Echis: Difference between revisions

Echis
	; Saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia;
Phylum:	Chordata;
Subphylum:	Vertebrata;
Class:	Reptilia;
Order:	Squamata;
Suborder:	Serpentes;
Family:	Viperidae;
Subfamily:	Viperinae;
Genus:	Echis; Merrem, 1820
Synonyms
	Echis - Merrem, 1820; Toxicoa - Gray, 1849; Turanechis - Cherlin, 1990;

Latest revision as of 08:03, 9 September 2024

Main Article

Discussion

Description

Palestine saw-scaled viper (Echis coloratus)

Relatively small in size with adults never larger than about 90 cm in length (E. pyramidum).^[4]

The head is short, wide, pear-shaped and distinct from the neck. The snout is short and rounded, while the eyes are relatively large and set well forward. The crown is covered with small, irregular, imbricate scales, which may be either smooth or keeled.^[2]

The body is moderately slender and cylindrical. The dorsal scales are mostly keeled. However, the scales on the lower flanks stick out at a distinct 45-degree angle and have a central ridge, or keel, that is serrated (hence the common name). The tail is short and the subcaudals single.^[2]

Geographic range

Found in India and Sri Lanka, parts of the Middle East and Africa north of the equator.^[1]

Behavior

All members of this genus have a distinctive threat display, which involves forming a series of parallel C-shaped coils and rubbing them together to produce a sizzling sound, rather like water on a hot plate.^[2]^[4] The proper proper term for this is "stridulation."^[5] As they become more agitated, this stridulating behavior becomes faster and louder. It is postulated that this display evolved as a means of limiting water loss, such as might occur when hissing.^[2] However, some authors describe this display as being accompanied by loud hissing.^[5]

These snakes are very aggressive and will strike vigorously from the position described above. When doing so, they may overbalance and end up moving towards their aggressor as a result; most unusual behavior for a snake.^[4]

Feeding

Little is known about the eating habits of some species, but of others the diet is reported to be extremely varied, and may include items such as locusts, beetles, worms, slugs, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, solifugids, frogs, toads, reptiles (including other snakes), small mammals and birds.^[2]^[4]

Reproduction

Most Echis species, such as those found in Africa, are oviparous, while others, such as those in India, are viviparous.^[4]^[2]

Venom

Bites from Echis species probably result in more deaths than from any other species. The genus is recognized as medically significant in many tropical rural areas. They may be small, but they are very aggressive, quick to strike and possess an extremely virulent hemotoxic venom. There seems to be no significant correlation between the length of the specimen and the symptomology signs that occur in humans. Most victims are bitten after dark when these snakes are active.^[2]

Most of these species have venom that contains factors that can cause a consumption coagulopathy and defibrination which may persist for days to weeks. This may result in bleeding anywhere in the body, including the possibility of an intracranial hemorrhage. The latter classically occurs a few days following the bite.^[6]

Venom toxicity varies among the different species, geographic locations, individual specimens, sexes, over the seasons, different milkings, and of course the method of injection (SC, IM, IP, IV). Consequently, the LD₅₀ values for Echis venom differ significantly. In mice the intravenous LD₅₀ ranges from 2.3 mg/kg (U.S. Navy, 1991), to 24.1 mg/kg (Christensen, 1955) to 0.44-0.48 mg/kg (Cloudsley-Thompson, 1988). In humans, the lethal dose is estimated to be 3-5 mg (Minton, 1967). Latifi (1991) notes that venom from females was more than twice as toxic on average than venom from males.^[2]

The amount of venom produced also varies. Reported yields include 20-35 mg of dried venom from specimens 41-56 cm in length (Minton 1974, U.S. Navy, 1991), 6-48 mg (16 mg average) from Iranian specimens (Latifi, 1991) and 13-35 mg of dried venom from animals from various other localities (Boquet, 1967). Yield varies seasonally, as well as between the sexes: the most venom is produced during the summer months and males produce more than females.^[2]

Species

Species^[1]	Authority^[1]	Subsp.*^[3]	Common name	Geographic range^[1]
E. carinatus^T	(Schneider, 1801)	4	Saw-scaled viper	Southeastern Arabian Peninsula (Oman, Masirah and eastern United Arab Emirates), southwestern Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzikhistan, Pakistan (including Urak near Quetta and Astola Island off the Makran Coast), India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.
E. coloratus	Günther, 1878	0	Palestine saw-scaled viper	Southeastern Egypt east of the Nile and as far south as the 24th parallel, Sinai, Israel, Jordan, and the Arabian Peninsula in Saudia Arabia, Yemen and Oman.
E. hughesi	Cherlin, 1990	0	Hughes' saw-scaled viper	Somalia: northern Migiurtinia, near Meledin.
E. jogeri	Cherlin, 1990	0	Joger's saw-scaled viper	Western and central Mali.
E. leucogaster	Roman, 1972	0	White-bellied carpet viper	West and north-west Africa: extreme southern Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria ((Ahaggar), the southern region of Mauritania, Senegal, northern Guinea, central Mali, Burkina Faso, western Niger and northern Nigeria.
E. megalocephalus	Cherlin, 1990	0	Cherlin's saw-scaled viper	Red Sea island between Yemen and Eritrea (Dahlak Archipelago).
E. ocellatus	Stemmler, 1970	0	African saw-scaled viper	Northwest Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, southern Niger, Nigeria, northern Cameroon and southern Chad.
E. pyramidum	(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827)	2	Egyptian saw-scaled viper	In northeastern Africa: northern Egypt and central Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya. In the southwestern Arabian Peninsula: scattered populations in western Saudi Arabia (south of the 18th parallel), Yemen, South Yemen (Hadhramaut) and Oman (Dhofar). Disjunct populations apparently also occur in the northern regions of Libya, Tunisia and Algeria.

*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).
^T) Type species.^[1]

Taxonomy

Some sources also mention several other species:^[2]

E. omanensis, Babocsay 2004. A new species found in the United Arab Emirates and east Oman.
E. khosatzkii, Cherlin 1990. Found in Oman and Yemen. Considered a synonym of E. pyramidum.
E. multisquamatus, Cherlin 1981. Described here as E. carinatus multisquamatus.

Cited references

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Echis (TSN 634423) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed 21 March.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
↑ Campbell CH. 1995. Snake bite and snake venoms: their effects on the nervous system. In: de Wolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 21 (65). Intoxications of the nervous system, part II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publications.

Other references

Boquet P. 1967. Pharmacology and toxicology of snake venoms of Europe and the Mediterranean regions. In: Bucherl W, editor. 1967. Venomous Animals and their Venoms. Vol. I. Paris: Masson. pp 340-58.
Boulenger GA. 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp.
Christensen PA. 1955. South African Snake Venoms and Antivenins. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Medical Research. 35 pp.
Cloudsley-Thompson JL. 1988. The saw-scaled viper Echis carinatus. British Herpetological Society Bulletin 24:32-3.
Latifi M. 1991. The snakes of Iran. Published by the Department of the Environment and the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 2nd edition. 156 pp.
Minton SA Jr. 1967. Snakebite. In: Beeson PB, McDermott W, editors. Cecil and Loeb Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders. 420 pp.
Minton SA Jr. 1974. Venom Diseases. Springfield (IL): CC Thomas Publ. 386 pp.
U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.

External links

Echis at Herpbreeder.com. Accessed 9 September 2006.
Echis photo gallery at Herpetology of Africa. Accessed 9 September 2006.

[McD99-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

[Mal03-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.

[ITIS-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Echis (TSN 634423) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed 21 March.

[SB95-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.

[Meh87-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.

[CAM-6] Campbell CH. 1995. Snake bite and snake venoms: their effects on the nervous system. In: de Wolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 21 (65). Intoxications of the nervous system, part II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publications.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{subpages}}
 {{Taxobox
 | color = pink
 | name = ''Echis''
-| image = Echis_carinatus_sal.jpg
+| image = Echis carinatus.jpg
-| image_caption = Saw-scaled viper, ''[[Echis carinatus|E. carinatus]]''
+| image_caption = Saw-scaled viper (''Echis carinatus'')
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
+| regnum = Animalia
-| phylum = [[Chordata]]
+| phylum = Chordata
-| subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]
+| subphylum = Vertebrata
-| classis = [[Reptile|Reptilia]]
+| classis = Reptilia
-| ordo = [[Squamata]]
+| ordo = Squamata
-| subordo = [[Snake|Serpentes]]
+| subordo = Serpentes
-| familia = [[Viperidae]]
+| familia = Viperidae
 | subfamilia = [[Viperinae]]
 | genus = '''''Echis'''''
-| genus_authority = [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820
+| genus_authority = Merrem, 1820
 | synonyms = * ''Echis'' - Merrem, 1820
 * ''Toxicoa'' - Gray, 1849
 * ''Turanechis'' - Cherlin, 1990<ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).</ref>
 }}
+'''''Echis''''' is a genus of venomous [[Viperinae|viper]]s found in the dry regions of Africa, the Middle East, India and Sri Lanka. These snakes are quick-tempered and strike readily, which, combined with a virulent hemotoxic venom, makes them very dangerous, despite their small size. They also have a characteristic threat display, rubbing sections of their body together to produce a "sizzling" warning sound.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> Eight species are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634423 ''Echis'' (TSN 634423)] at [http://www.itis.gov/index.html Integrated Taxonomic Information System]. Accessed 21 March.</ref>
 '''Common names:''' saw-scaled vipers, carpet vipers.<ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref>
-'''''Echis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[Viperinae|viper]]s found in the dry regions of [[Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. These snakes are quick-tempered and strike readily, which, combined with a virulent [[hemotoxin|hemotoxic]] venom, makes them very dangerous, despite their small size. They also have a characteristic threat display, rubbing sections of their body together to produce a "sizzling" warning sound.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> Eight species are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=634423|taxon=Echis|year=2006|date=31 July}}</ref>
 ==Description==
-[[Image:Echis_carinatus_gab.png|thumb|left|Closeup: scales with serrated keels.]] Relatively small in size with adults never larger than about 90&nbsp;cm in length (''[[Echis pyramidum|E. pyramidum]]'').<ref name="SB95"/>
+{{Image|Echis coloratus.jpg|left|150px|Palestine saw-scaled viper (''Echis coloratus'')}}
+Relatively small in size with adults never larger than about 90&nbsp;cm in length (''[[Echis pyramidum|E. pyramidum]]'').<ref name="SB95"/>
 The head is short, wide, pear-shaped and distinct from the neck. The snout is short and rounded, while the eyes are relatively large and set well forward. The crown is covered with small, irregular, imbricate scales, which may be either smooth or keeled.<ref name="Mal03"/>
@@ Line 32: / Line 34: @@
 ==Geographic range==
-[[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]], parts of the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]] north of the equator.<ref name="McD99"/>
+Found in India and Sri Lanka, parts of the Middle East and Africa north of the equator.<ref name="McD99"/>
 ==Behavior==
@@ Line 43: / Line 45: @@
 ==Reproduction==
-Most ''Echis'' species, such as those found in [[Africa]], are [[Egg (biology)|oviparous]], while others, such as those in [[India]], are [[Vivipary|viviparous]].<ref name="SB95"/><ref name="Mal03"/>
+Most ''Echis'' species, such as those found in Africa, are oviparous, while others, such as those in India, are viviparous.<ref name="SB95"/><ref name="Mal03"/>
 ==Venom==
-Bites from ''Echis'' species probably result in more deaths than from any other species. The genus is recognized as medically significant in many tropical rural areas. They may be small, but they are very aggressive, quick to strike and possess an extremely virulent [[hemotoxin|hemotoxic]] venom. There seems to be no significant correlation between the length of the specimen and the symptomology signs that occur in humans. Most victims are bitten after dark when these snakes are active.<ref name="Mal03"/>
+Bites from ''Echis'' species probably result in more deaths than from any other species. The genus is recognized as medically significant in many tropical rural areas. They may be small, but they are very aggressive, quick to strike and possess an extremely virulent hemotoxic venom. There seems to be no significant correlation between the length of the specimen and the symptomology signs that occur in humans. Most victims are bitten after dark when these snakes are active.<ref name="Mal03"/>
-Most of these species have venom that contains factors that can cause a consumption [[coagulopathy]] and [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation|defibrination]] which may persist for days to weeks. This may result in bleeding anywhere in the body, including the possibility of an intracranial [[Bleeding|hemorrhage]]. The latter classically occurs a few days following the bite.<ref name="CAM">Campbell CH. 1995. Snake bite and snake venoms:  their effects on the nervous system.  In: de Wolff FA, editor.  Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 21 (65). Intoxications of the nervous system, part II.  Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publications.</ref>
+Most of these species have venom that contains factors that can cause a consumption coagulopathy and defibrination which may persist for days to weeks. This may result in bleeding anywhere in the body, including the possibility of an intracranial hemorrhage. The latter classically occurs a few days following the bite.<ref name="CAM">Campbell CH. 1995. Snake bite and snake venoms: their effects on the nervous system. In: de Wolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 21 (65). Intoxications of the nervous system, part II.  Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publications.</ref>
-Venom toxicity varies among the different species, geographic locations, individual specimens, sexes, over the seasons, different milkings, and of course the method of injection (SC, IM, IP, IV). Consequently, the [[LD50|LD<font size ="-1"><sub>50</sub></font>]] values for ''Echis'' venom differ significantly. In mice the intravenous LD<font size ="-1"><sub>50</sub></font> ranges from 2.3 mg/kg (U.S. Navy, 1991), to 24.1 mg/kg (Christensen, 1955) to 0.44-0.48 mg/kg (Cloudsley-Thompson, 1988). In humans, the lethal dose is estimated to be 3-5 mg (Minton, 1967). Latifi (1991) notes that venom from females was more than twice as toxic on average than venom from males.<ref name="Mal03"/>
+Venom toxicity varies among the different species, geographic locations, individual specimens, sexes, over the seasons, different milkings, and of course the method of injection (SC, IM, IP, IV). Consequently, the LD<font size ="-1"><sub>50</sub></font> values for ''Echis'' venom differ significantly. In mice the intravenous LD<font size ="-1"><sub>50</sub></font> ranges from 2.3 mg/kg (U.S. Navy, 1991), to 24.1 mg/kg (Christensen, 1955) to 0.44-0.48 mg/kg (Cloudsley-Thompson, 1988). In humans, the lethal dose is estimated to be 3-5 mg (Minton, 1967). Latifi (1991) notes that venom from females was more than twice as toxic on average than venom from males.<ref name="Mal03"/>
 The amount of venom produced also varies. Reported yields include 20-35 mg of dried venom from specimens 41-56 cm in length (Minton 1974, U.S. Navy, 1991), 6-48 mg (16 mg average) from Iranian specimens (Latifi, 1991) and 13-35 mg of dried venom from animals from various other localities (Boquet, 1967). Yield varies seasonally, as well as between the sexes: the most venom is produced during the summer months and males produce more than females.<ref name="Mal03"/>
@@ Line 63: / Line 65: @@
 |-
 |''[[Echis carinatus|E. carinatus]]''<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>
-|([[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], [[1801]])
+|(Schneider, 1801)
 |align="center"|4
 |Saw-scaled viper
-|style="width:35%"|Southeastern [[Arabian Peninsula]] ([[Oman]], [[Masirah]] and eastern [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]), southwestern [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Tadzikhistan]], [[Pakistan]] (including Urak near [[Quetta]] and [[Astola Island]] off the [[Makran|Makran Coast]]), [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh]].
+|style="width:35%"|Southeastern Arabian Peninsula (Oman, Masirah and eastern United Arab Emirates), southwestern Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzikhistan, Pakistan (including Urak near Quetta and Astola Island off the Makran Coast), India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.
 |-
 |''[[Echis coloratus|E. coloratus]]''
-|[[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], [[1878]]
+|Günther, 1878
 |align="center"|0
 |Palestine saw-scaled viper
-|Southeastern [[Egypt]] east of the [[Nile]] and as far south as the 24th parallel, [[Sinai]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], and the Arabian Peninsula in [[Saudia Arabia]], [[Yemen]] and Oman.
+|Southeastern Egypt east of the Nile and as far south as the 24th parallel, Sinai, Israel, Jordan, and the Arabian Peninsula in Saudia Arabia, Yemen and Oman.
 |-
 |''[[Echis hughesi|E. hughesi]]''
-|Cherlin, [[1990]]
+|Cherlin, 1990
 |align="center"|0
 |Hughes' saw-scaled viper
-|[[Somalia]]: northern Migiurtinia, near Meledin.
+|Somalia: northern Migiurtinia, near Meledin.
 |-
 |''[[Echis jogeri|E. jogeri]]''
-|Cherlin, [[1990]]
+|Cherlin, 1990
 |align="center"|0
 |Joger's saw-scaled viper
-|Western and central [[Mali]].
+|Western and central Mali.
 |-
 |''[[Echis leucogaster|E. leucogaster]]''
-|Roman, [[1972]]
+|Roman, 1972
 |align="center"|0
 |White-bellied carpet viper
-|West and north-west [[Africa]]: extreme southern [[Morocco]], [[Western Sahara]], [[Algeria]] (([[Ahaggar]]), the southern region of [[Mauritania]], [[Senegal]], northern [[Guinea]], central Mali, [[Burkina Faso]], western [[Niger]] and northern [[Nigeria]].
+|West and north-west Africa: extreme southern Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria ((Ahaggar), the southern region of Mauritania, Senegal, northern Guinea, central Mali, Burkina Faso, western Niger and northern Nigeria.
 |-
 |''[[Echis megalocephalus|E. megalocephalus]]''
-|Cherlin, [[1990]]
+|Cherlin, 1990
 |align="center"|0
 |Cherlin's saw-scaled viper
-|[[Red Sea]] island between Yemen and [[Eritrea]] ([[Dahlak Archipelago]]).
+|Red Sea island between Yemen and Eritrea (Dahlak Archipelago).
 |-
 |''[[Echis ocellatus|E. ocellatus]]''
-|Stemmler, [[1970]]
+|Stemmler, 1970
 |align="center"|0
 |African saw-scaled viper
-|Northwest Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, [[Ivory Coast]], Burkina Faso, [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Benin]], southern Niger, Nigeria, northern [[Cameroon]] and southern [[Chad]].
+|Northwest Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, southern Niger, Nigeria, northern Cameroon and southern Chad.
 |-
 |''[[Echis pyramidum|E. pyramidum]]''
-|([[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]], [[1827]])
+|(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827)
 |align="center"|2
 |Egyptian saw-scaled viper
-| In northeastern Africa: northern Egypt and central [[Sudan]], Eritrea, [[Ethiopia]], Somalia and northern [[Kenya]]. In the southwestern Arabian Peninsula: scattered populations in western Saudi Arabia (south of the 18th parallel), Yemen, [[South Yemen]] ([[Hadhramaut]]) and Oman ([[Dhofar]]). Disjunct populations apparently also occur in the northern regions of [[Libya]], [[Tunisia]] and Algeria.
+| In northeastern Africa: northern Egypt and central Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya. In the southwestern Arabian Peninsula: scattered populations in western Saudi Arabia (south of the 18th parallel), Yemen, South Yemen (Hadhramaut) and Oman (Dhofar). Disjunct populations apparently also occur in the northern regions of Libya, Tunisia and Algeria.
 |-
 |}
 ''*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form).''<br>
-<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>) [[Type species]].<ref name="McD99"/>
+<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>) Type species.<ref name="McD99"/>
 ==Taxonomy==
-Some sources also mention several other species:<ref name="EMBL">{{EMBL genus|genus=Echis}}</ref><ref name="Mal03"/>
+Some sources also mention several other species:<ref name="Mal03"/>
 * ''E. omanensis'', Babocsay 2004. A new species found in the United Arab Emirates and east Oman.
@@ Line 126: / Line 128: @@
 * [[:Category:True vipers - Common names|True vipers - Common names]].
 * [[:Category:True vipers - Synonymy|True vipers - Synonymy]].
-* [[Snakebite]].
+* [[Snake (animal)bite]].
 ==Cited references==
@@ Line 147: / Line 149: @@
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.herpbreeder.com/worldspecies/Snakes/vipers/echis.htm ''Echis''] at [http://www.herpbreeder.com/ Herpbreeder.com]. Accessed 9 September 2006.
-* [http://www.megasphera.cz/africanvenomoussnakes/_private/Fotogalerie_Efy.htm ''Echis'' photo gallery] at [http://www.megasphera.cz/africanvenomoussnakes/ Herpetology of Africa]. Accessed 9 September 2006.
+* [http://www.megasphera.cz/africanvenomoussnakes/_private/Fotogalerie_Efy.htm ''Echis'' photo gallery] at [http://www.megasphera.cz/africanvenomoussnakes/ Herpetology of Africa]. Accessed 9 September 2006.[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]
-[[Category:True vipers]]
-[[Category:CZ Live]]

Echis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:03, 9 September 2024

Contents

Description

Geographic range

Behavior

Feeding

Reproduction

Venom

Species

Taxonomy

See also

Cited references

Other references

External links

Navigation menu

Echis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:03, 9 September 2024

Description

Geographic range

Behavior

Feeding

Reproduction

Venom

Species

Taxonomy

See also

Cited references

Other references

External links

Navigation menu

Search