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(Created page with "{{TOC|right}} '''''The Feminine Mystique''''' is a book by Betty Friedan published in 1963.<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/us/betty-friedan-who-ignited-cause-in-feminine-mystique-dies-at-85.html|title=Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85|date=5 February 2006|author=Margalit Fox|work=The New York Times|access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> The seeds of the book's narrative began in 1957, when F...")
 
 
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'''''The Feminine Mystique''''' is a book by [[Betty Friedan]] published in 1963.<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/us/betty-friedan-who-ignited-cause-in-feminine-mystique-dies-at-85.html|title=Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85|date=5 February 2006|author=Margalit Fox|work=The New York Times|access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>   The seeds of the book's narrative began in 1957, when Friedan was asked to conduct a survey of her former [[Smith College]] classmates for their 15th-anniversary reunion.  The survey showed that many of her classmates were unhappy with their lives as housewives and led to Friedan beginning in-depth research for ''The Feminine Mystique''.  She conducted interviews with other suburban housewives and pored over texts of psychology, media, and advertising.  The phrase "feminine mystique" was coined by Friedan to describe the assumption that women would be fulfilled from their housework, marriage, sexual lives, and children. The prevailing belief was that women who were truly feminine should not want to work, get an education, or have political opinions. Friedan wanted to prove that women were unsatisfied and could not voice their feelings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Feminine-Mystique|title=The Feminine Mystique {{!}} work by Friedan|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref>  Originally intending to publish her findings as a magazine article, she found that no magazine would publish the work.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/betty-friedan-465800.html |title=Betty Friedan - Obituaries, News |newspaper=The Independent |date=7 February 2006 |access-date=2011-02-18}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/04/AR2006020401385_2.html |title=Voice of Feminism's 'Second Wave' |author= Patricia Sullivan|newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |page=2|date=February 5, 2006 |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref><ref name=Spindel />  Thus, she first published her book at W. W. Norton on February 19, 1963. The book sold over three million copies in its first three years of print and is widely regarding as having kicked off the modern women's movement.
'''''The Feminine Mystique''''' is a book by [[Betty Friedan]] published in 1963.<ref name="nytimes2006"/> Its title refers to the assumption at that time that women's main role in life should be housework, marriage, sex, and children<ref name=Britannica1 />  The book sold over three million copies in its first three years of print and is regarded by many as one of the most influential non-fiction books of the 20th century because it drew large numbers of white, middle-class women to [[feminism]].<ref name="W.W. Norton" /><ref name="nytimes2006"/><ref name="Spender" /> Research for the book began in 1957, when Friedan was asked to conduct a survey of her former [[Smith College]] classmates for their 15th-anniversary reunion.  The survey showed that many of her classmates were unhappy with their lives as housewives and led to Friedan beginning in-depth research for ''The Feminine Mystique''.  She conducted interviews with other suburban housewives and pored over texts of psychology, media, and advertising.  Originally intending to publish her findings as a magazine article, she found that no magazine would publish the work.<ref name=TheIndependent /><ref name=WaPo1 /><ref name=Spindel />  Thus, she first published her book at W. W. Norton in 1963. After its publication, Friedan received hundreds of letters from unhappy housewives, and she went on to help found, and become the first president<ref name=McGuire /> of the [[National Organization for Women]]<ref name=ChangedLife />, an influential feminist organization in the 1970's and 1980's.


==Synopsis==
==Criticism==
[[File:Betty Friedan 1960.jpg|thumb|right|Betty Friedan (1960)]]


''The Feminine Mystique'' begins with an introduction describing what Friedan called "the problem that has no name"—the widespread unhappiness of women in the 1950s and early 1960s. She discusses the lives of several housewives from around the United States who were unhappy despite living in material comfort and being married with children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/feminine-mystique/summary |title=The Feminine Mystique Summary |publisher=Enotes.com |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref> Friedan also questions the women's magazine, women's education system, and advertisers for creating this widespread image of women. The detrimental effects induced by this image were that it cornered women into the domestic sphere, and that it led many women to lose their own identities.<ref name=":0" />
=== Disagreement ===
Immediately after its publishing, ''The Feminine Mystique'' was the recipient of much backlash against feminism. Significant numbers of women responded angrily to the book, which they felt implied that wives and mothers could never be fulfilled.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = 419 | date = 2013}}</ref>  "Women who valued their roles as mothers and housewives interpreted Friedan's message as one that threatened their stability, devalued their labor, and disrespected their intelligence."<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = xxviii | date = 2013}}</ref>  In a Letter to Editor in ''McCall's'', one woman wrote, "All this time I thought I was happy, and a nice person. Now I discover I've been miserable and some sort of monster in disguise—now out of disguise. How awful!"<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = 381| date = 2013}}</ref>  Another said, "Mrs. Friedan should save her pity for those who really need it—the half starved, oppressed people in the world."<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = 380 | date = 2013}}</ref> When women critical of the work were not expressing personal offense at Friedan's description of the housewife's plight, they were accusing her of planning to destroy American families.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>  Jessica Weiss quoted in her paper, "If the mothers, (or housewives as we are called) took this advice, what would become of our children? Or better yet, the future of the world."<ref name="ReferenceB"/>  Historian [[Joanne Meyerowitz]] argues that many of the contemporary magazines and articles of the period did not place women solely in the home, as Friedan stated, but in fact supported the notions of full- or part-time jobs for women seeking to follow a career path rather than being a housewife.<ref>Joanne Meyerowitz, "Beyond ''The Feminine Mystique'': A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946–1958", ''Journal of American History'' 79 (March 1993): 1455–1482. p. 1459 {{JSTOR|2080212}}</ref> These articles did, however, still emphasize the importance of maintaining the traditional image of femininity.<ref name="Schuessler">{{Cite news|title = 'The Feminine Mystique,' Reassessed after 50 Years|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/books/50-years-of-reassessing-the-feminine-mystique.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2013-02-18|access-date = 2015-09-22|issn = 0362-4331|first = Jennifer|last = Schuessler}}</ref>


'''Chapter 1''': Friedan points out that the average age of marriage was dropping, the portion of women attending college was decreasing and the birthrate was increasing for women throughout the 1950s, yet the widespread trend of unhappy women persisted, although American culture insisted that fulfillment for women could be found in marriage and housewifery. Although aware of and sharing this dissatisfaction, women in the 1950s misinterpreted it as an individual problem and rarely talked about it with other women. As Friedan pointed out, "part of the strange newness of the problem is that it cannot be understood in terms of the age-old material problems of man: poverty, sickness, hunger, cold." This chapter concludes by declaring: "We can no longer ignore that voice within women that says: 'I want something more than my husband and my children and my home.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.h-net.org/~hst203/documents/friedan1.html |title=The Feminine Mystique |chapter=The Problem that Has No Name | first=Betty | last=Friedan | publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1963 |access-date=2011-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604112836/https://www.h-net.org/~hst203/documents/friedan1.html |archive-date=2011-06-04}}</ref>
=== Author and publication process ===
Daniel Horowitz, a [[Professor]] of [[American Studies]] at [[Smith College]], points out that although Friedan presented herself as a typical suburban housewife, she was involved with radical politics and labor journalism in her youth, and during the time she wrote ''The Feminine Mystique'' she worked as a freelance journalist for women's magazines and as a community organizer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awm-math.org/bookreviews/SepOct99.html |title=AWM Book Review: Betty Friedan |publisher=Association for Women in Mathematics |date=September–October 1999 |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref><ref>Horowitz, Daniel. "Rethinking Betty Friedan and ''The Feminine Mystique'': Labor Union Radicalism and Feminism in Cold War America." ''[[American Quarterly]],'' Volume 48, Number 1, March 1996, pp. 1-42<!-- NOTE: This is not [[Daniel Horowitz]], an [[attorney]], but another Daniel Horowitz, a professor of [[American Studies]] at [[Smith College]]--> {{JSTOR|30041520}}</ref>


'''Chapter 2''': Friedan states that the editorial decisions concerning women's magazines at the time were being made mostly by men, who insisted on stories and articles that showed women as either happy housewives or unhappy careerists, thus creating the "feminine mystique"—the idea that women were naturally fulfilled by devoting their lives to being housewives and mothers. Friedan also states that this is in contrast to the 1930s, at which time women's magazines often featured confident and independent heroines, many of whom were involved in careers.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.h-net.org/~hst203/documents/friedan2.html |title=The Feminine Mystique |chapter=The Happy Housewife Heroine |first=Betty |last=Friedan |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1963 |access-date=2011-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125031600/http://www.h-net.org/~hst203/documents/friedan2.html |archive-date=2011-11-25}}</ref>
The W. W. Norton publishing house, where Betty Friedan's work was initially circulated to be published as a book also generated some criticism. In fact an employee under the alias "L M" wrote in a two-page memo that<ref name="Schuessler"/> Friedan's theoretical views were "too obvious and feminine", as well as critiquing her approach by suggesting it to be unscientific.


'''Chapter 3''': Friedan recalls her own decision to conform to society's expectations by giving up her promising career in psychology to raise children, and shows that other young women still struggled with the same kind of decision. Many women dropped out of school early to marry, afraid that if they waited too long or became too educated, they would not be able to attract a husband. Friedan argues at the end of the chapter that although theorists discuss how men need to find their identity, women are expected to be autonomous. She states, "Anatomy is woman's destiny, say the theorists of femininity; the identity of woman is determined by her biology."<ref name="Friedan 1963">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/9807682/Friedan_Betty---The-Feminine-Mystique-chapter-3---The-Crisis-in-Womans-Identity | last=Friedan |first=Betty |title=The Feminine Mystique |chapter=The Crisis in Woman's Identity |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1963 |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref> Friedan goes on to argue that the problem is women needing to mature and find their human identity: "In a sense that goes beyond any woman's life, I think this is a crisis of women growing up—a turning point from an immaturity that has been called femininity to full human identity."<ref name="Friedan 1963"/>
=== Controversy over excluded groups of women ===
In the decades after publication of ''The Feminine Mystique'', Friedan ran afoul of other feminists for having focused primarily on the plight of middle-class white women, of which she was one, and with whose struggles she was personally familiar. According to Kirsten Fermaglich and Lisa Fine, "women of color—African American, Latina, Asian American and Native American women—were completely absent from Friedan's vision, as were white working-class and poor women."<ref name="W.W. Norton" />  Fifty years later, the New York Times blithely attacked Friedan, saying''The Feminine Mystique''' "barely mentions African-American women."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/magazine/the-feminine-mystique-at-50.html?pagewanted=all|title='The Feminine Mystique' at 50|date=23 January 2013|author=Gail Collins|work=The New York Times|access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> Now-prominent black feminist [[bell hooks]] writes "She did not speak of the needs of women without men, without children, without homes. She ignored the existence of all non-white women and poor white women. She did not tell readers whether it was more fulfilling to be a maid, a babysitter, a factory worker, a clerk, or a prostitute than to be a leisure-class housewife.  She made her plight and the plight of white women like herself synonymous with a condition affecting all American women  In so doing, she deflected attention away from her classism, her racism, her sexist attitudes towards the masses of American women.  In the context of her book, Friedan makes clear that the women she saw as victimized by sexism were college-educated white women".<ref>{{Cite book|last=hooks|first=bell|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45502856|title=Feminist theory : from margin to center|date=2000|publisher=Pluto|isbn=0-7453-1664-6|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=2|oclc=45502856}}</ref>


'''Chapter 4''': Friedan discusses early American feminists and how they fought against the assumption that the proper role of a woman was to be solely a wife and mother. She notes that they secured important rights for women, including education, the right to pursue a career, and the right to vote.<ref name="neomin1">{{cite web |url=http://howlandpowpak.neomin.org/powpak/cgi-bin/article_display_page.pl?id=thomas.williams&ar=40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727115123/http://howlandpowpak.neomin.org/powpak/cgi-bin/article_display_page.pl?id=thomas.williams&ar=40 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-27 |title=The Feminist Mystique-Simple chapter summaries |publisher=[[eNotes]] |access-date=2011-02-18 }}</ref>
These criticisms discount the importance of the fact that Friedan was the first person ever to gain a significant public voice about the struggles of ''any'' women whatsoever in the country.  Had this initial wave of female interest not been excited initially by Friedan's work, there would have been no active "feminist" movement at all.  The obvious fact that she had little experience of the more oppressed groups should not overshadow the importance of ''The Feminine Mystique'' at that time. In later decades, vicious in-fighting arose within the feminist movement, which gradually morphed not just to include, but to focus solely on, the more oppressed groups. This resulted in a modified public meaning of the word "feminist" that referred, not to all women including white middle-class women, but pointed solely to these less fortunate groups. It became politically impossible, then, for any voice to describe the woes faced by a middle-class white woman without that author being accused of racism or worse. And as a result, many middle-class white women simply dropped away from the feminist movement they had initially so enthusiastically embraced. This internal dissent was a blow to feminism as a whole; the movement lost the support from a significant faction (middle class white women) just when the country was debating whether to pass the [[Equal Rights Amendment]], which in the early 1980's failed to become law by the thinnest of margins (one state short of ratification by the artificial deadline tacked on to the proposed amendment).  Though it was arguably necessary that the feminist movement become more inclusive, that it was done by attacking and excluding the very white middle-class women who attained its first achievements was unfortunate. 


'''Chapter 5''': In this chapter, Friedan, who had a degree in psychology, criticizes the founder of psychoanalysis, [[Sigmund Freud]] (whose ideas were very influential in the United States at the time of the book's publication). She notes that Freud saw women as childlike and destined to be housewives, once pointing out that Freud wrote, "I believe that all reforming action in law and education would break down in front of the fact that, long before the age at which a man can earn a position in society, Nature has determined woman's destiny through beauty, charm, and sweetness. Law and custom have much to give women that has been withheld from them, but the position of women will surely be what it is: in youth an adored darling and in mature years a loved wife." Friedan also points out that Freud's unproven concept of "[[penis envy]]" had been used to label women who wanted careers as neurotic, and that the popularity of Freud's work and ideas elevated the "feminine mystique" of female fulfillment in housewifery into a "scientific religion" that most women were not educated enough to criticize.<ref>{{cite book|first=Betty |last=Friedan |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/us/friedan.htm |title=The Feminine Mystique |chapter=The Sexual Solipsism of Sigmund Freud |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1963 |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref>
Friedan did address the fact that, during World War II, poor and working-class women in the U.S. were invited to work in factories, but found themselves fired as soon as men returned from World War II. Like their more affluent middle-class white sisters, they were discouraged from seeking employment outside the home, and they were denied equal pay, promotions and benefits if they did.  


'''Chapter 6''': Friedan criticizes [[Structural functionalism|functionalism]], which attempted to make the social sciences more credible by studying the institutions of society as if they were parts of a social body, as in biology. Institutions were studied in terms of their function in society, and women were confined to their sexual biological roles as housewives and mothers as well as told that doing otherwise would upset the social balance. Friedan points out that this is unproven and that [[Margaret Mead]], a prominent functionalist, had a flourishing career as an anthropologist.<ref name="neomin1"/>
Friedan has also been criticized for prejudice against [[homosexuality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stephaniecoontz.com/articles/article59.htm |title=Puncturing Betty Friedan, but Not the Mystique: An Interview with Stephanie Coontz |publisher=Stephaniecoontz.com |date=2011-01-24 |access-date=2011-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927185619/http://www.stephaniecoontz.com/articles/article59.htm |archive-date=2011-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Daniel Horowitz, "Rethinking Betty Friedan and ''The Feminine Mystique'': Labor Union Radicalism and Feminism in Cold War America", ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar. 1996) p. 22 {{JSTOR|30041520}}</ref> In part, this criticism stems from her adherence to the paradigmatic belief at the time that "bad mothers" caused deviance from heteronormative and cisnormative society.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = xiv | date = 2013}}</ref>


'''Chapter 7''': Friedan discusses the change in women's education from the 1940s to the early 1960s, in which many women's schools concentrated on non-challenging classes that focused mostly on marriage, family, and other subjects deemed suitable for women, as educators influenced by functionalism felt that too much education would spoil women's femininity and capacity for sexual fulfillment. Friedan says that this change in education arrested girls in their emotional development at a young age, because they never had to face the painful identity crisis and subsequent maturation that comes from dealing with many adult challenges.<ref name="neomin1"/>
Despite these criticisms, her "language aimed at white American middle-class women won large numbers of supporters to the feminist cause," implying perhaps that Friedan's decision to exclude other groups was deliberate in mobilizing a group of women that had in some cases not thought of the improvement of their rights.<ref name="W.W. Norton" />
 
'''Chapter 8''': Friedan notes that the uncertainties and fears during World War II and the Cold War made Americans long for the comfort of home, so they tried to create an idealized home life with the father as breadwinner and the mother as housewife.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-femininemystique/chapanal008.html |title=The Feminine Mystique |first=Betty | last=Friedan |chapter=The Mistaken Choice |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1963 |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref> Friedan notes that this was helped along by the fact that many of the women who worked during the war filling jobs previously held by men faced dismissal, discrimination, or hostility when the men returned, and that educators blamed over-educated, career-focused mothers for the maladjustment of soldiers in World War II. Yet as Friedan shows, later studies found that overbearing mothers, not careerists, were the ones who raised maladjusted children.<ref name="neomin1"/>
 
'''Chapter 9''': Friedan shows that advertisers tried to encourage housewives to think of themselves as professionals who needed many specialized products in order to do their jobs, while discouraging housewives from having actual careers, since that would mean they would not spend as much time and effort on housework and therefore would not buy as many household products, cutting into advertisers' profits.<ref name="neomin1"/> Critics of this theory point out that under the circumstances men, not women, would be buying these household products and women having actual careers would increase women's buying power while increasing advertisers profits.
 
'''Chapter 10''': Friedan interviews several full-time housewives, finding that although they are not fulfilled by their housework, they are all extremely busy with it. She postulates that these women unconsciously stretch their home duties to fill the time available, because the feminine mystique has taught women that this is their role, and if they ever complete their tasks they will become unneeded.<ref name="neomin1"/>
 
'''Chapter 11''': Friedan notes that many housewives have sought fulfillment in sex, unable to find it in housework and children. She notes that sex cannot fulfill all of a person's needs, and that attempts to do so often drive married women to have affairs or drive their husbands away as they become obsessed with sex.<ref name="neomin1"/>
 
'''Chapter 12''': Friedan discusses the fact that many children have lost interest in life or emotional growth, attributing the change to the mother's own lack of fulfillment, a side effect of the feminine mystique. When the mother lacks a self, Friedan notes, she often tries to live through her children, causing the children to lose their own sense of themselves as separate human beings with their own lives.<ref name="neomin1"/>
 
'''Chapter 13''': Friedan discusses the psychologist [[Abraham Maslow]]'s hierarchy of needs and notes that women have been trapped at the basic, physiological level, expected to find their identity through their sexual role alone. Friedan says that women need meaningful work just as men do to achieve self-actualization, the highest level on the hierarchy of needs.<ref name="neomin1"/>
 
'''Chapter 14''': In the final chapter of ''The Feminine Mystique'', Friedan discusses several case studies of women who have begun to go against the feminine mystique. She also advocates a new life plan for her women readers, including not viewing housework as a career, not trying to find total fulfillment through marriage and motherhood alone, and finding meaningful work that uses their full mental capacity. She discusses the conflicts that some women may face in this journey to self-actualization, including their own fears and resistance from others. For each conflict, Friedan offers examples of women who have overcome it. Friedan ends her book by promoting education and meaningful work as the ultimate method by which American women can avoid becoming trapped in the feminine mystique, calling for a drastic rethinking of what it means to be feminine, and offering several educational and occupational suggestions.<ref name="neomin1"/>


==Intended sequel==
==Intended sequel==
Friedan originally intended to write a sequel to ''The Feminine Mystique'', which was to be called ''Woman: The Fourth Dimension'', but instead only wrote an article by that name, which appeared in the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'' in June 1964.<ref>[http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-03896.html American National Biography Online: Friedan, Betty<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="Bradley2004">{{cite book|author=Patricia Bradley|title=Mass Media and the Shaping of American Feminism, 1963-1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU97L2XVGN4C&q=%22woman+the+fourth+dimension%22+1964+ladies&pg=PT312|year=2004|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-60473-051-7|page=312}}</ref>
Friedan originally intended to write a sequel to ''The Feminine Mystique'', which was to be called ''Woman: The Fourth Dimension'', but instead only wrote an article by that name, which appeared in the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'' in June 1964.<ref>[http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-03896.html American National Biography Online: Friedan, Betty<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="Bradley2004">{{cite book|author=Patricia Bradley|title=Mass Media and the Shaping of American Feminism, 1963-1975|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU97L2XVGN4C&q=%22woman+the+fourth+dimension%22+1964+ladies&pg=PT312|year=2004|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-60473-051-7|page=312}}</ref>


==Influences==
==50th Year Celebration==
Friedan's chapter on Freud was inspired by the philosopher [[Simone de Beauvoir]]'s ''[[The Second Sex]]'' (1949).<ref>{{cite book |author=Webster, Richard |title=Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis |publisher=The Orwell Press |location=Oxford |year=2005 |page=22 |isbn=0-9515922-5-4 }}</ref>
In February of 2013, a symposium titled ''React: The Feminine Mystique at 50'', co-sponsored by [[The Schools of Public Engagement (The New School)|The New School for Public Engagement]] and [[Parsons School of Design|The Parsons School of Design]], was held.<ref name="adht.parsons.edu">[http://adht.parsons.edu/events/2013/03/the-feminine-mystique-symposium/ Media Coverage of the Feminine Mystique Symposium<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523042001/http://adht.parsons.edu/events/2013/03/the-feminine-mystique-symposium/ |date=2013-05-23 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.newschool.edu/eventdetail.aspx?id=86919 New Location - React: The Feminine Mystique at 50 (Day 1) | The New School | University Events<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> An accompanying exhibit titled ''REACT'' was also on display, consisting of twenty-five pieces of artwork responding to ''The Feminine Mystique''.<ref name="adht.parsons.edu"/>


==Legacy==
Also in February of 2013, a fiftieth-anniversary edition of ''The Feminine Mystique'' was published, with a new introduction by [[Gail Collins]].<ref>[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?id=24766 The Feminine Mystique | W. W. Norton & Company<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
''The Feminine Mystique'' drew large numbers of white, middle-class women to the feminist cause.<ref name="W.W. Norton">{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = xvii | date = 2013}}</ref> Her book "took the complicated and jargon-laden ideas of psychologists, economists, and political theorists, and translated them into powerful, readable, relatable prose that touched millions."{{cn|date=February 2021}}


Politicians increasingly recognized women's frustrations due in part to Friedan's work. The [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], signed into law June 10, stipulated women receive the same pay as men for the same work. On October 11 of the same year, the [[Presidential Commission on the Status of Women]] issued its final report and making recommendations for further action to end inequities.
To celebrate its centennial in 2013, the U.S. Department of Labor created a list of over 100 ''Books that Shaped Work in America'', which included ''The Feminine Mystique.''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/consuming-interests-blog/bal-consuming-what-the-jungle-and-what-do-people-do-all-day-have-in-common-20131210-story.html|title=What 'The Jungle' and 'What Do People Do All Day?' Have In Common|date=10 December 2013|author=Jamie Smith Hopkins|work=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="parade.condenast.com">[http://parade.condenast.com/278189/viannguyen/the-department-of-labor-chose-100-books-that-shaped-work-in-america/ The Department of Labor Chose 100+ Books that Shaped Work in America<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Department of Labor later chose ''The Feminine Mystique'' as one of its top ten books from that list.<ref name="parade.condenast.com"/>


''The Feminine Mystique'' was translated into many languages, including a Catalan translation in 1965: ''La mística de la feminitat''. Friedan was the first feminist thinker to be published during the dictatorship of [[Francoist Spain]].{{cn|date=February 2021}}
Also in 2013, ''The Feminine Mystique'' was discussed in ''[[Makers: Women Who Make America]]''.<ref name="Kelly">Kelly, Kate (February 25, 2013). "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kate-kelly/makers-women-who-make-america_b_2759887.html New PBS Program ''Makers'' Puts Women's Movement in Context]". ''The Huffington Post''.</ref>


NOW (The [[National Organization for Women]]) was organized in 1966 with 30 women from different backgrounds; Friedan was one of them, and helped draft the founding statement of NOW. The statement called for "the true equality for all women". NOW demanded the removal of all barriers to "equal and economic advance".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The World Transformed|last=Hunt|first=Michael H.|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199371020|pages=219–226|date=2015-06-26}}</ref> Friedan's influence can be seen in the founding statement; a main emphasis of the book is "women's need for identity and autonomy", and NOW's statement says "NOW is dedicated to the proposition that women first and foremost are human beings, who… must have the chance to develop their fullest human potential."<ref name="W.W. Norton"/>
In 2014 the Betty Friedan Hometown Tribute committee won the Superior Achievement award in the special projects category for its 50th anniversary celebration of the publication of ''The Feminine Mystique.'' They received the award from the Illinois State Historical Society.<ref name="m.pjstar.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.pjstar.com/article/20140428/NEWS/140429004/-1/news|title=Home schooled student, Friedan panel recognized|date=April 28, 2014|work=Journal Star|access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>


''The Feminine Mystique'' is widely regarded as one of the most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century, and is widely credited with sparking the beginning of [[second-wave feminism]] in the United States.<ref name="nytimes2006"/><ref name="Spender">{{cite book |last1=Spender |first1=Dale |title=For the Record: The Making and Meaning of Feminist Knowledge |date=1985 |publisher=[[Women's Press]] |isbn=0704328623 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/forrecord00dale/page/7 7–19] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/forrecord00dale/page/7 }}</ref> Futurist [[Alvin Toffler]] declared that it "pulled the trigger on history."<ref name="nytimes2006" /> Friedan received hundreds of letters from unhappy housewives after its publication, and she herself went on to help found, and become the first president of<ref>{{cite journal|last=McGuire|first=William|author2=Leslie Wheeler |title=Betty Friedan|year=2013|url=http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/246830?terms=The%20Feminine%20Mystique&webSiteCode=SLN_AMHIST&returnToPage=%2fSearch%2fDisplay%2f246830%3fterms%3dThe+Feminine+Mystique&token=F58303DA8EDA843AE8D46ED51A510EE4&casError=False|access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> the [[National Organization for Women]], an influential feminist organization.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iv4-Qy82BJ0C&q=it+changed+my+life+betty+friedan |title=It changed my life: writings on the women's movement |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1998|edition=reprint|isbn=0-674-46885-6 |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref>
==Synopsis==
[[File:Betty Friedan 1960.jpg|thumb|right|Betty Friedan (1960)]]


In addition to its contribution to feminism, ''The Feminine Mystique'' related to many other coinciding movements. "Her work indicates for us the ways that feminism was interconnected with the struggles of working-class men and women, with black and Jewish battles against racism and anti-Semitism… As a result, ''The Feminine Mystique'' had substantial impact on a wide range of political activists, thinkers, and ordinary individuals."<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = xx | date = 2013}}</ref>
''The Feminine Mystique'' begins with an introduction describing what Friedan called "the problem that has no name"—the widespread unhappiness of women in the 1950s and early 1960s. She discusses the lives of several housewives from around the United States who were unhappy despite living in material comfort and being married with children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/feminine-mystique/summary |title=The Feminine Mystique Summary |publisher=Enotes.com |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref> Friedan also questions the women's magazine, women's education system, and advertisers for creating this widespread image of women. The detrimental effects induced by this image were that it cornered women into the domestic sphere, and that it led many women to lose their own identities.


By the year 2000, ''The Feminine Mystique'' had sold over 3 million copies and had been translated into many foreign languages.<ref name="nytimes2006"/>
'''Chapter 1''': Friedan points out that the average age of marriage was dropping, the portion of women attending college was decreasing and the birthrate was increasing for women throughout the 1950s, yet the widespread trend of unhappy women persisted, although American culture insisted that fulfillment for women could be found in marriage and housewifery. Although aware of and sharing this dissatisfaction, women in the 1950s misinterpreted it as an individual problem and rarely talked about it with other women. As Friedan pointed out, "part of the strange newness of the problem is that it cannot be understood in terms of the age-old material problems of man: poverty, sickness, hunger, cold." This chapter concludes by declaring: "We can no longer ignore that voice within women that says: 'I want something more than my husband and my children and my home.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.h-net.org/~hst203/documents/friedan1.html |title=The Feminine Mystique |chapter=The Problem that Has No Name | first=Betty | last=Friedan | publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1963 |access-date=2011-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604112836/https://www.h-net.org/~hst203/documents/friedan1.html |archive-date=2011-06-04}}</ref>


On February 22 and 23, 2013, a symposium titled ''React: The Feminine Mystique at 50'', co-sponsored by [[The Schools of Public Engagement (The New School)|The New School for Public Engagement]] and [[Parsons School of Design|The Parsons School of Design]], was held.<ref name="adht.parsons.edu">[http://adht.parsons.edu/events/2013/03/the-feminine-mystique-symposium/ Media Coverage of the Feminine Mystique Symposium<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523042001/http://adht.parsons.edu/events/2013/03/the-feminine-mystique-symposium/ |date=2013-05-23 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.newschool.edu/eventdetail.aspx?id=86919 New Location - React: The Feminine Mystique at 50 (Day 1) | The New School | University Events<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> An accompanying exhibit titled ''REACT'' was also on display, consisting of twenty-five pieces of artwork responding to ''The Feminine Mystique''.<ref name="adht.parsons.edu"/>
'''Chapter 2''': Friedan states that the editorial decisions concerning women's magazines at the time were being made mostly by men, who insisted on stories and articles that showed women as either happy housewives or unhappy careerists, thus creating the "feminine mystique"—the idea that women were naturally fulfilled by devoting their lives to being housewives and mothers. Friedan also states that this is in contrast to the 1930s, at which time women's magazines often featured confident and independent heroines, many of whom were involved in careers.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.h-net.org/~hst203/documents/friedan2.html |title=The Feminine Mystique |chapter=The Happy Housewife Heroine |first=Betty |last=Friedan |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1963 |access-date=2011-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125031600/http://www.h-net.org/~hst203/documents/friedan2.html |archive-date=2011-11-25}}</ref>


Also in February 2013, a fiftieth-anniversary edition of ''The Feminine Mystique'' was published, with a new introduction by [[Gail Collins]].<ref>[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?id=24766 The Feminine Mystique | W. W. Norton & Company<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
'''Chapter 3''': Friedan recalls her own decision to conform to society's expectations by giving up her promising career in psychology to raise children, and shows that other young women still struggled with the same kind of decision. Many women dropped out of school early to marry, afraid that if they waited too long or became too educated, they would not be able to attract a husband. Friedan argues at the end of the chapter that although theorists discuss how men need to find their identity, women are expected to be autonomous. She states, "Anatomy is woman's destiny, say the theorists of femininity; the identity of woman is determined by her biology."<ref name="Friedan 1963">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/9807682/Friedan_Betty---The-Feminine-Mystique-chapter-3---The-Crisis-in-Womans-Identity | last=Friedan |first=Betty |title=The Feminine Mystique |chapter=The Crisis in Woman's Identity |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1963 |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref> Friedan goes on to argue that the problem is women needing to mature and find their human identity: "In a sense that goes beyond any woman's life, I think this is a crisis of women growing up—a turning point from an immaturity that has been called femininity to full human identity."<ref name="Friedan 1963"/>


Also in 2013, to celebrate its centennial the U.S. Department of Labor created a list of over 100 ''Books that Shaped Work in America'', which included ''The Feminine Mystique.''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/consuming-interests-blog/bal-consuming-what-the-jungle-and-what-do-people-do-all-day-have-in-common-20131210-story.html|title=What 'The Jungle' and 'What Do People Do All Day?' Have In Common|date=10 December 2013|author=Jamie Smith Hopkins|work=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="parade.condenast.com">[http://parade.condenast.com/278189/viannguyen/the-department-of-labor-chose-100-books-that-shaped-work-in-america/ The Department of Labor Chose 100+ Books that Shaped Work in America<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Department of Labor later chose ''The Feminine Mystique'' as one of its top ten books from that list.<ref name="parade.condenast.com"/>
'''Chapter 4''': Friedan discusses early American feminists and how they fought against the assumption that the proper role of a woman was to be solely a wife and mother. She notes that they secured important rights for women, including education, the right to pursue a career, and the right to vote.<ref name="neomin1">{{cite web |url=http://howlandpowpak.neomin.org/powpak/cgi-bin/article_display_page.pl?id=thomas.williams&ar=40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727115123/http://howlandpowpak.neomin.org/powpak/cgi-bin/article_display_page.pl?id=thomas.williams&ar=40 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-27 |title=The Feminist Mystique-Simple chapter summaries |publisher=[[eNotes]] |access-date=2011-02-18 }}</ref>


Also in 2013, ''The Feminine Mystique'' was discussed in ''[[Makers: Women Who Make America]]''.<ref name="Kelly">Kelly, Kate (February 25, 2013). "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kate-kelly/makers-women-who-make-america_b_2759887.html New PBS Program ''Makers'' Puts Women's Movement in Context]". ''The Huffington Post''.</ref>
'''Chapter 5''': In this chapter, Friedan, who had a degree in psychology, criticizes the founder of psychoanalysis, [[Sigmund Freud]] (whose ideas were very influential in the United States at the time of the book's publication). She notes that Freud saw women as childlike and destined to be housewives, once pointing out that Freud wrote, "I believe that all reforming action in law and education would break down in front of the fact that, long before the age at which a man can earn a position in society, Nature has determined woman's destiny through beauty, charm, and sweetness. Law and custom have much to give women that has been withheld from them, but the position of women will surely be what it is: in youth an adored darling and in mature years a loved wife." Friedan also points out that Freud's unproven concept of "[[penis envy]]" had been used to label women who wanted careers as neurotic, and that the popularity of Freud's work and ideas elevated the "feminine mystique" of female fulfillment in housewifery into a "scientific religion" that most women were not educated enough to criticize.<ref>{{cite book|first=Betty |last=Friedan |chapter-url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/us/friedan.htm |title=The Feminine Mystique |chapter=The Sexual Solipsism of Sigmund Freud |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1963 |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref>  Friedan acknowledged that this chapter was inspired by the philosopher [[Simone de Beauvoir]]'s ''[[The Second Sex]]'' (1949).<ref>{{cite book |author=Webster, Richard |title=Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis |publisher=The Orwell Press |location=Oxford |year=2005 |page=22 |isbn=0-9515922-5-4 }}</ref>


In 2014 the Betty Friedan Hometown Tribute committee won the Superior Achievement award in the special projects category for its 50th anniversary celebration of the publication of ''The Feminine Mystique.'' They received the award from the Illinois State Historical Society.<ref name="m.pjstar.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.pjstar.com/article/20140428/NEWS/140429004/-1/news|title=Home schooled student, Friedan panel recognized|date=April 28, 2014|work=Journal Star|access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>
'''Chapter 6''': Friedan criticizes [[Structural functionalism|functionalism]], which attempted to make the social sciences more credible by studying the institutions of society as if they were parts of a social body, as in biology. Institutions were studied in terms of their function in society, and women were confined to their sexual biological roles as housewives and mothers as well as told that doing otherwise would upset the social balance. Friedan points out that this is unproven and that [[Margaret Mead]], a prominent functionalist, had a flourishing career as an anthropologist.<ref name="neomin1"/>


==Criticism==
'''Chapter 7''': Friedan discusses the change in women's education from the 1940s to the early 1960s, in which many women's schools concentrated on non-challenging classes that focused mostly on marriage, family, and other subjects deemed suitable for women, as educators influenced by functionalism felt that too much education would spoil women's femininity and capacity for sexual fulfillment. Friedan says that this change in education arrested girls in their emotional development at a young age, because they never had to face the painful identity crisis and subsequent maturation that comes from dealing with many adult challenges.<ref name="neomin1"/>


=== Disagreement ===
'''Chapter 8''': Friedan notes that the uncertainties and fears during World War II and the Cold War made Americans long for the comfort of home, so they tried to create an idealized home life with the father as breadwinner and the mother as housewife.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-femininemystique/chapanal008.html |title=The Feminine Mystique |first=Betty | last=Friedan |chapter=The Mistaken Choice |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=1963 |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref> Friedan notes that this was helped along by the fact that many of the women who worked during the war filling jobs previously held by men faced dismissal, discrimination, or hostility when the men returned, and that educators blamed over-educated, career-focused mothers for the maladjustment of soldiers in World War II. Yet as Friedan shows, later studies found that overbearing mothers, not careerists, were the ones who raised maladjusted children.<ref name="neomin1"/>
Immediately after its publishing, ''The Feminine Mystique'' was the recipient of much backlash against feminism. Significant numbers of women responded angrily to the book, which they felt implied that wives and mothers could never be fulfilled.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = 419 | date = 2013}}</ref>  "Women who valued their roles as mothers and housewives interpreted Friedan's message as one that threatened their stability, devalued their labor, and disrespected their intelligence."<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = xxviii | date = 2013}}</ref>  In a Letter to Editor in ''McCall's'', one woman wrote, "All this time I thought I was happy, and a nice person. Now I discover I've been miserable and some sort of monster in disguise—now out of disguise. How awful!"<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = 381| date = 2013}}</ref> Another said, "Mrs. Friedan should save her pity for those who really need it—the half starved, oppressed people in the world."<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = 380 | date = 2013}}</ref>  When women critical of the work were not expressing personal offense at Friedan's description of the housewife's plight, they were accusing her of planning to destroy American families.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>  Jessica Weiss quoted in her paper, "If the mothers, (or housewives as we are called) took this advice, what would become of our children? Or better yet, the future of the world."<ref name="ReferenceB"/>


Historian [[Joanne Meyerowitz]] argues that many of the contemporary magazines and articles of the period did not place women solely in the home, as Friedan stated, but in fact supported the notions of full- or part-time jobs for women seeking to follow a career path rather than being a housewife.<ref>Joanne Meyerowitz, "Beyond ''The Feminine Mystique'': A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946–1958", ''Journal of American History'' 79 (March 1993): 1455–1482. p. 1459 {{JSTOR|2080212}}</ref> These articles did, however, still emphasize the importance of maintaining the traditional image of femininity.<ref name="Schuessler">{{Cite news|title = 'The Feminine Mystique,' Reassessed after 50 Years|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/books/50-years-of-reassessing-the-feminine-mystique.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2013-02-18|access-date = 2015-09-22|issn = 0362-4331|first = Jennifer|last = Schuessler}}</ref>
'''Chapter 9''': Friedan shows that advertisers tried to encourage housewives to think of themselves as professionals who needed many specialized products in order to do their jobs, while discouraging housewives from having actual careers, since that would mean they would not spend as much time and effort on housework and therefore would not buy as many household products, cutting into advertisers' profits.<ref name="neomin1"/> Critics of this theory point out that under the circumstances men, not women, would be buying these household products and women having actual careers would increase women's buying power while increasing advertisers profits.


=== Author and publication process ===
'''Chapter 10''': Friedan interviews several full-time housewives, finding that although they are not fulfilled by their housework, they are all extremely busy with it. She postulates that these women unconsciously stretch their home duties to fill the time available, because the feminine mystique has taught women that this is their role, and if they ever complete their tasks they will become unneeded.<ref name="neomin1"/>
Daniel Horowitz, a [[Professor]] of [[American Studies]] at [[Smith College]], points out that although Friedan presented herself as a typical suburban housewife, she was involved with radical politics and labor journalism in her youth, and during the time she wrote ''The Feminine Mystique'' she worked as a freelance journalist for women's magazines and as a community organizer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awm-math.org/bookreviews/SepOct99.html |title=AWM Book Review: Betty Friedan |publisher=Association for Women in Mathematics |date=September–October 1999 |access-date=2011-02-18}}</ref><ref>Horowitz, Daniel. "Rethinking Betty Friedan and ''The Feminine Mystique'': Labor Union Radicalism and Feminism in Cold War America." ''[[American Quarterly]],'' Volume 48, Number 1, March 1996, pp. 1-42<!-- NOTE: This is not [[Daniel Horowitz]], an [[attorney]], but another Daniel Horowitz, a professor of [[American Studies]] at [[Smith College]]--> {{JSTOR|30041520}}</ref>


The W. W. Norton publishing house, where Betty Friedan's work was initially circulated to be published as a book also generated some criticism. In fact an employee under the alias "L M" wrote in a two-page memo that<ref name="Schuessler"/> Friedan's theoretical views were "too obvious and feminine", as well as critiquing her approach by suggesting it to be unscientific.
'''Chapter 11''': Friedan notes that many housewives have sought fulfillment in sex, unable to find it in housework and children. She notes that sex cannot fulfill all of a person's needs, and that attempts to do so often drive married women to have affairs or drive their husbands away as they become obsessed with sex.<ref name="neomin1"/>


=== Excluded groups of women ===
'''Chapter 12''': Friedan discusses the fact that many children have lost interest in life or emotional growth, attributing the change to the mother's own lack of fulfillment, a side effect of the feminine mystique. When the mother lacks a self, Friedan notes, she often tries to live through her children, causing the children to lose their own sense of themselves as separate human beings with their own lives.<ref name="neomin1"/>
In addition, Friedan has been criticized for focusing solely on the plight of middle-class white women, and not giving enough attention to the differing situations encountered by women in less stable economic situations, or women of other races or trans-women. According to Kirsten Fermaglich and Lisa Fine, "women of color—African American, Latina, Asian American and Native American women—were completely absent from Friedan's vision, as were white working-class and poor women."<ref name="W.W. Norton" />  Despite being written during the Civil Rights Movement, Friedan's text "barely mentions African-American women."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/magazine/the-feminine-mystique-at-50.html?pagewanted=all|title='The Feminine Mystique' at 50|date=23 January 2013|author=Gail Collins|work=The New York Times|access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref>  In her ''[[Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center]]'', Black feminist [[bell hooks]] writes "She did not speak of the needs of women without men, without children, without homes. She ignored the existence of all non-white women and poor white women. She did not tell readers whether it was more fulfilling to be a maid, a babysitter, a factory worker, a clerk, or a prostitute than to be a leisure-class housewife. She made her plight and the plight of white women like herself synonymous with a condition affecting all American women.  In so doing, she deflected attention away from her classism, her racism, her sexist attitudes towards the masses of American women.  In the context of her book, Friedan makes clear that the women she saw as victimized by sexism were college-educated white women".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooks|first=Bell|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45502856|title=Feminist theory : from margin to center|date=2000|publisher=Pluto|isbn=0-7453-1664-6|edition=2nd|location=London|pages=2|oclc=45502856}}</ref>


Friedan has also been criticized for prejudice against [[homosexuality]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stephaniecoontz.com/articles/article59.htm |title=Puncturing Betty Friedan, but Not the Mystique: An Interview with Stephanie Coontz |publisher=Stephaniecoontz.com |date=2011-01-24 |access-date=2011-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927185619/http://www.stephaniecoontz.com/articles/article59.htm |archive-date=2011-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Daniel Horowitz, "Rethinking Betty Friedan and ''The Feminine Mystique'': Labor Union Radicalism and Feminism in Cold War America", ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar. 1996) p. 22 {{JSTOR|30041520}}</ref> In part, this criticism stems from her adherence to the paradigmatic belief at the time that "bad mothers" caused deviance from heteronormative and cisnormative society.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = xiv | date = 2013}}</ref>
'''Chapter 13''': Friedan discusses the psychologist [[Abraham Maslow]]'s hierarchy of needs and notes that women have been trapped at the basic, physiological level, expected to find their identity through their sexual role alone. Friedan says that women need meaningful work just as men do to achieve self-actualization, the highest level on the hierarchy of needs.<ref name="neomin1"/>


Despite these criticisms, her "language aimed at white American middle-class women won large numbers of supporters to the feminist cause," implying perhaps that Friedan's decision to exclude other groups was deliberate in mobilizing a group of women that had in some cases not thought of the improvement of their rights.<ref name="W.W. Norton" />
'''Chapter 14''': In the final chapter of ''The Feminine Mystique'', Friedan discusses several case studies of women who have begun to go against the feminine mystique. She also advocates a new life plan for her women readers, including not viewing housework as a career, not trying to find total fulfillment through marriage and motherhood alone, and finding meaningful work that uses their full mental capacity. She discusses the conflicts that some women may face in this journey to self-actualization, including their own fears and resistance from others. For each conflict, Friedan offers examples of women who have overcome it. Friedan ends her book by promoting education and meaningful work as the ultimate method by which American women can avoid becoming trapped in the feminine mystique, calling for a drastic rethinking of what it means to be feminine, and offering several educational and occupational suggestions.<ref name="neomin1"/>


==See also==
==See also==
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==References==
==References==
<references>
<references>
<ref name="nytimes2006">
{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/us/betty-friedan-who-ignited-cause-in-feminine-mystique-dies-at-85.html|title=Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85|date=5 February 2006|author=Margalit Fox|work=The New York Times|access-date=19 February 2017}}
</ref>
<ref name=Britannica1>
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</ref>
<ref name=TheIndependent>
{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/feminist-author-betty-friedan-dies-on-85th-birthday-465745.html |title=Feminist author Betty Friedan dies on 85th birthday - Obituaries, News |newspaper=The Independent |date=7 February 2006 |access-date=2011-02-18}}
</ref>
<ref name=WaPo1>
{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/04/AR2006020401385_2.html |title=Voice of Feminism's 'Second Wave' |author= Patricia Sullivan|newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |page=2|date=February 5, 2006 |access-date=2011-02-18}}
</ref>


<ref name=Spindel>
<ref name=Spindel>
[https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2023/1102/How-the-women-s-movement-transformed-society How the women’s movement transformed society] by Barbara Spindel, Christian Science Monitor, November 2, 2023.  "Three recent books explore the contours of the second-wave feminist movement, from titan Betty Friedan to the editors and readers of Ms. Magazine."
[https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2023/1102/How-the-women-s-movement-transformed-society How the women’s movement transformed society] by Barbara Spindel, Christian Science Monitor, November 2, 2023.  "Three recent books explore the contours of the second-wave feminist movement, from titan Betty Friedan to the editors and readers of Ms. Magazine."
</ref>
<ref name="W.W. Norton">
{{cite book | last1 = Friedan | first1 = Betty | last2 = Fermaglich | first2 = Kirsten | last3 = Fine | first3 = Lisa | title = The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique | edition = 1st | place = New York | publisher = W. W. Norton | pages = xvii | date = 2013}}
</ref>
><ref name="Spender">
{{cite book |last1=Spender |first1=Dale |title=For the Record: The Making and Meaning of Feminist Knowledge |date=1985 |publisher=[[Women's Press]] |isbn=0704328623 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/forrecord00dale/page/7 7–19] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/forrecord00dale/page/7 }}
</ref>
<ref name=McGuire>
{{cite journal|last=McGuire|first=William|author2=Leslie Wheeler |title=Betty Friedan|year=2013|url=http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/246830?terms=The%20Feminine%20Mystique&webSiteCode=SLN_AMHIST&returnToPage=%2fSearch%2fDisplay%2f246830%3fterms%3dThe+Feminine+Mystique&token=F58303DA8EDA843AE8D46ED51A510EE4&casError=False|access-date=January 12, 2013}}
</ref>


<ref name=ChangedLife>
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iv4-Qy82BJ0C&q=it+changed+my+life+betty+friedan |title=It changed my life: writings on the women's movement |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1998|edition=reprint|isbn=0-674-46885-6 |access-date=2011-02-18}}
</ref>
</ref>


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The Feminine Mystique is a book by Betty Friedan published in 1963.[1] Its title refers to the assumption at that time that women's main role in life should be housework, marriage, sex, and children[2] The book sold over three million copies in its first three years of print and is regarded by many as one of the most influential non-fiction books of the 20th century because it drew large numbers of white, middle-class women to feminism.[3][1][4] Research for the book began in 1957, when Friedan was asked to conduct a survey of her former Smith College classmates for their 15th-anniversary reunion. The survey showed that many of her classmates were unhappy with their lives as housewives and led to Friedan beginning in-depth research for The Feminine Mystique. She conducted interviews with other suburban housewives and pored over texts of psychology, media, and advertising. Originally intending to publish her findings as a magazine article, she found that no magazine would publish the work.[5][6][7] Thus, she first published her book at W. W. Norton in 1963. After its publication, Friedan received hundreds of letters from unhappy housewives, and she went on to help found, and become the first president[8] of the National Organization for Women[9], an influential feminist organization in the 1970's and 1980's.

Criticism

Disagreement

Immediately after its publishing, The Feminine Mystique was the recipient of much backlash against feminism. Significant numbers of women responded angrily to the book, which they felt implied that wives and mothers could never be fulfilled.[10] "Women who valued their roles as mothers and housewives interpreted Friedan's message as one that threatened their stability, devalued their labor, and disrespected their intelligence."[11] In a Letter to Editor in McCall's, one woman wrote, "All this time I thought I was happy, and a nice person. Now I discover I've been miserable and some sort of monster in disguise—now out of disguise. How awful!"[12] Another said, "Mrs. Friedan should save her pity for those who really need it—the half starved, oppressed people in the world."[13] When women critical of the work were not expressing personal offense at Friedan's description of the housewife's plight, they were accusing her of planning to destroy American families.[10] Jessica Weiss quoted in her paper, "If the mothers, (or housewives as we are called) took this advice, what would become of our children? Or better yet, the future of the world."[13] Historian Joanne Meyerowitz argues that many of the contemporary magazines and articles of the period did not place women solely in the home, as Friedan stated, but in fact supported the notions of full- or part-time jobs for women seeking to follow a career path rather than being a housewife.[14] These articles did, however, still emphasize the importance of maintaining the traditional image of femininity.[15]

Author and publication process

Daniel Horowitz, a Professor of American Studies at Smith College, points out that although Friedan presented herself as a typical suburban housewife, she was involved with radical politics and labor journalism in her youth, and during the time she wrote The Feminine Mystique she worked as a freelance journalist for women's magazines and as a community organizer.[16][17]

The W. W. Norton publishing house, where Betty Friedan's work was initially circulated to be published as a book also generated some criticism. In fact an employee under the alias "L M" wrote in a two-page memo that[15] Friedan's theoretical views were "too obvious and feminine", as well as critiquing her approach by suggesting it to be unscientific.

Controversy over excluded groups of women

In the decades after publication of The Feminine Mystique, Friedan ran afoul of other feminists for having focused primarily on the plight of middle-class white women, of which she was one, and with whose struggles she was personally familiar. According to Kirsten Fermaglich and Lisa Fine, "women of color—African American, Latina, Asian American and Native American women—were completely absent from Friedan's vision, as were white working-class and poor women."[3] Fifty years later, the New York Times blithely attacked Friedan, sayingThe Feminine Mystique' "barely mentions African-American women."[18] Now-prominent black feminist bell hooks writes "She did not speak of the needs of women without men, without children, without homes. She ignored the existence of all non-white women and poor white women. She did not tell readers whether it was more fulfilling to be a maid, a babysitter, a factory worker, a clerk, or a prostitute than to be a leisure-class housewife. She made her plight and the plight of white women like herself synonymous with a condition affecting all American women  In so doing, she deflected attention away from her classism, her racism, her sexist attitudes towards the masses of American women. In the context of her book, Friedan makes clear that the women she saw as victimized by sexism were college-educated white women".[19]

These criticisms discount the importance of the fact that Friedan was the first person ever to gain a significant public voice about the struggles of any women whatsoever in the country. Had this initial wave of female interest not been excited initially by Friedan's work, there would have been no active "feminist" movement at all. The obvious fact that she had little experience of the more oppressed groups should not overshadow the importance of The Feminine Mystique at that time. In later decades, vicious in-fighting arose within the feminist movement, which gradually morphed not just to include, but to focus solely on, the more oppressed groups. This resulted in a modified public meaning of the word "feminist" that referred, not to all women including white middle-class women, but pointed solely to these less fortunate groups. It became politically impossible, then, for any voice to describe the woes faced by a middle-class white woman without that author being accused of racism or worse. And as a result, many middle-class white women simply dropped away from the feminist movement they had initially so enthusiastically embraced. This internal dissent was a blow to feminism as a whole; the movement lost the support from a significant faction (middle class white women) just when the country was debating whether to pass the Equal Rights Amendment, which in the early 1980's failed to become law by the thinnest of margins (one state short of ratification by the artificial deadline tacked on to the proposed amendment). Though it was arguably necessary that the feminist movement become more inclusive, that it was done by attacking and excluding the very white middle-class women who attained its first achievements was unfortunate.

Friedan did address the fact that, during World War II, poor and working-class women in the U.S. were invited to work in factories, but found themselves fired as soon as men returned from World War II. Like their more affluent middle-class white sisters, they were discouraged from seeking employment outside the home, and they were denied equal pay, promotions and benefits if they did.

Friedan has also been criticized for prejudice against homosexuality.[20][21] In part, this criticism stems from her adherence to the paradigmatic belief at the time that "bad mothers" caused deviance from heteronormative and cisnormative society.[22]

Despite these criticisms, her "language aimed at white American middle-class women won large numbers of supporters to the feminist cause," implying perhaps that Friedan's decision to exclude other groups was deliberate in mobilizing a group of women that had in some cases not thought of the improvement of their rights.[3]

Intended sequel

Friedan originally intended to write a sequel to The Feminine Mystique, which was to be called Woman: The Fourth Dimension, but instead only wrote an article by that name, which appeared in the Ladies' Home Journal in June 1964.[23][24]

50th Year Celebration

In February of 2013, a symposium titled React: The Feminine Mystique at 50, co-sponsored by The New School for Public Engagement and The Parsons School of Design, was held.[25][26] An accompanying exhibit titled REACT was also on display, consisting of twenty-five pieces of artwork responding to The Feminine Mystique.[25]

Also in February of 2013, a fiftieth-anniversary edition of The Feminine Mystique was published, with a new introduction by Gail Collins.[27]

To celebrate its centennial in 2013, the U.S. Department of Labor created a list of over 100 Books that Shaped Work in America, which included The Feminine Mystique.[28][29] The Department of Labor later chose The Feminine Mystique as one of its top ten books from that list.[29]

Also in 2013, The Feminine Mystique was discussed in Makers: Women Who Make America.[30]

In 2014 the Betty Friedan Hometown Tribute committee won the Superior Achievement award in the special projects category for its 50th anniversary celebration of the publication of The Feminine Mystique. They received the award from the Illinois State Historical Society.[31]

Synopsis

Betty Friedan (1960)

The Feminine Mystique begins with an introduction describing what Friedan called "the problem that has no name"—the widespread unhappiness of women in the 1950s and early 1960s. She discusses the lives of several housewives from around the United States who were unhappy despite living in material comfort and being married with children.[32] Friedan also questions the women's magazine, women's education system, and advertisers for creating this widespread image of women. The detrimental effects induced by this image were that it cornered women into the domestic sphere, and that it led many women to lose their own identities.

Chapter 1: Friedan points out that the average age of marriage was dropping, the portion of women attending college was decreasing and the birthrate was increasing for women throughout the 1950s, yet the widespread trend of unhappy women persisted, although American culture insisted that fulfillment for women could be found in marriage and housewifery. Although aware of and sharing this dissatisfaction, women in the 1950s misinterpreted it as an individual problem and rarely talked about it with other women. As Friedan pointed out, "part of the strange newness of the problem is that it cannot be understood in terms of the age-old material problems of man: poverty, sickness, hunger, cold." This chapter concludes by declaring: "We can no longer ignore that voice within women that says: 'I want something more than my husband and my children and my home.Template:'"[33]

Chapter 2: Friedan states that the editorial decisions concerning women's magazines at the time were being made mostly by men, who insisted on stories and articles that showed women as either happy housewives or unhappy careerists, thus creating the "feminine mystique"—the idea that women were naturally fulfilled by devoting their lives to being housewives and mothers. Friedan also states that this is in contrast to the 1930s, at which time women's magazines often featured confident and independent heroines, many of whom were involved in careers.[34]

Chapter 3: Friedan recalls her own decision to conform to society's expectations by giving up her promising career in psychology to raise children, and shows that other young women still struggled with the same kind of decision. Many women dropped out of school early to marry, afraid that if they waited too long or became too educated, they would not be able to attract a husband. Friedan argues at the end of the chapter that although theorists discuss how men need to find their identity, women are expected to be autonomous. She states, "Anatomy is woman's destiny, say the theorists of femininity; the identity of woman is determined by her biology."[35] Friedan goes on to argue that the problem is women needing to mature and find their human identity: "In a sense that goes beyond any woman's life, I think this is a crisis of women growing up—a turning point from an immaturity that has been called femininity to full human identity."[35]

Chapter 4: Friedan discusses early American feminists and how they fought against the assumption that the proper role of a woman was to be solely a wife and mother. She notes that they secured important rights for women, including education, the right to pursue a career, and the right to vote.[36]

Chapter 5: In this chapter, Friedan, who had a degree in psychology, criticizes the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud (whose ideas were very influential in the United States at the time of the book's publication). She notes that Freud saw women as childlike and destined to be housewives, once pointing out that Freud wrote, "I believe that all reforming action in law and education would break down in front of the fact that, long before the age at which a man can earn a position in society, Nature has determined woman's destiny through beauty, charm, and sweetness. Law and custom have much to give women that has been withheld from them, but the position of women will surely be what it is: in youth an adored darling and in mature years a loved wife." Friedan also points out that Freud's unproven concept of "penis envy" had been used to label women who wanted careers as neurotic, and that the popularity of Freud's work and ideas elevated the "feminine mystique" of female fulfillment in housewifery into a "scientific religion" that most women were not educated enough to criticize.[37] Friedan acknowledged that this chapter was inspired by the philosopher Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex (1949).[38]

Chapter 6: Friedan criticizes functionalism, which attempted to make the social sciences more credible by studying the institutions of society as if they were parts of a social body, as in biology. Institutions were studied in terms of their function in society, and women were confined to their sexual biological roles as housewives and mothers as well as told that doing otherwise would upset the social balance. Friedan points out that this is unproven and that Margaret Mead, a prominent functionalist, had a flourishing career as an anthropologist.[36]

Chapter 7: Friedan discusses the change in women's education from the 1940s to the early 1960s, in which many women's schools concentrated on non-challenging classes that focused mostly on marriage, family, and other subjects deemed suitable for women, as educators influenced by functionalism felt that too much education would spoil women's femininity and capacity for sexual fulfillment. Friedan says that this change in education arrested girls in their emotional development at a young age, because they never had to face the painful identity crisis and subsequent maturation that comes from dealing with many adult challenges.[36]

Chapter 8: Friedan notes that the uncertainties and fears during World War II and the Cold War made Americans long for the comfort of home, so they tried to create an idealized home life with the father as breadwinner and the mother as housewife.[39] Friedan notes that this was helped along by the fact that many of the women who worked during the war filling jobs previously held by men faced dismissal, discrimination, or hostility when the men returned, and that educators blamed over-educated, career-focused mothers for the maladjustment of soldiers in World War II. Yet as Friedan shows, later studies found that overbearing mothers, not careerists, were the ones who raised maladjusted children.[36]

Chapter 9: Friedan shows that advertisers tried to encourage housewives to think of themselves as professionals who needed many specialized products in order to do their jobs, while discouraging housewives from having actual careers, since that would mean they would not spend as much time and effort on housework and therefore would not buy as many household products, cutting into advertisers' profits.[36] Critics of this theory point out that under the circumstances men, not women, would be buying these household products and women having actual careers would increase women's buying power while increasing advertisers profits.

Chapter 10: Friedan interviews several full-time housewives, finding that although they are not fulfilled by their housework, they are all extremely busy with it. She postulates that these women unconsciously stretch their home duties to fill the time available, because the feminine mystique has taught women that this is their role, and if they ever complete their tasks they will become unneeded.[36]

Chapter 11: Friedan notes that many housewives have sought fulfillment in sex, unable to find it in housework and children. She notes that sex cannot fulfill all of a person's needs, and that attempts to do so often drive married women to have affairs or drive their husbands away as they become obsessed with sex.[36]

Chapter 12: Friedan discusses the fact that many children have lost interest in life or emotional growth, attributing the change to the mother's own lack of fulfillment, a side effect of the feminine mystique. When the mother lacks a self, Friedan notes, she often tries to live through her children, causing the children to lose their own sense of themselves as separate human beings with their own lives.[36]

Chapter 13: Friedan discusses the psychologist Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and notes that women have been trapped at the basic, physiological level, expected to find their identity through their sexual role alone. Friedan says that women need meaningful work just as men do to achieve self-actualization, the highest level on the hierarchy of needs.[36]

Chapter 14: In the final chapter of The Feminine Mystique, Friedan discusses several case studies of women who have begun to go against the feminine mystique. She also advocates a new life plan for her women readers, including not viewing housework as a career, not trying to find total fulfillment through marriage and motherhood alone, and finding meaningful work that uses their full mental capacity. She discusses the conflicts that some women may face in this journey to self-actualization, including their own fears and resistance from others. For each conflict, Friedan offers examples of women who have overcome it. Friedan ends her book by promoting education and meaningful work as the ultimate method by which American women can avoid becoming trapped in the feminine mystique, calling for a drastic rethinking of what it means to be feminine, and offering several educational and occupational suggestions.[36]

See also

Provenance

Some content on this page may previously have appeared on Wikipedia.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Margalit Fox. Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in 'Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85, The New York Times, 5 February 2006.
  2. ↑ The Feminine Mystique | work by Friedan (en).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 (2013) The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique, 1st. W. W. Norton, xvii. 
  4. ↑ (1985) For the Record: The Making and Meaning of Feminist Knowledge. Women's Press, 7–19. ISBN 0704328623. 
  5. ↑ Feminist author Betty Friedan dies on 85th birthday - Obituaries, News, 7 February 2006.
  6. ↑ Patricia Sullivan. Voice of Feminism's 'Second Wave', February 5, 2006, p. 2.
  7. ↑ How the women’s movement transformed society by Barbara Spindel, Christian Science Monitor, November 2, 2023. "Three recent books explore the contours of the second-wave feminist movement, from titan Betty Friedan to the editors and readers of Ms. Magazine."
  8. ↑ McGuire, William (2013). "Betty Friedan".
  9. ↑ (1998) It changed my life: writings on the women's movement, reprint. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-46885-6. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 (2013) The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique, 1st. W. W. Norton, 419. 
  11. ↑ (2013) The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique, 1st. W. W. Norton, xxviii. 
  12. ↑ (2013) The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique, 1st. W. W. Norton, 381. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 (2013) The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique, 1st. W. W. Norton, 380. 
  14. ↑ Joanne Meyerowitz, "Beyond The Feminine Mystique: A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946–1958", Journal of American History 79 (March 1993): 1455–1482. p. 1459 Template:JSTOR
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Schuessler, Jennifer. 'The Feminine Mystique,' Reassessed after 50 Years, 2013-02-18.
  16. ↑ AWM Book Review: Betty Friedan. Association for Women in Mathematics (September–October 1999).
  17. ↑ Horowitz, Daniel. "Rethinking Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: Labor Union Radicalism and Feminism in Cold War America." American Quarterly, Volume 48, Number 1, March 1996, pp. 1-42 Template:JSTOR
  18. ↑ Gail Collins. 'The Feminine Mystique' at 50, The New York Times, 23 January 2013.
  19. ↑ hooks, bell (2000). Feminist theory : from margin to center, 2nd. London: Pluto, 2. ISBN 0-7453-1664-6. OCLC 45502856. 
  20. ↑ Puncturing Betty Friedan, but Not the Mystique: An Interview with Stephanie Coontz. Stephaniecoontz.com (2011-01-24).
  21. ↑ Daniel Horowitz, "Rethinking Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: Labor Union Radicalism and Feminism in Cold War America", American Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar. 1996) p. 22 Template:JSTOR
  22. ↑ (2013) The Feminine Mystique: The Contexts, The Scholarship on the Feminine Mystique, 1st. W. W. Norton, xiv. 
  23. ↑ American National Biography Online: Friedan, Betty
  24. ↑ Patricia Bradley (2004). Mass Media and the Shaping of American Feminism, 1963-1975. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-60473-051-7. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Media Coverage of the Feminine Mystique Symposium Template:Webarchive
  26. ↑ New Location - React: The Feminine Mystique at 50 (Day 1) | The New School | University Events
  27. ↑ The Feminine Mystique | W. W. Norton & Company
  28. ↑ Jamie Smith Hopkins. What 'The Jungle' and 'What Do People Do All Day?' Have In Common, The Baltimore Sun, 10 December 2013.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 The Department of Labor Chose 100+ Books that Shaped Work in America
  30. ↑ Kelly, Kate (February 25, 2013). "New PBS Program Makers Puts Women's Movement in Context". The Huffington Post.
  31. ↑ Home schooled student, Friedan panel recognized, Journal Star, April 28, 2014.
  32. ↑ The Feminine Mystique Summary. Enotes.com.
  33. ↑ Friedan, Betty (1963). “The Problem that Has No Name”, The Feminine Mystique. W. W. Norton. 
  34. ↑ Friedan, Betty (1963). “The Happy Housewife Heroine”, The Feminine Mystique. W. W. Norton. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Friedan, Betty (1963). “The Crisis in Woman's Identity”, The Feminine Mystique. W. W. Norton. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8 36.9 The Feminist Mystique-Simple chapter summaries. eNotes.
  37. ↑ Friedan, Betty (1963). “The Sexual Solipsism of Sigmund Freud”, The Feminine Mystique. W. W. Norton. 
  38. ↑ Webster, Richard (2005). Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. Oxford: The Orwell Press. ISBN 0-9515922-5-4. 
  39. ↑ Friedan, Betty (1963). “The Mistaken Choice”, The Feminine Mystique. W. W. Norton. 

Further reading

  • Coontz, Stephanie. A Strange Stirring: "The Feminine Mystique" and American Women at the Dawn of the 1960s (Basic Books; 2011) 222 pages Template:ISBN
  • Meyerowitz, Joanne. "The Myth of the Feminine Mystique" in Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (eds.) Brandywine Press, St. James, NY. Template:ISBN

External links

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