Coriolis effect: Difference between revisions
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</ref> The Coriolis effect is a particular concern of pilots, where it can cause extreme discomfort and incorrect responses | </ref> The Coriolis effect is a particular concern of pilots, where it can cause extreme discomfort and incorrect responses when maneuvering an airplane.<ref name=Nicogossian> | ||
{{cite book | {{cite book | ||
| Line 62: | Line 62: | ||
|isbn=1402015984 | |isbn=1402015984 | ||
|year=2003 | |year=2003 | ||
|publisher=Springer}}</ref> | |publisher=Springer}}</ref> The underlying cause is the misinterpretation of rotational motion sensed by the vestibular system of the inner ear, as explained below. | ||
==Vestibular system== | ==Vestibular system== | ||
{{Image|Vestibular system of ear.PNG|right|250px|Vestibular system in the human ear.}} | {{Image|Vestibular system of ear.PNG|right|250px|Vestibular system in the human ear.}} | ||
{{Image|Cupula deflection.PNG|right|250px|When the semicircular canal stops rotating, inertia causes the cupula to register a false rotation in the opposite sense.}} | {{Image|Cupula deflection.PNG|right|250px|When the semicircular canal stops rotating, inertia causes the cupula to register a false rotation in the opposite sense.}} | ||
The ''vestibular system'' of the [[inner ear]] senses motion and body position, and is very important for maintaining balance. The three ''semicircular canals'' observe angular acceleration in the three planes of motion: ''pitch'' (nod ''yes''), ''yaw'' (twist your head ''no''), and ''roll'' (pivot head from left to right shoulder without twisting). The ''otolith organs'', that is, the ''utricle'' and the ''saccule'' detect linear acceleration and the tilt of the head.<ref name=NASA> | The ''vestibular system'' of the [[inner ear]] senses motion and body position, and is very important for maintaining balance. The three ''semicircular canals'' observe angular acceleration in the three planes of motion: ''pitch'' (nod ''yes''), ''yaw'' (twist your head ''no''), and ''roll'' (pivot head from left to right shoulder without twisting). The ''otolith organs'', that is, the ''utricle'' and the ''saccule'' detect linear acceleration and the tilt of the head.<ref name=NASA> | ||
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The semicircular canals are filled with a fluid, called the ''endolymph''. Under angular acceleration, the endolymph presses unequally upon the two sides of a membrane, the ''cupula'', causing it to be deflected. The endolymph action lags the motion of the canal itself, due to its inertia, leading to a relative counterclockwise pressure on the cupula that is interpreted correctly as a clockwise acceleration. | The semicircular canals are filled with a fluid, called the ''endolymph''. Under angular acceleration, the endolymph presses unequally upon the two sides of a membrane, the ''cupula'', causing it to be deflected. The endolymph action lags the motion of the canal itself, due to its inertia, leading to a relative counterclockwise pressure on the cupula that is interpreted correctly as a clockwise acceleration. | ||
If angular motion is held constant, a steady state is reached where the endolymph and the canal are moving at the same rate, the cupula no longer deflects, and the motion is not sensed. This situation is shown in the upper panel of the figure. If now the rotation abruptly stops, the canal stops rotating but the endolymph takes time to adapt, leading to a relative counterclockwise rotation of the endolymph. That counterclockwise relative rotation correctly indicates the acceleration, but leads to the false sensory interpretation of rotation in the opposite direction to what previously prevailed, even though actually all motion has stopped. The situation is shown in the bottom panel. | If angular motion is held constant, a steady state is reached in approximately 15 seconds where the endolymph and the canal are moving at the same rate, the cupula no longer deflects, and the motion is not sensed. This situation is shown in the upper panel of the figure. If now the rotation abruptly stops, the canal stops rotating but the endolymph takes time to adapt, leading to a relative counterclockwise rotation of the endolymph. That counterclockwise relative rotation correctly indicates the acceleration, but leads to the false sensory interpretation of rotation in the opposite direction to what previously prevailed, even though actually all motion has stopped. The situation is shown in the bottom panel. | ||
{{Image|Pitch Roll Yaw.PNG|right|150px|''Top'': The semicircular canals with head erect. ''Bottom'': the canals with head tipped forward.}} | |||
==Mechanism== | ==Mechanism== | ||
The mechanism behind the Coriolis effect is related to head motions that reorient the three semicircular canals while a person is rotating, as shown in the | The mechanism behind the Coriolis effect is related to head motions that reorient the three semicircular canals while a person is rotating, as shown in the figure. The figure is an idealization, supposing the three canals are exactly in three orthogonal planes, and the head is tipped exactly forward. If the head is vertical, and rotation is about the vertical axis, the semicircular canal in the horizontal plane registers the rotating motion. If rotation continues, a steady state is reached where the cupula is not deflected and the rotation is not sensed. If now the head is tilted forward, for simplicity say by 90°, then the ''yaw'' canal becomes vertical and this canal is no longer in rotation; its endolymph begins to slow down to match the motion of its canal. The subject then perceives this effect as counter-rotation about a horizontal axis, although actually no motion is occurring. At the same time, the ''roll'' canal previously in a vertical plane is brought into a position where it must register the rotation, and its endolymph accelerates. The combined effect of all three semicircular canals is to produce an apparent rotation in a direction unrelated to what is actually happening. It causes a sensation of tumbling, rolling or yawing that is the Coriolis effect.<ref name=Davis> | ||
{{cite book |title=Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine |author=Jeffrey R. Davis, Robert Johnson, Jan Stepanek |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_6hymYAgC6MC&pg=PA175 |pages=p. 175 |isbn=0781774667 |year=2008 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=4rth ed}} | {{cite book |title=Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine |author=Jeffrey R. Davis, Robert Johnson, Jan Stepanek |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_6hymYAgC6MC&pg=PA175 |pages=p. 175 |isbn=0781774667 |year=2008 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=4rth ed}} | ||
</ref> | |||
===Role of Coriolis force=== | |||
Although the inertia mechanism for the Coriolis effect described above does not invoke the [[Coriolis force]], it is conceivable in principle that the Coriolis force could play a part. When a canal containing a rotating endolymph is tipped, the endolymph is subjected to a Coriolis force that results in a torque, tending to twist the canal. This same phenomenon is used in the [[Coriolis_force#Coriolis_flowmeter|Coriolis flowmeter]] to detect fluid motion. It does not appear from experiments upon humans, however, that the Coriolis effect is very much affected by the rate of tipping of the head, but is dictated primarily by the amplitude of head motion and the steady rate of rotation,<ref name=Isu> | |||
{{cite journal |title=Mechanics of Coriolis stimulation and inducing factors of motion sickness |author=Naoki Isu, Tdaaki Shimizu and Kazuhiro Sugata|journal=Biological sciences in space |volume=vol. 15 |issue=No. 4 |year=2001 |pages=pp. 414-419 |doi=10.2187/bss.15.414}} | |||
</ref> suggesting that the Coriolis force is not a major factor in the Coriolis effect. | |||
An interesting conjecture, however, is that the Coriolis force might be detected by the ear in birds, enabling a navigational compass.<ref name=Beecher> | |||
{{cite journal |title=A possible navigational sense in the ear of birds |author=William T Beecher |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2421984 |journal=American Midland Naturalist |volume=vol. 46 |issue=No. 2 |date=Sep., 1951 |pages=pp. 367-384}} | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Latest revision as of 12:00, 25 March 2011
For the inertial force in a rotating frame, see Coriolis force.
In psychophysical perception, the Coriolis effect, also referred to as the Coriolis illusion, is a form of disorientational distress that can lead to nausea.[1][2] The Coriolis effect is a particular concern of pilots, where it can cause extreme discomfort and incorrect responses when maneuvering an airplane.[3][4][5][6] The underlying cause is the misinterpretation of rotational motion sensed by the vestibular system of the inner ear, as explained below.
Vestibular system
The vestibular system of the inner ear senses motion and body position, and is very important for maintaining balance. The three semicircular canals observe angular acceleration in the three planes of motion: pitch (nod yes), yaw (twist your head no), and roll (pivot head from left to right shoulder without twisting). The otolith organs, that is, the utricle and the saccule detect linear acceleration and the tilt of the head.[7]
The semicircular canals are filled with a fluid, called the endolymph. Under angular acceleration, the endolymph presses unequally upon the two sides of a membrane, the cupula, causing it to be deflected. The endolymph action lags the motion of the canal itself, due to its inertia, leading to a relative counterclockwise pressure on the cupula that is interpreted correctly as a clockwise acceleration.
If angular motion is held constant, a steady state is reached in approximately 15 seconds where the endolymph and the canal are moving at the same rate, the cupula no longer deflects, and the motion is not sensed. This situation is shown in the upper panel of the figure. If now the rotation abruptly stops, the canal stops rotating but the endolymph takes time to adapt, leading to a relative counterclockwise rotation of the endolymph. That counterclockwise relative rotation correctly indicates the acceleration, but leads to the false sensory interpretation of rotation in the opposite direction to what previously prevailed, even though actually all motion has stopped. The situation is shown in the bottom panel.
Mechanism
The mechanism behind the Coriolis effect is related to head motions that reorient the three semicircular canals while a person is rotating, as shown in the figure. The figure is an idealization, supposing the three canals are exactly in three orthogonal planes, and the head is tipped exactly forward. If the head is vertical, and rotation is about the vertical axis, the semicircular canal in the horizontal plane registers the rotating motion. If rotation continues, a steady state is reached where the cupula is not deflected and the rotation is not sensed. If now the head is tilted forward, for simplicity say by 90°, then the yaw canal becomes vertical and this canal is no longer in rotation; its endolymph begins to slow down to match the motion of its canal. The subject then perceives this effect as counter-rotation about a horizontal axis, although actually no motion is occurring. At the same time, the roll canal previously in a vertical plane is brought into a position where it must register the rotation, and its endolymph accelerates. The combined effect of all three semicircular canals is to produce an apparent rotation in a direction unrelated to what is actually happening. It causes a sensation of tumbling, rolling or yawing that is the Coriolis effect.[8]
Role of Coriolis force
Although the inertia mechanism for the Coriolis effect described above does not invoke the Coriolis force, it is conceivable in principle that the Coriolis force could play a part. When a canal containing a rotating endolymph is tipped, the endolymph is subjected to a Coriolis force that results in a torque, tending to twist the canal. This same phenomenon is used in the Coriolis flowmeter to detect fluid motion. It does not appear from experiments upon humans, however, that the Coriolis effect is very much affected by the rate of tipping of the head, but is dictated primarily by the amplitude of head motion and the steady rate of rotation,[9] suggesting that the Coriolis force is not a major factor in the Coriolis effect.
An interesting conjecture, however, is that the Coriolis force might be detected by the ear in birds, enabling a navigational compass.[10]
Notes
- ↑ Jeffrey W. Vincoli (1999). Lewis' dictionary of occupational and environmental safety and health. CRC Press, p. 245. ISBN 1566703999.
- ↑ George Mather (2006). Foundations of perception. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0863778356.
- ↑ Arnauld E. Nicogossian (1996). Space biology and medicine. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, p. 337. ISBN 1563471809.
- ↑ Thomas Brandt (2003). Vertigo: Its Multisensory Syndromes. Springer, p. 416. ISBN 0387405003.
- ↑ Bob Cheung (2004). “Nonvisual illusions in flight”, Fred H. Previc, William R. Ercoline, eds: Spatial Disorientation in Aviation. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, p. 248. ISBN 1563476541.
- ↑ Gilles Clément (2003). Fundamentals of Space Medicine. Springer, p. 41. ISBN 1402015984.
- ↑ An introduction to the workings of the vestibular system is found at The effects of space flight on the human vestibular system. Document EB-2002-09-011-KSC. NASA: Exploration systems mission directorate education outreach. Retrieved on 2011-02-17.
- ↑ Jeffrey R. Davis, Robert Johnson, Jan Stepanek (2008). Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, 4rth ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 175. ISBN 0781774667.
- ↑ Naoki Isu, Tdaaki Shimizu and Kazuhiro Sugata (2001). "Mechanics of Coriolis stimulation and inducing factors of motion sickness". Biological sciences in space vol. 15 (No. 4): pp. 414-419. DOI:10.2187/bss.15.414. Research Blogging.
- ↑ William T Beecher (Sep., 1951). "A possible navigational sense in the ear of birds". American Midland Naturalist vol. 46 (No. 2): pp. 367-384.