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=== Some of our finest <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Approval Process|about]] ] </font> ===
<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
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:* [[:Category:Approved Articles|Approved Articles]]
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
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[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
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[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
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<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>  
=== Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
</h3>
[[Image:Lebanon.gif|right|thumb|150px|{{#ifexist:Template:Lebanon.gif/credit|{{Lebanon.gif/credit}}<br/>|}}Map of Lebanon (Public Domain).]]
{{CZ:Featured article/Current}}
'''Lebanon''' (Arabic ''Lubnan'') is a country in the [[Middle East]]. It borders [[Syria]] to the north and east, [[Israel]] to the south, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the west. Its official language is [[Arabic language|Arabic]], although [[French]] is widely spoken. The capital and largest city of Lebanon is [[Beirut]].
 
[[Lebanon]] was created in its present form after [[World War I]] and was administered by the [[France|French]] as a [[League of Nations Mandate|mandated territory]] until [[World War II]].  The country is religiously diverse, containing [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslims, [[Maronite Church|Maronite]] [[Christianity|Christians]], [[Druze]], and various smaller religions.  Lebanon went through a long civil war from the 1970's until the 1990's that was caused by differences among its religious groups and tensions between Syria and Israel. It was further damaged by a war in 2006 between Israel and [[Hezbollah]], an armed [[Islamist]] group. The war ended with both sides claiming victory, and many issues in Lebanon's politics are still unresolved.
<font size=1>[[Lebanon|['''more...''']]]</font>
 
=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
'''[[Joseph II]]''' (1741-1790) , Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Hapsburg (Austrian) territories; he was the most typical embodiment of the [[The Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] spirit of the later 18th-century reforming monarchs known as the benevolent despots, or enlightened despots.<ref> Hamish H. Scott, ed. ''Enlightened Absolutism,'' (1990)</ref> His career is notable for the scope of the reforms designed to modernize his empire, for the dedication with which he served the state, for the impetuosity with which he acted, for the violent opposition he aroused n all classes in every part of his empire for his excessive reforms, and for the failure which dogged most of his projects.
<font size=1>[[Joseph II|['''more...''']]]</font>
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<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>

Latest revision as of 09:43, 3 October 2024

New Blog Post
Why is Citizendium deleting articles?


Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about who we are.

See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

Become a member--it's free!

Agriculture Earth Sciences Journalism Physics
Anthropology Economics Law Politics
Archaeology Education Library & Info. Sci. Psychology
Architecture Engineering Linguistics Religion
Astronomy Food Science Literature Robotics
Biology Games Mathematics Sociology
Business Geography Media Sports
Chemistry Health Sciences Military Theater
Classics History Music Topic Informant
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Please help today!
Please make your donations here.
Donations go to keep our servers running. See our financial report.





















Article counts

Citable (145)
Developed (1,128)
Developing (7,431)
Stubs (7,697)
(16,524 total)

Nothing you do is important, but it is very important that you do it.
— Mahatma Gandhi
       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing

Featured Article: Nuclear power reconsidered

After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.

Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.

(CC) Image: Geoff Russell
Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.[7]

Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry

New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
  2. ↑ Public figures who have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
  3. ↑ Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
  4. ↑ Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
  5. ↑ Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
  6. ↑ "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
  7. ↑ Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"

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