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The '''Euro''' ([[currency sign]]: '''[[Euro sign|€]]'''; [[ISO 4217|banking code]]: '''EUR''') is the official [[currency]] of the [[European Union]] member states of [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], [[the Netherlands]], [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]], also known as the [[Eurozone]]. [[Slovenia]] joined the [[Euro-Zone]] on the [[1]] [[January]] [[2007]]. It is the single currency for more than 300 million people in [[Europe]].
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{{Image|Euro banknotes.png|left|350px|The euro banknotes. There are seven denominations, all having a distinctive size and color.}}
The '''euro''' (currency sign: '''[[euro sign|€]]'''; [[ISO 4217|banking code]]: '''EUR''') is the official currency of several [[European Union]] member states, together known as the [[eurozone]]: [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Cyprus]],<ref>Only the southern part of the island is effectively controlled by the state of Cyprus, a member of the European Union, and therefore only this part uses the euro.</ref> [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Ireland (state)|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Malta]], [[the Netherlands]], [[Portugal]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Spain]]. It is the single currency for more than 300 million people in [[Europe]].


The Euro was introduced to world financial markets as an [[accounting]] currency in 1999 and launched as physical [[coin]]s and [[banknote]]s in 2002. All EU member states are eligible to join if they comply with certain monetary requirements, and eventual use of the Euro is mandatory for all new EU member states.
{{Image|1 Euro Latvia.JPG|left|350px|Facsimile image of a one-euro coin, issued by [[Latvia]], which plans to adopt the euro by about 2013. <BR><small>© Image courtesy of [[Bank of Latvia]].</small>}}


The Euro is managed and administered by the [[Frankfurt]]-based [[European Central Bank]] (ECB) and the [[European System of Central Banks]] (ESCB) (composed of the [[central bank]]s of its member states). As an independent [[central bank]], the ECB has sole authority to set [[monetary policy]]. The ESCB participates in the printing, minting and distribution of [[Euro banknotes|notes]] and [[euro coins|coins]] in all member states, and the operation of the Euro-Zone payment systems.
The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an [[accounting]] currency in 1999 and launched as physical coins and banknotes in most of the above countries in 2002.


==Characteristics of the Euro==
==Coins and banknotes==
===Coins and banknotes===
The euro is divided into 100 '''[[cent (unit of currency)|cents]]''' (sometimes referred to as euro cents). All euro coins (including the [[€2 commemorative coins]]) have a '''common side''' showing the denomination (value) with the EU-countries in the background and a '''national side''' showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued the coin. All coins can be used in all member states.


The  euro coins are [[2  euro coins|€2]], [[1  euro coins|€1]], [[50 cent euro coins|50c]], [[20 cent  euro coins|20c]], [[10 cent  euro coins|10c]], [[5 cent  euro coins|5c]], [[2 cent  euro coins|2c]] and [[1 cent  euro coins|1c]] (known as tinies for their small size), though the latter two are not minted in Finland or the Netherlands (but are still [[legal tender]]). Many shop owners in the eurozone prefer having all their prices end in 0 or 5 cents, so that 1c and 2c coins are not needed.


All euro banknotes have a common design for each denomination on both sides. Notes are issued in €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10, €5. Some of the higher denominations, such as €500 and €200, are not issued in a few countries, though are legal tender.


The ECB has set up a [[clearing house|clearing system]] for large  euro transactions ([http://www.ecb.int/paym/target/html/index.en.html TARGET]).
All intra-[[eurozone]] transfers shall cost the same as a domestic one. This is true for retail payments, although several ECB payment methods can be used. Credit card charging and ATM withdrawals within the eurozone are also charged as if they were domestic. The ECB hasn't standardized paper based payment orders, such as cheques; these are still domestic-based.


The euro is divided into 100 '''[[Cent (currency)|cents]]''' (sometimes referred to as ''[[Euro-Cent]]s''). All Euro coins (including the [[€2 commemorative coins]]) have a '''common side''' showing the denomination (value) with the EU-countries in the background and a '''national side''' showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued the coin. All coins can be used in all member states.  
==The currency sign €==
A special [[euro sign|euro currency sign]] (€) was designed after a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to two. The European Commission then chose the final design. The eventual winner was a design allegedly created by a team of four experts who have not been officially named. The official story of the design history of the euro sign is [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4325292-102275,00.html disputed] by [[Arthur Eisenmenger]], a former chief graphic designer for the [[European Community|EEC]], who claims to have created it as a generic symbol of Europe.


The Euro coins are [[2 Euro coins|€2]], [[1 Euro coins|€1]], [[50 Cent Euro coins|50c]], [[20 Cent Euro coins|20c]], [[10 Cent Euro coins|10c]], [[5 Cent Euro coins|5c]], [[2 Cent Euro coins|2c]] and [[1 Cent Euro coins|1c]] (known as tinies for their small size), though the latter two are not minted in Finland or the Netherlands (but are stilli likie bubbles [[legal tender]]). Many shop owners in all of the Eurozone prefer having all their prices end in 0 or 5 Cents, so that 1c and 2c coins are not needed.
The glyph is (according to the [[European Commission]]) "a combination of the Greek [[Epsilon (Greek letter)|epsilon]], as a sign of the weight of European civilization; an E for Europe; and the parallel lines crossing through standing for the stability of the euro".


All Euro banknotes have a '''common design''' for each denomination on both sides. Notes are issued in €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10, €5. Some of the higher denominations, such as €500 and €200, are not issued in a few countries, though are legal tender.
The European Commission also specified a euro logo with exact proportions and foreground/background colour tones.<ref>http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/euro/notes_and_coins/symbol_en.htm</ref> Although some font designers simply copied the exact shape of this logo as the euro sign in their fonts, most designed their own variants, often based upon the capital letter C in the respective font so that currency signs have the same width as Arabic numerals.<ref>http://www.fontshop.com/features/fontmag/002/02_euro/</ref>


The ECB has set up a [[clearing system]] for large Euro transactions ([http://www.ecb.int/paym/target/html/index.en.html TARGET]).  
Placement of the currency sign varies from nation to nation. While the official recommendation is to place it before the number (contravening the general ISO recommendation to place unit symbol after the number), people in many countries have kept the placement of their former currencies.
All intra-[[Eurozone]] transfers shall cost the same as a domestic one. This is true for retail payments, although several ECB payment methods can be used. Credit card charging and ATM withdrawals within the Euro-Zone are also charged as if they were domestic. The ECB hasn't standardized paper based payment orders, such as cheques; these are still domestic-based.


===The currency sign €===
==Conversion process==
{{main|Euro sign}}
Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of triangulation via the euro.  The ''definitive'' values in euro of these subdivisions (which represent the [[exchange rate]]s at which the currency entered the euro) are shown at right.
 
A special [[euro sign|euro currency sign]] (€) was designed after a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to two. The European Commission then chose the final design. The eventual winner was a design allegedly created by a team of four experts who have not been officially named. The official story of the design history of the Euro sign is [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4325292-102275,00.html disputed] by [[Arthur Eisenmenger]], a former chief graphic designer for the [[European Community|EEC]], who claims to have created it as a generic symbol of Europe.
 
The glyph is (according to the [[European Commission]]) "a combination of the Greek [[epsilon]], as a sign of the weight of European civilization; an E for Europe; and the parallel lines crossing through standing for the stability of the Euro".
 
The European Commission also specified a Euro logo with exact proportions and foreground/background colour tones.<ref>http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/euro/notes_and_coins/symbol_en.htm</ref> Although some font designers simply copied the exact shape of this logo as the Euro sign in their fonts, most designed their own variants, often based upon the capital letter C in the respective font so that currency signs have the same width as Arabic numerals.<ref>http://www.fontshop.com/virtual/features/eng/fontmag/002/02_euro/index.htm</ref>
 
Placement of the currency sign varies from nation to nation. While the official recommendation is to place it before the number (contravening the general ISO recommendation to place unit symbol after the number, people in many countries have kept the placement of their former currencies.
==Economic and Monetary Union==
 
 
 
===History (1990-2006)===
 
The Euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 [[Maastricht]] [[Treaty on European Union]] that was used to establish an [[economic and monetary union]]. In order to participate in the new currency, member states had to meet [[convergence criteria|strict criteria]] such as a [[budget deficit]] of less than three per cent of their [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], a debt ratio of less than sixty per cent of GDP, low [[inflation]], and [[interest]] rates close to the EU average.
 
Economists that helped create or contributed to the Euro include [[Robert Mundell]], [[Wim Duisenberg]], [[Robert Tollison]], [[Neil Dowling]] and [[Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa]].  (For [[macro-economic theory]], see [[#Eurozone as an Optimal Currency Area?|below]].)
 
Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of triangulation via the Euro.  The ''definitive'' values in Euro of these subdivisions (which represent the [[exchange rate]]s at which the currency entered the Euro) are shown at right.


{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #000000; float: right; margin: 20px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"
{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #000000; float: right; margin: 20px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"
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| style="text-align: right;" | 31/12/1998
| style="text-align: right;" | 31/12/1998
|- style="background-color: #CCCCCC;"
|- style="background-color: #CCCCCC;"
| German [[German mark|mark]]
| German [[Deutsche Mark|mark]]
| style="text-align: center;" | DEM
| style="text-align: center;" | DEM
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.95583
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.95583
Line 111: Line 99:
| Greek [[Greek drachma|drachma]]
| Greek [[Greek drachma|drachma]]
| style="text-align: center;" | GRD
| style="text-align: center;" | GRD
| style="text-align: right;" | 340.750<ref>[[Greece]] failed to meet the criteria for joining initially, so it did not join the common currency on [[1 January]] [[1999]]. It was admitted two years later, on [[1 January]] [[2001]], with a Greek [[drachma]] (GRD) exchange rate of 340.750.</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | 340.750<ref>[[Greece]] failed to meet the criteria for joining initially, so it did not join the common currency on 1 January 1999. It was admitted two years later, on 1 January 2001, with a Greek [[drachma]] (GRD) exchange rate of 340.750.</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | 19/06/2000
| style="text-align: right;" | 19/06/2000
<!--  |- style="background-color: #EEEEEE;"
<!--  |- style="background-color: #EEEEEE;"
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|}
|}


The rates were determined by the Council of the European Union, based on a recommendation from the European Commission based on the market rates on [[31 December]] [[1998]], so that one ECU ([[European Currency Unit]]) would equal one Euro. (The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the member states; it was not a currency in its own right.) These rates were set by Council Regulation 2866/98 (EC), of [[31 December]] [[1998]]. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-Euro currencies (principally the [[Pound Sterling]]) that day.
The rates were determined by the Council of the European Union, based on a recommendation from the European Commission based on the market rates on 31 December 1998, so that one ECU ([[European Currency Unit]]) would equal one euro. (The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the member states; it was not a currency in its own right.) These rates were set by Council Regulation 2866/98 (EC), of 31 December 1998. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-euro currencies (principally the [[pound sterling]]) that day.
 
The procedure used to fix the irrevocable conversion rate between the Drachma and the Euro was different, since the Euro by then was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the Euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek Drachma was fixed several months beforehand, in Council Regulation 1478/2000 (EC), of [[19 June]] [[2000]].


The currency was introduced in non-physical form (travellers' cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on [[1 January]] [[1999]], when the national currencies of participating countries (the Euro-Zone) ceased to exist independently in that their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other, effectively making them mere non-decimal subdivisions of the euro. The Euro thus became the successor to the [[European Currency Unit]] (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as [[legal tender]] until new notes and coins were introduced on [[1 January]] [[2002]].
The procedure used to fix the irrevocable conversion rate between the Drachma and the euro was different, since the euro by then was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek Drachma was fixed several months beforehand, in Council Regulation 1478/2000 (EC), of 19 June 2000.


The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the Euro lasted about two months, until [[28 February]] [[2002]]. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in [[Germany]]; the [[German mark|mark]] officially ceased to be legal tender on [[31 December]] [[2001]], though the exchange period lasted two months. The final date was [[28 February]] [[2002]], by which all national currencies ceased to be legal tender in their respective member states. However, even after the official date, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for several years up to forever in Austria, Germany, Ireland, and Spain. The earliest coins to become non-convertible were the Portuguese [[Escudo]]s, which ceased to have monetary value after [[31 December]] [[2002]], although banknotes remain exchangeable until 2022.
The currency was introduced in non-physical form (travellers' cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently in that their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other, effectively making them mere non-decimal subdivisions of the euro. The euro thus became the successor to the [[European Currency Unit]] (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as [[legal tender]] until new notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002.


===Current Eurozone (2002-2006)===
The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in [[Germany]]; the [[German mark|mark]] officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted two months. The final date was 28 February 2002, by which all national currencies ceased to be legal tender in their respective member states. However, even after the official date, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for several years up to forever in Austria, Germany, Ireland, and Spain. The earliest coins to become non-convertible were the Portuguese [[escudo]]s, which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December 2002, although banknotes remain exchangeable until 2022.
{{main|Eurozone}}


*The Euro is the sole currency in [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]]. These 12 countries together are frequently referred to as the [[Euro-zone]] or the Euro area, or more informally "Euroland" or the "Eurogroup". The Euro is also legal currency in the Eurozone overseas territories of [[French Guiana]], [[Réunion]], [[Saint-Pierre et Miquelon]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]] and [[Mayotte]].
==Users==
*The euro is the sole currency in [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Cyprus]], [[Estonia]], [[France]], [[Finland]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Ireland (state)|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Malta]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Portugal]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Spain]]. These 16 countries together are frequently referred to as the [[eurozone]] or the euro area, or more informally 'Euroland' or the 'Eurogroup'. The euro is also legal currency in the eurozone overseas territories of [[French Guiana]], [[Réunion]], [[Saint-Pierre et Miquelon]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]] and [[Mayotte]].


*By virtue of some bilateral [http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l25040.htm agreements] the European [[microstate]]s of [[Monaco]], [[San Marino]], and [[Vatican City]] mint their own euro coins on behalf of the [[European Central Bank]].
*By virtue of some bilateral [http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l25040.htm agreements] the European [[microstate]]s of [[Monaco]], [[San Marino]], and [[Vatican City]] mint their own euro coins on behalf of the [[European Central Bank]].


*[[Andorra]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Kosovo]] adopted the Euro as their legal currency for movement of capital and payments without participation in the [[European System of Central Banks|ESCB]] or the right to mint coins. Andorra is in the process of entering a monetary agreement similar to Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City.
*[[Andorra]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Kosovo]] adopted the euro as their legal currency for movement of capital and payments without participation in the [[European System of Central Banks|ESCB]] or the right to mint coins. Andorra is in the process of entering a monetary agreement similar to Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City.
 
===Future prospects (2007-)===
 
====Pre-2004 EU members====
From the launch of the Euro in 1999 until the [[EU enlargement]] in 2004, [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]] and the [[United Kingdom]] were the only EU member states outside the monetary union. The situation for the three older member states also looks different from that of the ten new EU members; all three have no clear roadmap for adopting the Euro:
 
 
* [[Sweden]]: According to the 1995 accession treaty, Sweden is required to join the Euro and therefore must convert to the Euro at some point. Notwithstanding this, on [[14 September]] [[2003]], a consultative Swedish [[Referenda in Sweden|referendum]] was held on the Euro, the result of which was 55.9% against adopting the common currency versus 42.0% in favour. The Swedish government has argued that such a line of action is possible since one of the requirements for Euro-Zone membership is a prior two-year membership of the ERM II. By simply choosing to stay outside the exchange rate mechanism, the Swedish government is provided a formal loophole avoiding the theoretical requirement of adopting the Euro. Some of Sweden's major parties continue to believe that it would be in the national interest to join, but they have all pledged to abide by the results for the time being and show no interest in raising the issue again.
 
* The [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Eurosceptics]] believe that the single currency is merely a stepping stone to the formation of a unified European superstate, and that removing United Kingdom's ability to set its own interest rates will have detrimental effects on its economy. Others in the UK, usually joined by eurosceptics, advance several economic arguments against membership: the most cited one concerns the large unfunded pension liabilities of many continental European governments (unlike in the UK) which would, with a greying population, depress the currency in the future against the United Kingdom's interests. The contrary view is that, since intra-European exports make up to 50% of the United Kingdom's total, it eases the Single Market by removing currency risk, although financial derivatives are becoming more accessible to small UK businesses thereby allowing businesses to offset this risk. An interesting parallel can be seen in the 19th century discussions concerning the possibility of the United Kingdom joining the [[Latin Monetary Union]] [http://www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-924366-2.pdf]. Many British people also simply like [[Pound Sterling|Sterling]] as a currency as it is part of UK heritage. The UK government has set [[five economic tests]] that must be passed before it can recommend that the United Kingdom join the Euro; however, given the relatively subjective nature of these tests it seems unlikely that they would be held to be fulfilled whilst public opinion remains so strongly against participation. In November 1999, in preparation for the introduction of the euro notes and coins across the [[Euro-Zone]], the [[European Central Bank]] announced as policy a total ban on the issuing of banknotes by entities that were not National Central Banks ('Legal Protection of Banknotes in the European Union Member States'). Unless a derogation could be negotiated by the UK as a condition of entering the eurozone, a change from Sterling to the Euro would mean an immediate end to the circulation of Scottish and Northern Irish banknotes (''see [[Sterling banknotes]]''). The ECB have also stated that even with the central bank issued notes, there is 'no room for exclusively national arrangements' - all notes must be produced to the central designs. National variation is allowed in the design of [[Euro coins]], and it is possible that the Royal Mint could continue to include the symbols of the home nations on the British designed coinage, although this would have to be included in place of the Queen's portrait. The position of the Crown Dependencies is less clear. The European Union has so far strongly resisted attempts to issue Euro-equivalent notes by non-EU states unless steps are taken to enter into a suitable monetary agreement, including the adoption of EU banking and finance regulations (see [[Andorran Euro coins]]).
 
* [[Denmark]] negotiated a number of opt-out clauses from the [[Maastricht treaty]] after it had been rejected in a first referendum. On [[28 September]] [[2000]], another referendum was held in Denmark regarding the Euro resulting in a 53.2% vote against joining. However, Danish politicians have suggested that debate on abolishing the four opt-out clauses may possibly be re-opened in 2006. In addition, Denmark has pegged its [[Danish Krone|krone]] to the Euro (€1 = DKr7.460,38 ± 2.25%) as the Krone remains in the [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism|ERM]].
 
====Post-2004 EU members====
In 2004 the 10 new EU member states had a currency other than the Euro; however, those countries are required by their [[Treaty on the Accession of 10 new Member States|Accession Treaties]] to join the Euro.
Some of the following countries have already joined the [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]], ERM II. They and the others have set themselves the goal to join the Euro ([[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union|EMU III]]) as follows:


{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #000000; float: right; margin: 20px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"
{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid #000000; float: right; margin: 20px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"
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| style="text-align: right;" | 2010-
| style="text-align: right;" | 2010-
|- style="background-color: #CCCCCC;"
|- style="background-color: #CCCCCC;"
| Polish [[Polish z?oty|z?oty]]
| Polish [[Polish zloty|zloty]]
| style="text-align: center;" | PLN
| style="text-align: center;" | PLN
| style="text-align: right;" | —
| style="text-align: right;" | —
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| style="text-align: right;" | 2011-
| style="text-align: right;" | 2011-
|}
|}
*[[1 January]] [[2007]] for [[Slovenia]]. Date confirmed and finalised by the European Commission, conversion rate 239.640. The final exchange rate was fixed on [[2006]]-[[07-11]].
*[[1 January]] [[2008]] for [[Cyprus]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Malta]]
*[[1 January]] [[2009]] for [[Bulgaria]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Lithuania]]
*[[1 January]] [[2010]] for the [[Czech Republic]].
*2011 or later for [[Hungary]], [[Poland]] and [[Romania]]
Too high an inflation rate postponed the entry of Lithuania as planned on [[1 January]] [[2007]].
[[Estonian Euro coins|Estonia]], [[Latvian Euro coins|Latvia]], [[Lithuanian Euro coins|Lithuania]], [[Maltese Euro coins|Malta]], [[Slovakian Euro coins|Slovakia]] and [[Slovenian Euro coins|Slovenia]] have already finalised the design for the country's coins' obverse side.
[[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]] entered the EU on [[January 1]] [[2007]].
====Public opinion on secession from the Euro====
Although the failure of the [[European Constitution]] to be ratified would have no direct impact on the status of the Euro, some debate regarding the Euro arose after the negative outcome of the French and Dutch referenda in mid 2005.
*A poll by Stern magazine released [[1 June]] [[2005]] found that 56% of [[Germany|Germans]] would favour a return to the [[German Mark|mark]].<ref>http://www.stern.de/presse/vorab/?id=541124&q=eichel%20category:presse</ref>
*Members of the [[Northern League (Italy)|Northern League]] northern Italian separatist political party have discussed calling a referendum to return Italy to the [[Italian Lira|lira]]. <ref>http://washingtontimes.com/world/20050614-114629-8803r.htm</ref>
*Members of the far-right nationalist [[Movement for France]] political party have proposed holding a referendum to return France to the [[French Franc|Franc]]. <ref>http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=664902005</ref>
*In contrast to Germany, a poll in [[Austria]] on [[7 June]] [[2005]] showed the overwhelming support of the Euro as 73% of the sample said they preferred to keep the common currency with only 21% in favour of returning to the old currency, the [[Austrian Schilling|schilling]]. <ref>http://www.vienna.at/engine.aspx/page/vienna-article-detail-page/cn/vol-news-willie-20050607-011305/dc/tp:vol:oesterreich</ref>
* Soon after these suggestions were made, the [[European Commission]] issued a statement denying any possibility of this, stating "the Euro is here to stay".
More recently, in April 2006, after the Italian elections, the subject once again came up. Again, the EU strongly refuted this, calling the suggestion "impossible".<!-- taken from Italian article --> <!-- personal views on this go in Discussion page -->
==Euro-Zone as an optimal currency area==
{{main|Optimal Currency Area - Eurozone}}
In economic theory the degree of fullfillment of the following four criteria indicate whether an area is optimal for a monetary union. These criteria are often called the [[optimum currency area]] (OCA) criteria. Although these criteria are not exhaustive and far from absolute, they are generally accepted as a sufficient measure. There are three economic criteria (labour and capital mobility, product diversification, and openness) and one political criterion (fiscal transfers). All these criteria stand in relation to the ability to deal with asymmetric shocks (i.e. shocks that only hit one area). Symmetric shocks are less problematic in a currency area as the currency will depreciate or appreciate to the needed level for all areas (as this level is the same for all areas), while asymmetric shocks will create an exchange rate that is too high for one area and one that is too low for the other. This causes wage and price changes and unemployment problems.
*[[Robert A. Mundell]] formulated the idea that perfect [[capital]] and [[labour mobility]] would mitigate the adverse consequences of asymmetric shocks in a currency area. While capital is quite mobile in the Eurozone, labour mobility is relatively low, especially when compared to the [[United States|U.S.]] and [[Japan]].
*[[Peter Kenen]] formulated the idea that widely diversified production and export structures that are similar between the areas that form the currency area lower the effect and probability of asymmetric shocks. The Euro-Zone scores quite well on this criterion, and monetary integration seems to further improve the diversification of production structures.
*[[Ronald McKinnon]] formulated the idea that areas which are very open to [[trade]] and trade heavily with each other form an optimum currency area. This is because the high trade intensity will lower the significance of the distinction between domestic and foreign [[goods]] as [[competition]] will equalize the [[price]]s of most goods, independently of [[exchange rate]]s. The Eurozone members trade heavily with each other (intra-European trade is greater than international trade), and all evidence so far seems to indicate that the monetary union has at least doubled trade between members.
*The term "[[fiscal]] transfers" refers to the transfer of money between areas. This could decrease the adverse consequences of asymmetric shocks as the areas that are hit, would receive money. This would create a counter [[Business cycle|cyclical]] effect and thus lower the price and wage changes and unemployment wouldn't rise as much. In theory however there is a no-bail out clause in the [[Stability and Growth Pact]], meaning that fiscal transfers are not allowed, but it's impossible to know what they will do in practice.
In general, economic research state that is impossible to say whether Euro-Zone members would benefit from a currency area, as two important criteria support a monetary union, while at the same time two important criteria oppose such an union.
==Effects of a single currency==
The introduction of a single currency for many separate countries presents a number of advantages and disadvantages for the participating countries. Opinions differ on the actual effects of the euro so far, as most of them will take years to understand. Theories and predictions abound.
===Removal of exchange rate risk===
One of the most important benefits of the Euro will be lowered [[exchange rate]] risks, which will make it easier to invest across borders. The risks of changes in the value of respective currencies has always made it risky for companies or individuals to invest or even import/export outside their own currency zone. [[Profit]]s could be quickly eliminated as a result of exchange rate fluctuations. As a result, most investors and importers/exporters have to either accept the risk or [[Hedging|"hedge"]] their bets, resulting in further costs on the financial markets. Consequently, it is less appealing to invest outside one's own currency zone. The Eurozone greatly increases the potentially "exchange-risk free" investment area. Since Europe's economy is heavily dependent on intra-European exports, the benefits of this effect can hardly be overstated. This is particularly important for countries whose currencies have traditionally fluctuated a great deal such as the Mediterranean countries.
At the same time, this is likely to increase foreign investment in countries with more liberal markets and reduce that in those with rigid markets. Some people worry that thus will see profits flowing away from particular member states to the detriment of their traditional social values. It might also result in the reduction of local decision makers in businesses.
===Removal of conversion fees===
A benefit is the removal of [[bank]] transaction charges that previously were a cost to both individuals and [[business]]es when exchanging from one national currency to another. Although not an enormous cost, multiplied thousands of times, the savings add up across the entire economy.
For electronic payments (e.g. [[credit card]]s, [[debit card]]s and [[cash machine]] withdrawals), banks in the Euro-Zone must now charge the same for intra-member cross-border transactions as they charge for domestic transactions. Banks in [[France]] have attempted to circumvent this regulation by charging for all bank transfers (domestic and cross-border) unless the transfer is instructed via [[online banking]] &mdash; a method unavailable to cross-border payments. In this way, banks in France continue to charge more for cross-border transfers than for domestic transfers. [http://par.societegenerale.fr/EIP/resources//static/tarifs/tarifs_juillet_06.pdf]
===Deeper financial markets===
Another significant advantage of switching to the Euro is the creation of deeper financial markets. Financial markets on the continent are expected to be far more [[market liquidity|liquid]] and flexible than they were in the past. There will be more competition for, and availability of financial products across the union. This will reduce the financial servicing costs to businesses and possibly even individual consumers across the continent. The costs associated with public debt will also decrease. It is expected that the broader, deeper markets will lead to increased stock market [[capitalisation]] and investment. Larger, more internationally competitive financial and business institutions may arise.
===Price parity===
Another effect of the common European currency is that differences in prices &mdash; in particular in price levels &mdash; should decrease. Differences in prices can trigger [[arbitrage]], i.e. speculative trade in a commodity between countries purely to exploit the price differential, which will tend to equalise prices across the Euro area. It is held that this is supposed to result in increased competition or consolidation of companies, which should help to contain inflation and which therefore will be beneficial to consumers. Similarly, price transparency across borders should help consumers find lower cost goods or services. In reality, the effects of the Euro over the level of the prices in Europe is disputable. Many citizens cite the strong increase in prices in the years after the introduction of the Euro, although numerous empirical studies have failed to find much real evidence of this. It is speculated that the reason for this perception is that the prices of small, everyday items were rounded up significantly. For example, a cup of coffee that once cost two German Marks might now cost €1.50 or even €2.00 - a 50-100% increase. At the same time, a large appliance or rent payment rounded up to the next obvious Euro level would be a negligible proportional increase. The fact that the prices people see every day were affected more strongly might explain why so many people perceive the "euro effect" as being significant, while official studies &mdash; which look at the breadth of expenditures, in proportion &mdash; would downplay it.
===Competitive funding===
Competitive funding is also a benefit for many countries (and companies) that adopted the Euro. National and corporate [[Bond (finance)|bond]]s denominated in Euro are significantly more liquid and have lower interest rates than was historically the case when denominated in legacy currency. Likewise, companies have greater freedom to borrow competitively from cross-border banks without incurring exchange rate risk. This has forced the incumbent banks to reduce their rates to compete.  <!-- Ireland provides an example of both. I'm sure that a web search will find.  -->
===Macroeconomic stability===
Improved macroeconomic stability is an important benefit of the euro for the entire continent. Much of Europe has been susceptible to economic problems such as [[inflation]] throughout the last 50 years. Because a high level of inflation acts as a highly regressive tax ([[Seigniorage]]) and theoretically discourages investment, it is generally viewed as undesirable. In spite of the downside, many countries have been unable or unwilling to deal with serious inflationary pressures. Some countries have successfully contained by establishing largely independent central banks. One such bank was the [[Bundesbank]] in Germany; since the European Central Bank is modeled on the Bundesbank, it is independent of the pressures of national governments and has a mandate to keep inflationary pressures low. Member countries join the bank to credibly commit to lower inflation, hoping to enjoy the macroeconomic stability associated with low levels of expected inflation. The ECB (unlike the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]] in the United States of America) does not have a second objective to sustain growth and employment.
===Less-specific monetary policy===
Some economists are concerned about the possible dangers of adopting a single currency for a large and diverse area. As the Euro-Zone has a single [[monetary policy]] and a single [[interest rate]] set by the ECB, it cannot be fine-tuned for the economic situation in each individual country. Prior to the introduction of the Euro, however, exchange rate volatility had reduced substantially after the European currency crisis in the early 1990s. [[Public investment]] and [[fiscal policy]] in each country is thus the only way in which government-led economic stimulus can be introduced specific to each region or nation. This inflexible interest rate might stifle growth in some areas, while over-promoting it in others. The result could be extended periods of economic depression in some areas of the continent, disadvantaged by the central interest rate. Given such a situation, resentment and friction within the community and toward the bank might increase. Others point out that in today's globalised economy, individual countries do not really have power to effectively manage their monetary policy, as it creates other imbalances. This effect was already visible in the last European currency crises of 1992, when the Bundesbank was effectively coordinating monetary policy for the whole continent.
Some proponents of the Euro point out that the Euro-Zone is similar in size and population to the [[United States]], which has a single currency and a single monetary policy set by the Federal Reserve. However, there are also substantial differences between the two regions. The U.S. has a common fiscal policy ([[Fiscal federalism]]) that it can use as an instrument to smooth out regional differences. The countries of the EU that may not all be 'in sync' &mdash; each may be at a different stage in the [[boom and bust]] cycle, or just be experiencing different inflationary pressures &mdash; cannot appeal to a centralized fiscal authority for remedy. Furthermore, [[Labour mobility]] is also much lower in the Eurozone than across the United States, largely due to the vast differences in language and culture between European nations despite labour, capital and goods full mobility rules.
===A new reserve currency===
The Euro will probably become one of two, or perhaps three, major global [[reserve currency|reserve currencies]]. Currently, international currency exchange is dominated by the U.S. dollar (USD). The U.S. Dollar is used by banks world-wide as a stable reserve on which to ensure their liquidity and international transactions and investments are often made in U.S. Dollars.
A currency is attractive for foreign transactions when it demonstrates a proven track record of stability, a well-developed financial market to dispose of the currency in, and proven acceptability to others. The Euro will almost certainly be able to match these criteria at least as well as the U.S. Dollar, so given some time to become accepted, it will likely begin to take its place alongside the Dollar as one of the world’s major international currencies.
Since money is effectively an interest free loan to the government by the holder of the currency &mdash; foreign reserves act as subsidy to the country minting the currency (see [[Seigniorage]]).  As the Euro assumes status a reserve currency, the EU member states stand to gain a share of this benefit.
===Euro and petroleum===
The Euro-Zone consumes more imported [[petroleum]] than the U.S., meaning more Euros than U.S. Dollars would flow into the [[OPEC]] nations. However, oil is priced by those member states in U.S. Dollars only. There have been frequent discussions at OPEC about pricing oil in Euro. In 2006, [[Iran]] announced its plans to open an [[Iranian oil bourse|International Oil Bourse]] for the express purpose of trading oil priced in other currencies, including [[petroeuro]]s. This would require countries to hold stores of Euros to buy oil, rather than the U.S. Dollars they hold now. If implemented by OPEC, the changeover to the Euro would be a transfer of a '[[Float (money supply)|float]]' that presently subsidises the United States to subsidise the European Union instead.
===Criticism===
Some European nationalist parties oppose the Euro as part of a [[Euroscepticism|more general opposition to the principle of a European union]].  The more significant of these include the members of the [[Independence and Democracy]] bloc in the [[European Parliament]] and the [[Conservative Party (UK)]].  Additionally the [[Green Party (UK)]] is opposed for [[anti-globalisation]] reasons but their analysis is not shared by rest of the [[European Green Party]] bloc in the European Parliament.
==Euro exchange rate==
===Flexible exchange rates===
The ECB targets interest rates rather than exchange rates and in general does not intervene on the foreign exchange rate markets, because of the implications of the [[Mundell-Fleming Model]], being the fact that a central bank can not maintain an interest rate target and an exchange rate target simultaneously, as increasing the [[money supply]] would result in a [[depreciation]] of the currency. In the years following the [[Single European Act]], the EU has liberalized its capital markets, and as the [[European Central Bank|ECB]] has chosen for monetary autonomy, the [[exchange rate regime]] of the Euro is flexible, or [[Floating exchange rate|floating]].  This explains why the exchange rate of the Euro vis-à-vis other currencies is characterized by strong fluctuations. Most notable are the fluctuations of the Euro vs. the U.S. Dollar, another freely floating currency. However this focus on the Dollar-Euro parity is partly subjective. It is taken as a reference because the European authorities expect the Euro to compete with the Dollar. The effect of this selective reference is misleading, as it give to the observers the impression that a rise in the value of the Euro vs the Dollar is the effect of an increased global strength of the Euro, while it may be the effect of an intrinsic weakening of the Dollar itself.
===Against other major currencies===
After the introduction of the Euro, its exchange rate against other currencies, especially the U.S. Dollar, declined heavily. At its introduction in 1999, the Euro was traded at US$1.18; on [[26 October]] [[2000]], it fell to an all time low of $0.8228 per Euro. It then began what at the time was thought to be a recovery; by the beginning of 2001 it had risen to nearly $0.96. It declined again, although less than previously, reaching a low of $0.8344 on [[6 July]] [[2001]] before commencing a steady appreciation. The two currencies reached parity on [[15 July]] [[2002]], and by the end of 2002 the Euro had reached $1.04 as it climbed further.
On [[23 May]] [[2003]], the Euro surpassed its initial ($1.18=€1.00) trading value for the first time. At the end of 2004, it had reached a peak of $1.3668 per Euro (€0.7316 per $) as the U.S. Dollar fell against all major currencies, fuelled by the so called twin deficit of the US accounts. However, the dollar recovered in 2005, rising to $1.18 per Euro (€0.85 per dollar) in July 2005 (and stable throughout the second half of 2005). The fast increase in U.S. interest rates during 2005 had much to do with this trend.
By mid-2006, the Euro had risen to $1.28.
*[http://www.ecb.int/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/index.en.html Current and historical exchange rates against 29 other currencies (European Central Bank)]
*[http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/fds/hi/business/market_data/currency/13/12/twelve_month.stm Current dollar/euro exchange rates (BBC)]
*[http://www.kshitij.com/graphgallery/eurmth.shtml Historical exchange rate from 1971 until now]
*[http://www.gocurrency.com/exchangerates.html Currency Converter]
===Currencies pegged to the Euro===
{{main|Currencies related to the Euro}}
There are a number of foreign currencies that were pegged to a European currency and are now currencies related to the Euro:  the [[Cape Verdean escudo]], the [[Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark]], the [[Bulgarian lev]], the [[CFP franc]], the [[CFA franc]] and the [[Comorian franc]].
In total, the Euro is the official currency in 15 states and territories outside the European Union. In addition, 22 states and territories have a national currency that are directly pegged to the euro including fourteen West African countries, three French Pacific territories, two African island countries and three Balkan countries.
===Drivers===
Part of the Euro's strength in the period 2001-2004 was thought to be due to more attractive [[interest]] rates in Europe than in the United States. The U.S. [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]] had maintained lower rates than the [[European Central Bank|ECB]] for these years, despite key European economies, notably Germany, growing relatively slowly or not at all. This is attributed in part to the ECB's duty to check inflation across the Euro-Zone, which in high-performing countries such as [[Republic of Ireland]] is above the ECB's target. 
However, although the interest rate differential formed part of the backdrop, the main ''a posteriori'' justification for the Euro's continuing ascent against the Dollar was the concern over the huge unsustainable U.S. [[current account]] [[deficit]]s. The market has been awash with concerns about the U.S. [[twin deficit]]s, which have been a key driver of dollar weakness. The U.S. [[budget deficit]] is about $427 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]], or 3.7% of [[gross domestic product]] (GDP), while the current account&mdash;the broadest trade measure since it adds investment flows&mdash;hit a record $166.18bn shortfall in the second quarter of 2004.
A key factor is that a number of Asian currencies are rising less against the Dollar than is the Euro. In the case of China, the [[Renminbi]] was until recently pegged against the Dollar, whilst the Japanese [[Yen]] is supported by intervention (and the threat of it) by the [[Bank of Japan]]. This means much of the pressure from a falling Dollar is translated into a rising Euro.
The Euro's climb from its lows began shortly after it was introduced as a cash currency. In the time between 1999 and 2002, [[Euroscepticism|Eurosceptics]] believed that the weak Euro was a sign that the Euro experiment was doomed to fail. It may be that its weakness in this period was due to low confidence in a currency that did not exist in "real" form. While the overt conversion to notes and coins had not yet occurred, it remained possible that the project could fail. Once the Euro became "real" in the sense of existing in the form of cash, confidence in the Euro rose and the increasing perception that it was here to stay helped increase its value. This effect was probably significant in the Euro's decline and recovery between 1999 and 2002, but other factors are more significant since then.
Another factor in the early decline of the Euro was that many investors and [[central bank]]s sold large portions of their legacy (national) currency holdings once the irrevocable exchange rates were set, as the goal of holding multiple currencies is to dampen losses when one currency falls. Once the exchange rates between Eurozone countries were pegged against each other, holdings in German [[German mark|mark]] and French [[French franc|francs]] (for example) became identical. There is also some reason to believe that significant sums of illegally held money were sold for Dollars to avoid an official and public exchange for Euros.
Another interpretation is that the early weakness of the Euro was based on the weakness of the European economies, while the later strength of the Euro was not at all based on a prosperous European economy but on the U.S. strategy to let their deficits be absorbed by the Euro, so as to be able to fund their expensive foreign and military policy and maintain a fast American growth. A set of elements shows that the Bush administration deliberately considered that a lower Dollar was acceptable for a period of time.
===Consequences===
Despite the Euro's rise in U.S. Dollar-denominated value, as well as those of other major and minor currencies, the U.S. trade deficits continue to rise. Economic theory would suggest that a fall in the Dollar and a rise in the Euro should lead to an increase in U.S. exports and a decline in U.S. imports, as the former becomes cheaper and the latter more expensive. However, this depends to some extent on how currency costs are passed down the supply chain. Furthermore, the declining Dollar makes foreign investment in the U.S. cheaper (although also reducing the return), so that continuing foreign investment may underpin the Dollar to some extent.
The role of the U.S. Dollar as the world's [[de facto]] reserve currency helps support both the U.S. Dollar and the U.S. budget deficit &mdash; but it depends on the continued willingness of foreigners to finance both. Central banks and others finance the budget by acquiring newly-issued, Dollar-denominated U.S. government bonds, which they need to acquire Dollars for. If at some point foreigners become unwilling to accept new bonds at the prevailing interest rate (perhaps because the falling Dollar is reducing the bonds' value too much), the Dollar will fall even more &mdash; or the U.S. will have to raise interest rates, which would reduce economic growth.
The Euro is emerging as a possible alternative [[reserve currency]]; [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Iraq]] switched its currency reserves from U.S. Dollars to Euros in 2000. Moves by central banks with major reserve currency holdings such as those of [[India]], [[China]] or [[OPEC]] countries to switch the currency they trade in from U.S. Dollars to Euros, may further reinforce the U.S. Dollar's decline. In 2004, the [[Bank for International Settlements]] reported the proportion of bank deposits held in Euros rising to 20%, from 12% in 2001, and it is continuously rising. The falling Dollar also raises returns for U.S. investors from investing in foreign stocks, encouraging a switch which further depresses the Dollar.
The rise in the euro should dampen Euro-Zone exports, but there is little sign of this happening yet. The main reason is that the currencies of the Eurozone's major world-wide customers are also seeing their currencies rise relative to the U.S. Dollar.  As the current account deficits continue to rise and the U.S. plans no austerity measures to curb foreign imports and increase exports, the situation may cause the U.S. Dollar to lose its position as a hegemonic currency replaced by either the Euro or the Euro and a basket of currencies.


==Name and linguistic issues==
==Name and linguistic issues==
{{main|Linguistic issues concerning the Euro}}
Several [[linguistics|linguistic]] issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words ''euro'' and ''cent'' in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to [[grammar]] and the formation of [[plurals]]. The official spelling of the euro according to the ECB, as it appears (in capitals) on the banknotes, is "euro" in the Latin script and "ευρω" in the Greek script. The proposed official spelling by the ECB in the Cyrillic script is "еуро".  However, the new EU member Bulgaria proposes "евро", the spelling that is currently used in Bulgaria. "Eвро", as well as "evro", although official spellings in some countries using the euro, are currently not supported by the ECB. Also not supported is the spelling used in Malta, where "ewro" derives from "Ewropa".


Several [[linguistics|linguistic]] issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words ''Euro'' and ''Cent'' in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to [[grammar]] and the formation of [[plurals]]. However, in each country but Greece, which uses ''?????'' and ''?????'' on its coins, the form "Cent" is officially required to be used in legislation in both the singular and in the plural. Immutable word formations have been encouraged by the European Commission in usage with official EU [[legislation]] (originally in order to ensure uniform presentation on the banknotes), but the "unofficial" practice concerning the mutability (or not) of the words differs between the member states and their languages. The subject has led to much debate and controversy.  <!-- advice to editors: this paragraph is intended to be just a summary.  If you wish to add material, please consider using the "Linguistic issues" article to do so.  -->
In each country except Greece, which uses ''λεπτό'' (lepto, [[Grammatical number|singular]]) and ''λεπτά'' (lepta, [[plural]]) on its coins, the form "cent" is officially required to be used in legislation in both the singular and in the plural. Immutable word formations have been encouraged by the European Commission in usage with official EU [[legislation]] (originally in order to ensure uniform presentation on the banknotes), but the unofficial practice concerning the mutability (or not) of the words differs between the member states and their languages. The subject has led to much debate and controversy.  <!-- advice to editors: this paragraph is intended to be just a summary.  If you wish to add material, please consider using the "Linguistic issues" article to do so.  -->


==Trivia==
==Trivia==


* On [[1 January]] [[2002]], the first purchase involving Euros occurred on [[Réunion]] when officials bought a bag of [[lychee]]s at a market.
* On 1 January 2002, the first purchase involving euros occurred on [[Réunion]] when officials bought a bag of [[lychee]]s at a market.
 
* Although there have been other currencies predating the Euro that were specifically designed in similar ways (different sizes, colours, and ridges) to aid the visually impaired, the introduction of the Euro constitutes the first time that authorities have consulted associations representing the blind before, rather than after, the release of the currency.
 
==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
 
==See also==
===Euro related===
*[[Currencies related to the Euro]]
*[[Currency bill tracking]]
*[[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union]] (EMU)
*[[Economy of the European Union]] and [[Economy of Europe]].
*[[Eonia]], an effective overnight reference rate for the Euro.
*[[Euribor]], a benchmark for money market in the Euro-Zone.
*[[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]]
*[[Euro coins]], [[€2 commemorative coins]] and [[Euro banknotes]].
*[[European System of Central Banks]]
*[[European Central Bank]]
*[[Eurozone]]
*[[Linguistic issues concerning the Euro]]
*[[Optimal Currency Area - Eurozone]]
*[[Stability and Growth Pact]] is an agreement by [[European Union]] member states related to their conduct of [[fiscal policy]], to facilitate and maintain [[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union|Economic and Monetary Union]].
 
===Other===
*[[Latin Monetary Union]] '''(1865&ndash;1927)'''
*[[Scandinavian Monetary Union]]
*[[American currency union|Amero]], a proposed [[North America|North American]] currency union.
*[[Eco (currency)|Eco]], a planned West African currency by 5 or 6 countries by 2009.
*Proposed [[African Union|African]] currency union, with a single currency sometimes called (unofficially) the Afro.
 
==References==
*Baldwin, Richard and Charles Wyplosz, ''The Economics of European Integration'', New York: McGraw Hill, 2004.
*European Commission, ''High Level Task Force on Skills and Mobility - Final Report'', [[14 December]] [[2001]].
===Inline references===
<references/>
 
==External links==
*[http://www.ecb.eu/ European Central Bank]
*[http://www.fbe.be/ European Banking Federation]
*[http://europa.eu/euro/entry.html The Euro: Our Currency (Official EU Site)]
*[http://www.dollar-euro-chart.de Dollar/Euro-Chart]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4408066.stm EU warning for euro hopefuls]
*[http://www.socialcapital-foundation.org/ The Social Capital Foundation]
* [http://www.destatis.de/basis/e/ausl/ausltxt.htm Purchasing power of the Euro abroad] - Federal Statistical Office Germany
*The [http://ec.europa.eu/comm/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf English Style Guide] of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Translation. See section 20.7 for the recommendation that in all non-legal texts, "especially documents intended for the general public, use the natural plurals ‘euros’ and ‘cents’."
 
===Articles===
*[http://www.socialcapital-foundation.org/journal/volume%201999/issue1/article2.htm A critical view on the concept of the euro by Patrick Hunout and Patrick Ziltener]
*[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1638_281/ai_90469048 A critical view on "The euro and Great Britain"]
*[http://www.mises.org/fullarticle.asp?record=124&month=4 A critical view on "inflationary euro"]
*[http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/Emu/Emu.htm European Monetary Union and the euro]
*[http://go.to/infoeuro EU and EMU information including coin and banknote images]
*[http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/emu.html Britain and European Monetary Union]
*[http://www.evertype.com/standards/euro/index.html The euro and standardization] ([[Michael Everson]]; including "The plural of Euro is Euros!" as well as a discussion on what the words for "Euro" and "Cent" should be in [[Irish language|Irish]])
*[http://www.robertmundell.net/Menu/Main.asp?Type=5&Cat=08&ThemeName=Euro A brief commentary by one of the economists instrumental in creating the Euro]
*[http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/articles/euro.asp?sec=3 Introduction to the euro]
*[http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/display.cfm?id=348930 The Euro page from the Economist (many articles require a subscription)]
*[http://www.yoursdaily.com/different_views/euro_and_previous_currency_unions The Euro and the History of Previous Currency Unions, ''YoursDaily.com'']
*[http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/mushin.euro The Euro and Its Antecedents by Jerry Mushin, Victoria University of Wellington]


===Books===
* Although there have been other currencies predating the euro that were specifically designed in similar ways (different sizes, colours, and ridges) to aid the visually impaired, the introduction of the euro constitutes the first time that authorities have consulted associations representing the blind before, rather than after, the release of the currency.
*[http://college.hmco.com/cgi-bin/SaCGI.cgi/CatalogStub.class/com.hmco.college.catalog.CatalogController?cmd=Portal&subcmd=display&ProductID=3014 Jay H. Levin, A Guide to the Euro (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002)]


==Attribution==
{{WPAttribution}}


[[Category:CZ Live]]
==Footnotes==
[[Category:Economics Workgroup]]
{{reflist|2}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]

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© Image: The European Central Bank
The euro banknotes. There are seven denominations, all having a distinctive size and color.

The euro (currency sign: €; banking code: EUR) is the official currency of several European Union member states, together known as the eurozone: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus,[1] Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. It is the single currency for more than 300 million people in Europe.

Facsimile image of a one-euro coin, issued by Latvia, which plans to adopt the euro by about 2013.
© Image courtesy of Bank of Latvia.

The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency in 1999 and launched as physical coins and banknotes in most of the above countries in 2002.

Coins and banknotes

The euro is divided into 100 cents (sometimes referred to as euro cents). All euro coins (including the €2 commemorative coins) have a common side showing the denomination (value) with the EU-countries in the background and a national side showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued the coin. All coins can be used in all member states.

The euro coins are €2, €1, 50c, 20c, 10c, 5c, 2c and 1c (known as tinies for their small size), though the latter two are not minted in Finland or the Netherlands (but are still legal tender). Many shop owners in the eurozone prefer having all their prices end in 0 or 5 cents, so that 1c and 2c coins are not needed.

All euro banknotes have a common design for each denomination on both sides. Notes are issued in €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10, €5. Some of the higher denominations, such as €500 and €200, are not issued in a few countries, though are legal tender.

The ECB has set up a clearing system for large euro transactions (TARGET). All intra-eurozone transfers shall cost the same as a domestic one. This is true for retail payments, although several ECB payment methods can be used. Credit card charging and ATM withdrawals within the eurozone are also charged as if they were domestic. The ECB hasn't standardized paper based payment orders, such as cheques; these are still domestic-based.

The currency sign €

A special euro currency sign (€) was designed after a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to two. The European Commission then chose the final design. The eventual winner was a design allegedly created by a team of four experts who have not been officially named. The official story of the design history of the euro sign is disputed by Arthur Eisenmenger, a former chief graphic designer for the EEC, who claims to have created it as a generic symbol of Europe.

The glyph is (according to the European Commission) "a combination of the Greek epsilon, as a sign of the weight of European civilization; an E for Europe; and the parallel lines crossing through standing for the stability of the euro".

The European Commission also specified a euro logo with exact proportions and foreground/background colour tones.[2] Although some font designers simply copied the exact shape of this logo as the euro sign in their fonts, most designed their own variants, often based upon the capital letter C in the respective font so that currency signs have the same width as Arabic numerals.[3]

Placement of the currency sign varies from nation to nation. While the official recommendation is to place it before the number (contravening the general ISO recommendation to place unit symbol after the number), people in many countries have kept the placement of their former currencies.

Conversion process

Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of triangulation via the euro. The definitive values in euro of these subdivisions (which represent the exchange rates at which the currency entered the euro) are shown at right.

Currency Abbr. Rate Fixed on
Austrian schilling ATS 13.7603 31/12/1998
Belgian franc BEF 40.3399 31/12/1998
Dutch gulden NLG 2.20371 31/12/1998
Finnish mark FIM 5.94573 31/12/1998
French franc FRF 6.55957 31/12/1998
German mark DEM 1.95583 31/12/1998
Irish pound IEP 0.787564 31/12/1998
Italian lira ITL 1936.27 31/12/1998
Luxembourg franc LUF 40.3399 31/12/1998
Portuguese escudo PTE 200.482 31/12/1998
Spanish peseta ESP 166.386 31/12/1998
Greek drachma GRD 340.750[4] 19/06/2000

The rates were determined by the Council of the European Union, based on a recommendation from the European Commission based on the market rates on 31 December 1998, so that one ECU (European Currency Unit) would equal one euro. (The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the member states; it was not a currency in its own right.) These rates were set by Council Regulation 2866/98 (EC), of 31 December 1998. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-euro currencies (principally the pound sterling) that day.

The procedure used to fix the irrevocable conversion rate between the Drachma and the euro was different, since the euro by then was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek Drachma was fixed several months beforehand, in Council Regulation 1478/2000 (EC), of 19 June 2000.

The currency was introduced in non-physical form (travellers' cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the eurozone) ceased to exist independently in that their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other, effectively making them mere non-decimal subdivisions of the euro. The euro thus became the successor to the European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002.

The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany; the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted two months. The final date was 28 February 2002, by which all national currencies ceased to be legal tender in their respective member states. However, even after the official date, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for several years up to forever in Austria, Germany, Ireland, and Spain. The earliest coins to become non-convertible were the Portuguese escudos, which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December 2002, although banknotes remain exchangeable until 2022.

Users

  • Andorra, Montenegro and Kosovo adopted the euro as their legal currency for movement of capital and payments without participation in the ESCB or the right to mint coins. Andorra is in the process of entering a monetary agreement similar to Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City.
Currency Abbr. Rate Fixed in
Slovenian tolar SIT 239.640 2006-07-11
Currency Abbr. Rate Conv goal
Cypriot pound CYP 0.585274 2008-01-01
Estonian kroon EEK 15.6466 2008-01-01
Latvian lats LVL 0.702804 2008-01-01
Maltese lira MTL — 2008-01-01
Bulgarian lev BGN — 2009-01-01
Slovak koruna SKK — 2009-01-01
Lithuanian litas LTL 3.4528 2009-01-01
Czech koruna CZK — 2010-
Hungarian forint HUF — 2010-
Polish zloty PLN — 2011-
Romanian leu RON — 2011-

Name and linguistic issues

Several linguistic issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words euro and cent in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to grammar and the formation of plurals. The official spelling of the euro according to the ECB, as it appears (in capitals) on the banknotes, is "euro" in the Latin script and "ευρω" in the Greek script. The proposed official spelling by the ECB in the Cyrillic script is "еуро". However, the new EU member Bulgaria proposes "евро", the spelling that is currently used in Bulgaria. "Eвро", as well as "evro", although official spellings in some countries using the euro, are currently not supported by the ECB. Also not supported is the spelling used in Malta, where "ewro" derives from "Ewropa".

In each country except Greece, which uses λεπτό (lepto, singular) and λεπτά (lepta, plural) on its coins, the form "cent" is officially required to be used in legislation in both the singular and in the plural. Immutable word formations have been encouraged by the European Commission in usage with official EU legislation (originally in order to ensure uniform presentation on the banknotes), but the unofficial practice concerning the mutability (or not) of the words differs between the member states and their languages. The subject has led to much debate and controversy.

Trivia

  • On 1 January 2002, the first purchase involving euros occurred on Réunion when officials bought a bag of lychees at a market.
  • Although there have been other currencies predating the euro that were specifically designed in similar ways (different sizes, colours, and ridges) to aid the visually impaired, the introduction of the euro constitutes the first time that authorities have consulted associations representing the blind before, rather than after, the release of the currency.

Attribution

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Footnotes

  1. ↑ Only the southern part of the island is effectively controlled by the state of Cyprus, a member of the European Union, and therefore only this part uses the euro.
  2. ↑ http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/euro/notes_and_coins/symbol_en.htm
  3. ↑ http://www.fontshop.com/features/fontmag/002/02_euro/
  4. ↑ Greece failed to meet the criteria for joining initially, so it did not join the common currency on 1 January 1999. It was admitted two years later, on 1 January 2001, with a Greek drachma (GRD) exchange rate of 340.750.
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