from infected goats (“Brucella,” 2009).<ref>''Brucella canis Q & A for Veterinarians''. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/oids/vector/brucella/pdf/bruc_qa_vets.pdf</ref> ''B. canis'' first gained recognition in 1966 in the United States as the causal agent of massive abortions that occurred amongst female beagles. The bacterium was then determined to be the causal agent of the infectious disease brucellosis in female and male dogs, which causes abortions and infertility (“Canine Brucellosis,” 2000).<ref>''Canine Brucellosis''. (2000). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://publications.royalcanin.com/images/2/2472/p256.jpg&imgrefurl</ref> In the United States ''Brucella'' was the first microorganism developed into a weapon to be used by the military (“Brucellosis,” 1999).<ref>''Brucellosis''. (1999). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.cbwinfo.com/Biological/Pathogens/BM.shtml</ref> | |||
==Genome== | |||
The genome of ''B. canis'' consists of two circular chromosomes structured as one large chromosome (I) and a smaller chromosome (II). Chromosome I consists of 2,105,969 coding for 2,153 genes 2,153 while chromosome II consists of 1,206,800 bp coding for 1,671 genes. On both chromosomes there are genes that code for components for DNA replication, protein synthesis, core metabolism, and cell-wall biosynthesis (DelVecchio et al., 2002).<ref>DelVecchio, Vito G., et al. (2002). The genome sequence of the facultative intracellular pathogen ''Brucella melitensis''. ''PNAS'', ''99'', 443-448.</ref> | |||
[[Image:Chromosome_1.png|300 px|citi key logo]] [[Image:Brucella_genome.png|300 px|citi key logo]] | |||
==Cell Structure and Metabolism== | |||
[[Image:Bruc.gif|400 px|citi key logo]] | |||
''B. canis'' are small, rough, rod shaped, and non motile Gram-negative bacteria. Often it is described as “coccobacillai-shaped” because it looks like short rods rather than long rods. (“Brucellosis,” 1999).<ref>''Brucellosis''. (2009). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.vetinfo.com/dencyclopedia/debrucel.html</ref> ''B. canis'' growth is inhibited by a 10% concentration of carbon dioxide (“''Brucella'',” 2009). | |||
==''' | ==Ecology== | ||
''B. canis'' are found all over the world, but more specifically areas that have poor sanitation and lack good public health safety to support animal infection or lack economic funds to support public health. Some areas where ''B. canis'' has been reported are the southern states within the United States, Canada, South and Central America, Mexico, Tunisia, Nigeria, Madagascar, Malaysia, India, Korea, Japan, and China. Australia and New Zealand may be the only areas of the world that do not contain the bacterium (“Canine Brucellosis,” 2000).<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). ''Brucellosis''. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/Brucellosis_g.htm</ref> | |||
==Pathology== | |||
===Transmission=== | |||
''B. canis'' can penetrate mucous membranes within the oral cavity and vagina of dogs. The bacterium is found living within the uterine tissue and secretions of female dogs and is shed for months after an abortion. The bacteria found in the semen, testicles, and urine of male dogs and are shed for years, even past castration. ''B. canis'' can live within a dog for years before it eliminates the infection. ''B. canis'' is transmitted from dog to dog sexually through vaginal and semen secretions. The bacteria can be released from infected dogs by secretions that exit the mouth and nose, and through scars or cuts. Although, dogs are the common host, ''B. canis'' is zoonotic, enabling bacteria from an infected dog to spread to humans by direct contact between the infected and uninfected hosts. The bacterium is rare and mild in humans, but the humans most susceptible to the bacterium are those that work with the infected animals or the bacterium such as vets and lab workers (Canine Brucellosis,” 2000).<ref>Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc. (1997). ''Brucellosis (Brucella canis) & Abortions in Dogs''. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.peteducation.com/article</ref> | |||
===Symptoms=== | |||
The most common symptoms in female dogs infected by ''B. canis'' is infertility, where abortion occurs during the 45-59 days of pregnancy. Puppies that are born die 2-3 weeks after birth and those that survive carry ''B. canis'' in their blood for months. In male dogs, the most common symptom is infertility because of abnormal sperm count, and testicular atrophy. The most common symptoms in humans are flu-like with fever, headache, sweating, body aches, and weight loss. It takes 8 days after onset to diagnosis the disease (“Canine Brucellosis,” 2000).<ref>Lucero, Nidia E., et al. (2005). Diagnosis of human brucellosis caused by Brucella canis. ''Journal of Medical Microbiology'', ''54'', 457-461.</ref> | |||
== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
'' | ''B. canis'' can be diagnosed in an infected dog by using serologic tests and blood cultures. Although useful, serological tests are not the best way to diagnose ''B. canis'' because the antigens they test for cross-react with antibodies of Gram-negative bacteria that are not pathogenic. Blood cultures can be used to confirm a positive serologic test and are more convincing because the presence of ''B. canis'' indicates an infection has occurred. The bacterium can be found in the blood of an infected dog 2-4 weeks after infection and survives for 5 or more years (“''Brucella canis'',” n.d.). | ||
==Treatment== | |||
Once a dog is infected by ''B. canis'' it is difficult for the dog to become fully cured. Finding an effective treatment for brucellosis has been very difficult because the bacterium is embedded within the mucous cells of the animal. Antibiotics have been found to have some effect on dogs infected with the bacterium, but only by using many different antibiotics. The problem with antibiotics is that the dog may relapse and the bacteria count is only reduced and not completely removed regardless of the use of the antibiotics. A method of spraying has been used on dogs to reduce spread of the bacterium to others, but unfortunately like the antibiotics it does not remove the bacterium. Long after the bacterium has been successfully treated the dog may still release the bacterium making it difficult for them to try to reproduce after it was thought to be cured (“''Brucella canis'',” n.d.). Antibiotics can also be used to cure infected humans and humans respond more quickly to antibiotics (Shin & L. E. Carmichael, 1999).<ref>Shin, S., and L. E. Carmichael. (1999). ''Canine Brucellosis caused by Brucella canis''. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.ivis.org/advances/Infect_Dis_Carmichael/shin/ivis.pdf</ref> | |||
==Prevention== | |||
Among humans, the mortality rate of ''B. canis'' in humans is very low and deaths only occur if a person gets brucella endocarditis or meningitis (“Canine Brucellosis,” n.d.).<ref>The Center for Food Security and Public Health. (2007). ''Canine Brucellosis: Brucella canis''. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/brucellosis_canis.pdf</ref> Since the 1960’s there has been about 30 cases reported worldwide. Unfortunately, there is still no vaccine to prevent brucellosis. All breeding dogs are tested year round to prevent the spread of ''B. canis''. Infected dogs are isolated immediately from other dogs and not allowed to breed even after it may be cured. Humans can protect themselves by using gloves and cleaning by using disinfectants when handling ''B. canis'' or infected dogs (“Brucella canis,” n.d.). ''B. canis'' can withstand various environmental conditions, ranging from very high temperatures and lack of sunlight, and can survive well in water, feces, urine, and clothing for several months with out need of an intracellular host, making prevention methods difficult (“''Brucella canis'',” n.d.). | |||
==Current Research== | |||
===Genome=== | |||
A whole genome based phylogeny has been created from 10 genomes of ''Brucella'' species using the closely related bacterium ''Ochrobactrum'', which is a soil bacterium and human pathogen (Foster et al., 2009).<ref>Foster, JT., et al. (2009). Whole genome-based phylogeny and divergence of the genus Brucella. ''J Bacteriol''.</ref> The purpose was to determine if the phylogeny design reflects the phylogeny of the preferred host. On each chromosome of the ''Brucella'' species there are distinct SARs or shared anomalous regions that were produced from horizontal gene transfer and are unique for ''Brucella'', but are not found in Ochrobactrum. This suggested that the ''Brucella'' phylogeny occurred independent of its intracellular life cycle. The SARs contain many genes that the bacterium needs to survive and if mutations occur on any the SARs genes the ability for the ''Brucella'' to survive within its host is reduced (Wattam et al., 2009).<ref>Wattam, AR., et al. (2009). Analysis of Brucella genomes reveals evidence for horizontal gene transfer despite a preferred intracellular lifecycle. ''J Bacteriol''. </ref> | |||
==''' | ===Human infection=== | ||
In order to perform serologic tests of ''B. canis'', a less muciod M- strain of ''B. canis'' is used rather than the wild type because the wild type aggregates even when the specific antibodies are absent. When the M- strain is injected into infected dogs, the mutated strain exhibited reduced virulence. This led researchers to wonder if the M- strain is avirulent in humans as well. According to a case reported by the CDC, a 35 year old male was working with ''B. canis'' M- strain in a lab without using proper safety precautions. The man was not wearing any gloves and used his mouth to pipette. The man did not have contact with any dogs, but was showing symptoms of brucellosis and when tested he was found positive for ''B. canis''. The man had been infected by the M- strain. The man went through 4 years of antibiotic therapy before he was cured. It was shown that the M- strain is helpful at reducing infection in dogs, but is not helpful in humans because it causes the same symptoms as wild type ''B. canis'' (Wallach et al., 2004).<ref>Wallach, Jorge C., et al. (2004). Human infection with M- strain of Brucella canis. ''Emerging Infectious Diseases'', ''10''(1).</ref> | |||
The | ===''Brucellosis endocarditis''=== | ||
Although, ''B. canis'' is the significant cause of brucellosis in dogs it is rare in humans. According to a case report a 49 year old man was hospitalized because he was experiencing fever, weight loss, and heart murmur. The man was examined by a doctor and diagnosed with endocarditis. The doctor could not determine what the cause of his heart problem was and performed heart valve removal in order to save the man’s life. After surgery a serologic test showed that ''B. canis'' was the causal agent of the heart complications. The man stated that he had not been in contact with any dogs or labs, indicating an atypical source of the infection. The man was then given antibiotics and was cured of the infection after 3 years of antibiotic therapy. This report is still undergoing further analysis because of how rare it is for humans to get brucella endocarditis. Unlike dogs, humans infected with ''B. canis'' get cured and can function normally (Ying, Wang, Nguyen, & Jahre, 1999).<ref>Ying, Wang., Minh Q. Nguyen, and Jeffrey A. Jahre. (1999). Brucella canis Endocarditis. ''Clinical Infectious Disease'', ''29'', 1593-1594.</ref> | |||
==Reference== | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
== | |||
Latest revision as of 23:28, 13 November 2013
Description and Significance
Brucella canis are Gram-negative Proteobacteria within the Brucellacae family. B. canis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can survive well outside a host, but prefer to reproduce within the host. When first found B. canis was one of many species of Brucella, but in 1977 it was determined that the only species is B. melitensis and the others are just at subtypes of the species. The subtypes only exist for their differences in the animal host it prefers and phenotypic appearance. B. canis is one of the subtypes with the preference for dogs as its host (“Brucella,” 2009).[1]
History
Brucella species was first discovered by a British doctor named Davis Bruce, hence the name Brucella. In the 1950’s in Malta an unknown disease known as Malta fever caused British soldiers to become ill. In 1887 Bruce determined that the causal agent of the disease was from a Brucella bacterium found in milk from infected goats (“Brucella,” 2009).[2] B. canis first gained recognition in 1966 in the United States as the causal agent of massive abortions that occurred amongst female beagles. The bacterium was then determined to be the causal agent of the infectious disease brucellosis in female and male dogs, which causes abortions and infertility (“Canine Brucellosis,” 2000).[3] In the United States Brucella was the first microorganism developed into a weapon to be used by the military (“Brucellosis,” 1999).[4]
Genome
The genome of B. canis consists of two circular chromosomes structured as one large chromosome (I) and a smaller chromosome (II). Chromosome I consists of 2,105,969 coding for 2,153 genes 2,153 while chromosome II consists of 1,206,800 bp coding for 1,671 genes. On both chromosomes there are genes that code for components for DNA replication, protein synthesis, core metabolism, and cell-wall biosynthesis (DelVecchio et al., 2002).[5]
Cell Structure and Metabolism
B. canis are small, rough, rod shaped, and non motile Gram-negative bacteria. Often it is described as “coccobacillai-shaped” because it looks like short rods rather than long rods. (“Brucellosis,” 1999).[6] B. canis growth is inhibited by a 10% concentration of carbon dioxide (“Brucella,” 2009).
Ecology
B. canis are found all over the world, but more specifically areas that have poor sanitation and lack good public health safety to support animal infection or lack economic funds to support public health. Some areas where B. canis has been reported are the southern states within the United States, Canada, South and Central America, Mexico, Tunisia, Nigeria, Madagascar, Malaysia, India, Korea, Japan, and China. Australia and New Zealand may be the only areas of the world that do not contain the bacterium (“Canine Brucellosis,” 2000).[7]
Pathology
Transmission
B. canis can penetrate mucous membranes within the oral cavity and vagina of dogs. The bacterium is found living within the uterine tissue and secretions of female dogs and is shed for months after an abortion. The bacteria found in the semen, testicles, and urine of male dogs and are shed for years, even past castration. B. canis can live within a dog for years before it eliminates the infection. B. canis is transmitted from dog to dog sexually through vaginal and semen secretions. The bacteria can be released from infected dogs by secretions that exit the mouth and nose, and through scars or cuts. Although, dogs are the common host, B. canis is zoonotic, enabling bacteria from an infected dog to spread to humans by direct contact between the infected and uninfected hosts. The bacterium is rare and mild in humans, but the humans most susceptible to the bacterium are those that work with the infected animals or the bacterium such as vets and lab workers (Canine Brucellosis,” 2000).[8]
Symptoms
The most common symptoms in female dogs infected by B. canis is infertility, where abortion occurs during the 45-59 days of pregnancy. Puppies that are born die 2-3 weeks after birth and those that survive carry B. canis in their blood for months. In male dogs, the most common symptom is infertility because of abnormal sperm count, and testicular atrophy. The most common symptoms in humans are flu-like with fever, headache, sweating, body aches, and weight loss. It takes 8 days after onset to diagnosis the disease (“Canine Brucellosis,” 2000).[9]
Diagnosis
B. canis can be diagnosed in an infected dog by using serologic tests and blood cultures. Although useful, serological tests are not the best way to diagnose B. canis because the antigens they test for cross-react with antibodies of Gram-negative bacteria that are not pathogenic. Blood cultures can be used to confirm a positive serologic test and are more convincing because the presence of B. canis indicates an infection has occurred. The bacterium can be found in the blood of an infected dog 2-4 weeks after infection and survives for 5 or more years (“Brucella canis,” n.d.).
Treatment
Once a dog is infected by B. canis it is difficult for the dog to become fully cured. Finding an effective treatment for brucellosis has been very difficult because the bacterium is embedded within the mucous cells of the animal. Antibiotics have been found to have some effect on dogs infected with the bacterium, but only by using many different antibiotics. The problem with antibiotics is that the dog may relapse and the bacteria count is only reduced and not completely removed regardless of the use of the antibiotics. A method of spraying has been used on dogs to reduce spread of the bacterium to others, but unfortunately like the antibiotics it does not remove the bacterium. Long after the bacterium has been successfully treated the dog may still release the bacterium making it difficult for them to try to reproduce after it was thought to be cured (“Brucella canis,” n.d.). Antibiotics can also be used to cure infected humans and humans respond more quickly to antibiotics (Shin & L. E. Carmichael, 1999).[10]
Prevention
Among humans, the mortality rate of B. canis in humans is very low and deaths only occur if a person gets brucella endocarditis or meningitis (“Canine Brucellosis,” n.d.).[11] Since the 1960’s there has been about 30 cases reported worldwide. Unfortunately, there is still no vaccine to prevent brucellosis. All breeding dogs are tested year round to prevent the spread of B. canis. Infected dogs are isolated immediately from other dogs and not allowed to breed even after it may be cured. Humans can protect themselves by using gloves and cleaning by using disinfectants when handling B. canis or infected dogs (“Brucella canis,” n.d.). B. canis can withstand various environmental conditions, ranging from very high temperatures and lack of sunlight, and can survive well in water, feces, urine, and clothing for several months with out need of an intracellular host, making prevention methods difficult (“Brucella canis,” n.d.).
Current Research
Genome
A whole genome based phylogeny has been created from 10 genomes of Brucella species using the closely related bacterium Ochrobactrum, which is a soil bacterium and human pathogen (Foster et al., 2009).[12] The purpose was to determine if the phylogeny design reflects the phylogeny of the preferred host. On each chromosome of the Brucella species there are distinct SARs or shared anomalous regions that were produced from horizontal gene transfer and are unique for Brucella, but are not found in Ochrobactrum. This suggested that the Brucella phylogeny occurred independent of its intracellular life cycle. The SARs contain many genes that the bacterium needs to survive and if mutations occur on any the SARs genes the ability for the Brucella to survive within its host is reduced (Wattam et al., 2009).[13]
Human infection
In order to perform serologic tests of B. canis, a less muciod M- strain of B. canis is used rather than the wild type because the wild type aggregates even when the specific antibodies are absent. When the M- strain is injected into infected dogs, the mutated strain exhibited reduced virulence. This led researchers to wonder if the M- strain is avirulent in humans as well. According to a case reported by the CDC, a 35 year old male was working with B. canis M- strain in a lab without using proper safety precautions. The man was not wearing any gloves and used his mouth to pipette. The man did not have contact with any dogs, but was showing symptoms of brucellosis and when tested he was found positive for B. canis. The man had been infected by the M- strain. The man went through 4 years of antibiotic therapy before he was cured. It was shown that the M- strain is helpful at reducing infection in dogs, but is not helpful in humans because it causes the same symptoms as wild type B. canis (Wallach et al., 2004).[14]
Brucellosis endocarditis
Although, B. canis is the significant cause of brucellosis in dogs it is rare in humans. According to a case report a 49 year old man was hospitalized because he was experiencing fever, weight loss, and heart murmur. The man was examined by a doctor and diagnosed with endocarditis. The doctor could not determine what the cause of his heart problem was and performed heart valve removal in order to save the man’s life. After surgery a serologic test showed that B. canis was the causal agent of the heart complications. The man stated that he had not been in contact with any dogs or labs, indicating an atypical source of the infection. The man was then given antibiotics and was cured of the infection after 3 years of antibiotic therapy. This report is still undergoing further analysis because of how rare it is for humans to get brucella endocarditis. Unlike dogs, humans infected with B. canis get cured and can function normally (Ying, Wang, Nguyen, & Jahre, 1999).[15]
Reference
- ↑ Brucella. (2009). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Brucella+canis
- ↑ Brucella canis Q & A for Veterinarians. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/oids/vector/brucella/pdf/bruc_qa_vets.pdf
- ↑ Canine Brucellosis. (2000). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://publications.royalcanin.com/images/2/2472/p256.jpg&imgrefurl
- ↑ Brucellosis. (1999). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.cbwinfo.com/Biological/Pathogens/BM.shtml
- ↑ DelVecchio, Vito G., et al. (2002). The genome sequence of the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella melitensis. PNAS, 99, 443-448.
- ↑ Brucellosis. (2009). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.vetinfo.com/dencyclopedia/debrucel.html
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). Brucellosis. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/Brucellosis_g.htm
- ↑ Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc. (1997). Brucellosis (Brucella canis) & Abortions in Dogs. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.peteducation.com/article
- ↑ Lucero, Nidia E., et al. (2005). Diagnosis of human brucellosis caused by Brucella canis. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 54, 457-461.
- ↑ Shin, S., and L. E. Carmichael. (1999). Canine Brucellosis caused by Brucella canis. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.ivis.org/advances/Infect_Dis_Carmichael/shin/ivis.pdf
- ↑ The Center for Food Security and Public Health. (2007). Canine Brucellosis: Brucella canis. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/brucellosis_canis.pdf
- ↑ Foster, JT., et al. (2009). Whole genome-based phylogeny and divergence of the genus Brucella. J Bacteriol.
- ↑ Wattam, AR., et al. (2009). Analysis of Brucella genomes reveals evidence for horizontal gene transfer despite a preferred intracellular lifecycle. J Bacteriol.
- ↑ Wallach, Jorge C., et al. (2004). Human infection with M- strain of Brucella canis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(1).
- ↑ Ying, Wang., Minh Q. Nguyen, and Jeffrey A. Jahre. (1999). Brucella canis Endocarditis. Clinical Infectious Disease, 29, 1593-1594.
