DNA/Timelines: Difference between revisions
< DNA
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>Chris Day No edit summary |
imported>Robert W King No edit summary |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{subpages}} | {{subpages}} | ||
{{timeline | |||
|height=30 | |||
|title= }} | |||
{{TLevent | |||
|event='''1866''': [[Gregor Mendel]] identifies inheritance "factors" in pea plants. | |||
|width=80% | |||
|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1869''': [[Friedrich Miescher]] isolates “nuclein” (DNA) from infected wounds. | |||
|width=80% | |||
|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
{{tlevent|event='''1900''': [[Karl Correns]], [[Hugo de Vries]] and [[Erich von Tschermak]] independently rediscover Mendel's laws. | |||
|width=80% | |||
|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1910''': [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] proposed a theory of sex-linked inheritance for the first mutation discovered in the fruit fly, [[Drosophila]], white eye. | |||
|width=80% | |||
|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1913''': Morgan and [[Alfred Sturtevant]] propose principle of gene linkage leading to the first genetic map. | |||
|width=80% | |||
|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1927''': [[Hermann J. Muller]] Used x-rays to cause artificial gene mutations in Drosophila. | |||
|width=80% | |||
|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1928''': [[Frederick Griffith]] demonstrates a "transforming factor" that can transmit the ability of [[bacteria]] to cause [[pneumonia]] in mice. | |||
|width=80% | |||
|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
|} | |||
:'''1929''': [[Phoebus Levene]] describes building blocks of DNA, including four types of base A,C, T, and G. | :'''1929''': [[Phoebus Levene]] describes building blocks of DNA, including four types of base A,C, T, and G. | ||
:'''1931''': [[Harriet Creighton]] and [[Barbara McClintock]] Demonstrated the cytological proof for crossing-over in [[maize]]. | :'''1931''': [[Harriet Creighton]] and [[Barbara McClintock]] Demonstrated the cytological proof for crossing-over in [[maize]]. |
Revision as of 21:10, 10 April 2008
1866: Gregor Mendel identifies inheritance "factors" in pea plants.
1869: Friedrich Miescher isolates “nuclein” (DNA) from infected wounds.
1910: Thomas Hunt Morgan proposed a theory of sex-linked inheritance for the first mutation discovered in the fruit fly, Drosophila, white eye.
1913: Morgan and Alfred Sturtevant propose principle of gene linkage leading to the first genetic map.
1927: Hermann J. Muller Used x-rays to cause artificial gene mutations in Drosophila.
1928: Frederick Griffith demonstrates a "transforming factor" that can transmit the ability of bacteria to cause pneumonia in mice.
|
- 1929: Phoebus Levene describes building blocks of DNA, including four types of base A,C, T, and G.
- 1931: Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock Demonstrated the cytological proof for crossing-over in maize.
- 1941: George Beadle and Edward Tatum prove that a gene can produce its effect by regulating particular enzymes.
- 1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty purified the transforming factor proposed in Griffith's experiment and show it is not protein, but DNA.
- Late 1940s: Barbara McClintock developed the hypothesis of transposable elements.
- 1950: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase use bacteriophage to confirm DNA is the molecule of heredity.
- 1950: Erwin Chargaff discovered a one-to-one ratio of A:T and G:C in DNA samples from a variety of organisms.
- 1951: Rosalind Franklin created a high quality X-ray diffraction photograph to reveal more detail of the repeating structure of DNA.
- 1953: Francis Crick and James Watson deduce the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule using a combination of experimental data and model building.
- 1958: Arthur Kornberg purified a DNA polymerase from bacteria, and used it to synthesis DNA in a test tube.
- 1958: Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl demonstrated that DNA replicates by a semi-conservative mechanism.
- 1966: Marshall Nirenberg and Gobind Khorana crack the genetic code linking the DNA sequence of nucleotides to the protein sequence of amino acid residues.
- 1967: Discovery of DNA ligase.
- 1969: FISH
- 1970: Howard Temin discovered the of activity of reverse transcriptase.
- 1970: Hamilton Smith and Kent Wilcox isolated the first restriction enzyme, HindII, that cuts DNA at a very specific nucleotide sequence.
- 1972: Paul Berg creates the first recombinant DNA molecules, using restriction enzymes. This technology will be the beginning of the biotechnology industry.
- 1973: Annie Chang and Stanley Cohen showed that a recombinant DNA molecule can be maintained and replicated in E. coli.
- 1973: Joseph Sambrook refined DNA electrophoresis (first described in 1953) by using an agarose gel and staining the DNA with ethidium bromide.
- 1975: An International meeting at Asilomar, California provided guidelines regulating recombinant DNA experimentation.
- 1975: Ed Southern developed the Southern blot for DNA. This name inspires similar blotting techniques for RNA (northern blot) and protein (western blot).
- 1976: Herbert Boyer cofounds Genentech, the first firm founded in the United States to apply recombinant DNA technology
- 1977: Frederick Sanger, Allan Maxam, and Walter Gilbert developed the chain termination (dideoxy) method for sequencing DNA.
- 1978: Somatostatin, which regulates human growth hormones, is the first human protein made using recombinant technology.
- 1980: Mark Skolnick, Ray White, David Botstein, and Ronald Davis create RFLP marker map of human genome.
- 1981: Three independent research teams announced the discovery of human oncogenes (cancer genes).
- 1983: James Gusella demonstrate that the Huntington's disease gene is on chromosome 4.
- 1985: Kary Mullis published a paper describing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technique to amplify specific DNA sequences from minutes quantities of starting material.
- 1985: Alec Jeffreys devised a technique that uses DNA polymorphisms to distinguish between different individuals. He later coined the term DNA fingerprinting and this is now impotant for many paternity, immigration, and murder cases.
- 1986: Leroy Hood and Lloyd Smith automate DNA sequencing with the goal of sequencing whole genomes.
- 1987: US DOE officially begins human genome project.
- 1990: BLAST algorithm developed to align DNA sequences and is the key to comparative genomics.
- 1990: The first occurance of gene replacement therapy to repair a defective ADA gene in a four year old girls T-cells.
- 1993: FlavrSavr tomatoes are the first genetically modified organisms to be marketed. They were engineered to ripen more slowly for longer shelf life.
- 1995: Patrick Brown and Stanford University colleagues invent DNA microarray technology.
- 1995: Researchers at The Institute for Genomic Research publish first genome sequence of free-living organism: Haemophilus influenzae.
- 1998: NIH begins the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) project to reveal human genetic variation.
- 1999: First human chromosome sequence published.
- 2000: Fruit fly genome sequenced using Celera’s whole-genome shotgun method.
- 2001: Science and Nature publish annotations and analyses of human genome.
- 2005: HapMap published giving a huge resource of SNP's and information relating to human variation.