Arab Spring/Catalogs: Difference between revisions
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==Persona== | |||
===Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim=== | |||
Grand Mufti of Egypt since February 2013. Formerly a professor of Islamic jurisprudence at Al-Azhar University. | |||
===Bashir al-Assad=== | ===Bashir al-Assad=== | ||
President of Syria since 2000, following his father's 30-year presidency. ([http://www.presidentassad.net/ website])([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10338256 BBC profile]){[http://www.presidentassad.net/INTERVIEWS/Al_Assad_Interviews_2011/Bashar_Al_Assad_Syrian_TV_Interview_August_2011.htm Interview August 2011]).<br> | President of Syria since 2000, following his father's 30-year presidency. ([http://www.presidentassad.net/ website])([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10338256 BBC profile]){[http://www.presidentassad.net/INTERVIEWS/Al_Assad_Interviews_2011/Bashar_Al_Assad_Syrian_TV_Interview_August_2011.htm Interview August 2011]).<br> | ||
Authoritarian ruler. Accused of repression and "massive violation of human rights<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/joint-uk-french-and-german-statement-on-syria/ ''Joint UK, French and German statement on Syria'', 18 August 2011]</ref>. | Authoritarian ruler. Accused of repression and "massive violation of human rights<ref>[http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/joint-uk-french-and-german-statement-on-syria/ ''Joint UK, French and German statement on Syria'', 18 August 2011]</ref>. | ||
===Mokhtar Belmokhtar=== | |||
Leader of the Islamist Khaled Abu al-Abbas Brigade. Formerly a leading figure in Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). Believed to have been responsible for the December 2012 attack on the Tigantourine oil installation in southern Algeria. ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21061480 BBC Profile]) | |||
===Abdul Hakim Belhaj=== | ===Abdul Hakim Belhaj=== | ||
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=== Mohamed ElBaradei=== | === Mohamed ElBaradei=== | ||
Leader of Egypt's Constitution Party. Nobel prize-winning law scholar and diplomat.([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10420218 BBC profile]) | Leader of Egypt's [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17880367 Constitution Party] since its inception in April 2012. Nobel prize-winning law scholar and diplomat.([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10420218 BBC profile]) ([http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/30/cnns-fareed-zakaria-interviews-dr-mohamed-elbaradei-on-fareed-zakaria-gps/ CNN interview]) | ||
===[[Muammar Gaddafi]]=== | ===[[Muammar Gaddafi]]=== | ||
Former President of Libya<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12688033 Martin Asser: ''The Muammar Gaddafi story'', BBC news, 22 August 2011]</ref> from 1969 until his capture and death in October 2011. | Former President of Libya<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12688033 Martin Asser: ''The Muammar Gaddafi story'', BBC news, 22 August 2011]</ref> from 1969 until his capture and death in October 2011. | ||
===Iyad Ag Ghaly=== | |||
Leader of the Malian Islamist group Ansar Dine [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18814291 BBC profile] | |||
===Rachid Ghannouchi=== | ===Rachid Ghannouchi=== | ||
Islamic scholar, teacher, and activist, leader of the Tunisian ''Ennahda Party'' ([http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2011/01/30/factbox-who-is-tunisias-islamist-leader-rachid-ghannouchi/ Reuters profile]).<br> An admirer of the political situation in Turkey<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011233464273624.html Nazanine Moshiri: ''Interview with Rachid Ghannouchi '', al-Jazeera, 07 Feb 2011]</ref>. Said to be widely considered as a moderate who believes that Islam and democracy are compatible ([http://www.cfr.org/tunisia/tunisias-challenge-conversation-rachid-al-ghannouchi/p26660 text of statement]). Has no formal position in the current Tunisian government. | Islamic scholar, teacher, and activist, leader of the Tunisian ''Ennahda Party'' ([http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2011/01/30/factbox-who-is-tunisias-islamist-leader-rachid-ghannouchi/ Reuters profile]).<br> An admirer of the political situation in Turkey<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011233464273624.html Nazanine Moshiri: ''Interview with Rachid Ghannouchi '', al-Jazeera, 07 Feb 2011]</ref>. Said to be widely considered as a moderate who believes that Islam and democracy are compatible ([http://www.cfr.org/tunisia/tunisias-challenge-conversation-rachid-al-ghannouchi/p26660 text of statement]). Has no formal position in the current Tunisian government. | ||
===Ali Gomaa=== | |||
Egypt's Grand Mufti ([http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/people/ali-gomaa Berkeley Center profile]) | |||
===Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi=== | ===Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi=== | ||
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===Mustafa Abdel-Jalil=== | ===Mustafa Abdel-Jalil=== | ||
Former chairman, Libyan National Transitional Council. Former Minister of Justice [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14613679 BBC profile].<br> | |||
Advocates a democratic state based on Islamic law | Advocates a democratic state based on Islamic law | ||
<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/09/2011912214219388500.html ''Libya's new leader calls for civil state''. al-Jazeera, 13 September 2011]</ref>. | <ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/09/2011912214219388500.html ''Libya's new leader calls for civil state''. al-Jazeera, 13 September 2011]</ref>. | ||
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===Mahmoud Jibril=== | ===Mahmoud Jibril=== | ||
Former Prime Minister of the Libyan National Transitional Council and international spokesman. Previously head of Libyan National Economic Development Board. Previously a lecturer at the University of Pittsburgh [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8720892/Libya-profile-of-Mahmoud-Jibril-head-of-the-NTC.html Daily Telegraph profile]. Resigned on 24th October 2011. | Former Prime Minister of the Libyan National Transitional Council and international spokesman. Previously head of Libyan National Economic Development Board. Previously a lecturer at the University of Pittsburgh [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8720892/Libya-profile-of-Mahmoud-Jibril-head-of-the-NTC.html Daily Telegraph profile]. Resigned on 24th October 2011. | ||
===Shokri Ibrahim Abdel Karim=== | |||
Grand Mufti of Egypt since 18 February 2013. Formerly a professor of Islamic jurisprudence at Al-Azhar University[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/65062/Egypt/Politics-/President-Morsi-approves-new-Grand-Mufti.aspx]. | |||
===Saad al-Katatni=== | ===Saad al-Katatni=== | ||
Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood's political wing, the [http://www.fjponline.com/ Freedom and Justice Party] since October 2012. Former Speaker of the Egyptian parliament. ([http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2010/09/02/profile-of-saad-al-katatni Carnegie profile]) ([http://cnnpressroom.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/30/cnns-fareed-zakaria-interviews-dr-mohamed-elbaradei-on-fareed-zakaria-gps/ CNN interview]) | |||
===Abdurrahim el- | ===Abdurrahim el-Keib=== | ||
Interim Prime Minister of Libya from 31 October 2011. An academic specialising in electrical engineering([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15530640 BBC News]) | Interim Prime Minister of Libya from 31 October 2011. An academic specialising in electrical engineering([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15530640 BBC News]) ([http://world.time.com/2012/08/09/what-lies-ahead-for-libya-an-interview-with-the-prime-minister/ ''Time'' interview]) | ||
===Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa=== | ===Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa=== | ||
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===Mohammed Magariaf=== | ===Mohammed Magariaf=== | ||
President of Libya's National Congress since August 2012, and interim | President of Libya's National Congress since August 2012, and interim Head of State. Formerly Secretary General of the National Front for the Salvation of Libya, and previously a defector from the Gaddafi administration. ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19901128 BBC profile]) | ||
===Moncef Marzouki=== | ===Moncef Marzouki=== | ||
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===Mahmoud Mekki=== | ===Mahmoud Mekki=== | ||
Vice-President of Egypt | Former Vice-President of Egypt from August 2012 until his resignation in December 2012. Senior Judge and campaigner for the independence of the judiciary. ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19255836 BBC profile]) | ||
===Mohamed Morsi=== | ===[[Mohamed Morsi]]=== | ||
President of Egypt | President of Egypt from 24th June 2012 until 3rd July 2013. Former Chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood's [[Arab Spring/Catalogs#Freedom and Justice Party|Freedom and Justice Party]]. Educated in the United States, Member of Parliament in the People's Assembly of Egypt from 2000 to 2005. Ousted from the presidency in a military [[coup]]. [http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/24/world/meast/egypt-morsi-profile/index.html CNN profile] | ||
===Mohammed VI=== | ===Mohammed VI=== | ||
King of | King of Morocco since 1999. There have been some economic and social liberalisation measures during his reign, but he has retained sweeping powers ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/791867.stm BBC country profile]). | ||
===[[Hosni Mubarak]]=== | ===[[Hosni Mubarak]]=== | ||
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===[[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]]=== | ===[[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]]=== | ||
Egypt's Minister of Defence since 2 August 2012. Leader of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. Formerly interim | Egypt's Minister of Defence since 2 August 2012. Leader of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. Formerly interim Head of State since February 2011. Previously Minister of Defence from 1991 and general commander for the armed forces from 1995.([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12441512 BBC profile])([http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2011/10/06/mohamed-hussein-tantawi Carnegie Endowment profile]). | ||
===Ahmed Shafiq=== | ===Ahmed Shafiq=== | ||
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===Ali Zidan=== | ===Ali Zidan=== | ||
Libya's Prime Minister since October 2012. Former diplomat and outspoken critic of the Gafddafi regime ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13754899 BBC profile]). | Libya's Prime Minister since October 2012. Former diplomat and outspoken critic of the Gafddafi regime ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13754899 BBC profile]). | ||
==Groups ideas and institutions== | |||
===The AKP model=== | |||
Turkey's ruling "Justice and Development Party "([http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/organizations/justice-and-development-party-turkey Berkeley Center profile]) has been described as adopting "passive, not assertive secularism"<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2013/02/21%20akp%20model%20kuru/BDC_AKP%20Model_Kuru.pdf Ahma T Kuru: ''Can Turkey's Justice and Development Party be a model for Arab Islamists?, Brookings, February 2003]</ref>. The AKP is said to be providing Islamist and non-Islamist | |||
Arab parties with a model of Muslim politics in a passive secularist, rather than Islamic, state. The party’s pragmatism encourages it to pursue policies for their substantive, but its not ideological, worth, but its commitment to promoting Islamic values allows the party .to pursue Muslim politics in a secular state. | |||
===Al-Azhar University=== | |||
[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.azhar.edu.eg/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dal-azhar%2Buniversity%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1047%26bih%3D458&sa=X&ei=_87eUPntFeiM0AWw-IH4Ag&sqi=2&ved=0CEMQ7gEwAQ Al-Azhar University] is the principal Egyptian centre of Islamic learning. In July 2011 its scholars issued a liberal statement of principles known as the Al-Azhar Document<ref>[http://www.sis.gov.eg/en/Story.aspx?sid=56424 ''The Al-Azhar Document'', Egypt State Information Service,June 2011]</ref> . In 2012 it was defined in Egypt's constitution as " an encompassing independent Islamic institution, with exclusive autonomy over its own affairs, responsible for preaching Islam, theology and the Arabic language in Egypt and the world. Al-Azhar Senior Scholars are to be consulted in matters pertaining to Islamic law". The constitution also stated that "The post of Al-Azhar Grand Sheikh is independent and cannot be dismissed. The method of appointing the Grand Sheikh from among members of the Senior Scholars is to be determined by law". <ref>[http://carnegieendowment.org/files/al_azhar.pdf Nathan J Brown: ''Post-revolutionary Al-Azhar, Carnegie, September 2011]</ref>. The outcome of the debate within Al-Azhar concerning the role of religion and the state promises to be influential in Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/02/15-al-azhar-egypt-hellyer?cid=em_alert021913 H.A. Hellyer: ''Al Azhar's Shake-up Has Ramifications Far Beyond Egypt'', Brookings, February 15, 2013]</ref>. | |||
===Dar al-Iftaa=== | |||
[http://www.daruliftaa.com/aboutus Dar al Iftaa] is the term for a centre of Islamic jurisprudence. | |||
Dar al-Ifta’ al-Masriyya (The Egyptian House of Religious Edicts) plays a consultancy role in the judicial system and is headed by the Grand | |||
Mufti | |||
===Grand Mufti=== | |||
The highest official of religious law in a Sunni Muslim country. The Grand Mufti issues legal opinions and edicts, fatāwā, on interpretations of Islamic law for private clients or to assist judges in deciding cases. ([http://www.ali-gomaa.com/ website of the former Grand Mufti of Egypt]). | |||
===Muslim Brotherhood=== | |||
Egypt's largest Islamist organisation whose political wing, the Freedom and Justice Party won half the seats in the parliamentary election of February 2011, and whose candidate [[Arab Spring/Catalogs#Mohamed Morsi|Mohamed Morsi]] was elected President of Egypt. ([http://www.ikhwanweb.com/ website]) ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12313405 BBC profile]) | |||
===National Salvation Front=== | |||
Egyptian opposition coalition formed in November 2012, comprising various liberal, secular and leftist groups. ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20667661 BBC profile]) | |||
===Tuaregs=== | |||
Nomads who inhabit the Saharan regions of North Africa - Niger, Mali, Libya, Algeria and Burkina Faso. Mainly Muslim but they are not strict followers of Islamic practices, and they are not considered to be Arabs. | |||
([http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,MRGI,,NER,49749cd62,0.html UNHCR profile]) | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
Latest revision as of 11:25, 24 March 2024
Persona
Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim
Grand Mufti of Egypt since February 2013. Formerly a professor of Islamic jurisprudence at Al-Azhar University.
Bashir al-Assad
President of Syria since 2000, following his father's 30-year presidency. (website)(BBC profile){Interview August 2011).
Authoritarian ruler. Accused of repression and "massive violation of human rights[1].
Mokhtar Belmokhtar
Leader of the Islamist Khaled Abu al-Abbas Brigade. Formerly a leading figure in Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). Believed to have been responsible for the December 2012 attack on the Tigantourine oil installation in southern Algeria. (BBC Profile)
Abdul Hakim Belhaj
Leader of the Libyan Al-Watan party since its foundation in April 2012. Former commander of Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. Denies Al-Qaeda connections [2]. (BBC profile)(interview)
Abdelilah Benkirane
Prime Minister of Morocco since November 2011 ([BBC profile]). Leader of the moderate Islamist Justice and Development Party.
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
President of Algeria since 1999. Autocratic head of a regime that has been accused by the UN Human Rights Committee of "massacres, torture, rape and disappearances".(CBS profile). Opponent of Islamic extremism.
Mohamed ElBaradei
Leader of Egypt's Constitution Party since its inception in April 2012. Nobel prize-winning law scholar and diplomat.(BBC profile) (CNN interview)
Muammar Gaddafi
Former President of Libya[3] from 1969 until his capture and death in October 2011.
Iyad Ag Ghaly
Leader of the Malian Islamist group Ansar Dine BBC profile
Rachid Ghannouchi
Islamic scholar, teacher, and activist, leader of the Tunisian Ennahda Party (Reuters profile).
An admirer of the political situation in Turkey[4]. Said to be widely considered as a moderate who believes that Islam and democracy are compatible (text of statement). Has no formal position in the current Tunisian government.
Ali Gomaa
Egypt's Grand Mufti (Berkeley Center profile)
Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi
President of Yemen since February 2012 (China daily profile). Vice President for the previous 17 years.
Riad Hijab
Former Prime Minister of Syria (Al Jazeera profile), who defected to the revolution in August 2012.
Mustapha Ben Jaafar
President of Tunisia’s Constituent Assembly since November 22 2011. Founder and Secretary-General of Tunisia's Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol). Formerly a doctor and radiologist. (Tunisia Live profile).
Mustafa Abdel-Jalil
Former chairman, Libyan National Transitional Council. Former Minister of Justice BBC profile.
Advocates a democratic state based on Islamic law
[5].
Hamadi Jebali
Prime Minister of Tunisia since November 2011. Former Secretary General of the moderate Islamist party Ennahda(Tunisia Live profile).
Mahmoud Jibril
Former Prime Minister of the Libyan National Transitional Council and international spokesman. Previously head of Libyan National Economic Development Board. Previously a lecturer at the University of Pittsburgh Daily Telegraph profile. Resigned on 24th October 2011.
Shokri Ibrahim Abdel Karim
Grand Mufti of Egypt since 18 February 2013. Formerly a professor of Islamic jurisprudence at Al-Azhar University[1].
Saad al-Katatni
Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood's political wing, the Freedom and Justice Party since October 2012. Former Speaker of the Egyptian parliament. (Carnegie profile) (CNN interview)
Abdurrahim el-Keib
Interim Prime Minister of Libya from 31 October 2011. An academic specialising in electrical engineering(BBC News) (Time interview)
Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa
King of Bahrain since 1999 (profile)
Ahmed Moab al-Khatib
President of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, since its formation on 11 November 2012. Formerly the Imam of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and a respected figure within Syria profile.
Mohammed Magariaf
President of Libya's National Congress since August 2012, and interim Head of State. Formerly Secretary General of the National Front for the Salvation of Libya, and previously a defector from the Gaddafi administration. (BBC profile)
Moncef Marzouki
Tunisian human rights activist, politician and physician. Leader of the Congress for the Republic political party.
Mahmoud Mekki
Former Vice-President of Egypt from August 2012 until his resignation in December 2012. Senior Judge and campaigner for the independence of the judiciary. (BBC profile)
Mohamed Morsi
President of Egypt from 24th June 2012 until 3rd July 2013. Former Chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party. Educated in the United States, Member of Parliament in the People's Assembly of Egypt from 2000 to 2005. Ousted from the presidency in a military coup. CNN profile
Mohammed VI
King of Morocco since 1999. There have been some economic and social liberalisation measures during his reign, but he has retained sweeping powers (BBC country profile).
Hosni Mubarak
Deposed president of Egypt. On trial for corruption and for ordering the killing of protestors<ref.Mubarak trial: Egypt's ex-president denies all charges, BBC News, 3 August 2011</ref>.
Hisham Qandil
Prime Minister of Egypt since 2 August 2012. Former water resources minister(Ahram.online profile).
Ali Abdullah Saleh
President of the Republic of Yemen (website)(BBC profile).
He has been urged to resign, by the United Nations Security Council[6] as per the Gulf Cooperation initiative, but he has rejected both the UNSC resolution and the Gulf Cooperation initiative [7].
Essam Sharaf
Interim Prime Minister of Egypt. US-educated civil engineer and former Minister of Transport (BBC profile)
Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
Egypt's Minister of Defence since 2 August 2012. Leader of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. Formerly interim Head of State since February 2011. Previously Minister of Defence from 1991 and general commander for the armed forces from 1995.(BBC profile)(Carnegie Endowment profile).
Ahmed Shafiq
Former Prime Minister of Egypt (Jan-March 2011), the army's unsuccessful candidate in the 2012 presidential election.
Ahmed el Tayeb
Principal of Al Azhar University [8]
Initiator of the Al-Azhar Document[2].
Ali Zidan
Libya's Prime Minister since October 2012. Former diplomat and outspoken critic of the Gafddafi regime (BBC profile).
Groups ideas and institutions
The AKP model
Turkey's ruling "Justice and Development Party "(Berkeley Center profile) has been described as adopting "passive, not assertive secularism"[9]. The AKP is said to be providing Islamist and non-Islamist Arab parties with a model of Muslim politics in a passive secularist, rather than Islamic, state. The party’s pragmatism encourages it to pursue policies for their substantive, but its not ideological, worth, but its commitment to promoting Islamic values allows the party .to pursue Muslim politics in a secular state.
Al-Azhar University
Al-Azhar University is the principal Egyptian centre of Islamic learning. In July 2011 its scholars issued a liberal statement of principles known as the Al-Azhar Document[10] . In 2012 it was defined in Egypt's constitution as " an encompassing independent Islamic institution, with exclusive autonomy over its own affairs, responsible for preaching Islam, theology and the Arabic language in Egypt and the world. Al-Azhar Senior Scholars are to be consulted in matters pertaining to Islamic law". The constitution also stated that "The post of Al-Azhar Grand Sheikh is independent and cannot be dismissed. The method of appointing the Grand Sheikh from among members of the Senior Scholars is to be determined by law". [11]. The outcome of the debate within Al-Azhar concerning the role of religion and the state promises to be influential in Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world[12].
Dar al-Iftaa
Dar al Iftaa is the term for a centre of Islamic jurisprudence. Dar al-Ifta’ al-Masriyya (The Egyptian House of Religious Edicts) plays a consultancy role in the judicial system and is headed by the Grand Mufti
Grand Mufti
The highest official of religious law in a Sunni Muslim country. The Grand Mufti issues legal opinions and edicts, fatāwā, on interpretations of Islamic law for private clients or to assist judges in deciding cases. (website of the former Grand Mufti of Egypt).
Muslim Brotherhood
Egypt's largest Islamist organisation whose political wing, the Freedom and Justice Party won half the seats in the parliamentary election of February 2011, and whose candidate Mohamed Morsi was elected President of Egypt. (website) (BBC profile)
National Salvation Front
Egyptian opposition coalition formed in November 2012, comprising various liberal, secular and leftist groups. (BBC profile)
Tuaregs
Nomads who inhabit the Saharan regions of North Africa - Niger, Mali, Libya, Algeria and Burkina Faso. Mainly Muslim but they are not strict followers of Islamic practices, and they are not considered to be Arabs. (UNHCR profile)
References
- ↑ Joint UK, French and German statement on Syria, 18 August 2011
- ↑ Christophe Ayad: "We Are Simply Muslim": Libyan Rebel Chief Denies Al-Qaeda Ties, Time, 4 September 2011
- ↑ Martin Asser: The Muammar Gaddafi story, BBC news, 22 August 2011
- ↑ Nazanine Moshiri: Interview with Rachid Ghannouchi , al-Jazeera, 07 Feb 2011
- ↑ Libya's new leader calls for civil state. al-Jazeera, 13 September 2011
- ↑ Yemen: Text of Resolution 2014 (2011) as adopted by the Security Council, October 21, 2011
- ↑ Saleh rejects Qatar’s call for him to quit, Arab News, 25 October 2011
- ↑ http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/africa/mubarak-appoints-a-new-chief-of-al-azhar Abou el Magd, Nadia: Mubarak appoints a new chief of Al Azhar, The National March 21, 2010]
- ↑ Ahma T Kuru: Can Turkey's Justice and Development Party be a model for Arab Islamists?, Brookings, February 2003
- ↑ The Al-Azhar Document, Egypt State Information Service,June 2011
- ↑ Nathan J Brown: Post-revolutionary Al-Azhar, Carnegie, September 2011
- ↑ H.A. Hellyer: Al Azhar's Shake-up Has Ramifications Far Beyond Egypt, Brookings, February 15, 2013