Dokdo (Takeshima)

(CC) Image: Chunbum Park
Coordinates: 37° 14´ N, 131° 52´ E

Dokdo is a small group of volcanic rocks located in the Sea of Japan. South Korea administers the islets as an area of the Ulleung County, Northern Gyeongsang Province. The 56-acre (226600 m²) formation consists of two main islands that house a lighthouse, a helicopter pad, and a small police force. Because the rocks shelter various species of fish, birds, plants, and insects, the South Korean government has designated the islets as a nature reserve and enforces measures to protect the islets from the visiting tourists. The sovereignty over Dokdo has been contested by Japan over historical and legal grounds and remains one of the more serious disputes between South Korea and its former colonial ruler. Since at least 1905, the islands were called in Japanese Takeshima (竹島), meaning the "bamboo island". The Korean name has many different transliterations in English, including "Tok-do", "Dok-to", and "Tok Islets" (독도), all of which equate to "rocky island". The islets have two English titles: Liancourt Rocks and Hornet Rocks. "Liancourt" has its origin in the name of the French whaling ship that first encountered and charted the islets in 1849.

Geography

(CC) Image: Chunbum Park
A detailed map of Dokdo.

Template:2isletsdata Dokdo lies in the Sea of Japan as a part of an underwater volcano that erupted repeatedly from 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago. The underwater Dokdo volcano stands 2 km high on its base with a diameter of 20 ~ 25 km and rises to a guyot summit that is 10 km wide. The islets on top of this summit consist mostly of trachyte and trachyandesite differentiated from the parental alkali basalt magma of the underwater volcano. Samples of these rocks reveal that Dokdo is the oldest existing island in Korea (Awaji Island is the oldest in Japan); the second oldest island in Korea is Ulleungdo, which formed 2 million years after Dokdo from the same hot spot, with similar igneous composition to Dokdo. Due to sedimentation, the 2 islands (Seo-do and Dong-do　in Korean, Otoko-jima and Onna-jima in Japanese; both literally meaning western island　and eastern island, respectively) that make up most of the island cluster above water split 2 million years ago, and are now positioned 151 meters apart from each other. The western islet is steeper and larger than the eastern islet, and it is the tallest islet in the cluster. 87 smaller rocks scatter around the two main islands within a radius of a few kilometers, and more than 30 of such geographical features have been named by the South Korean government ministries.

Climate & Ecology

Dokdo has a moderate maritime climate created by the warm and cold ocean currents that collide nearby the islands. The average year-round temperature is 12°C, and the coldest and the hottest extremes occur in January (1°C) and August (23°C) respectively. The average yearly rainfall is 1,240 mm, and in the winter the islands experience a heavy snowfall. In a year, there are only about 50 clear days, more than 160 days are cloudy or foggy, and rain or snow falls on the remaining 150 days.

Dokdo's ecosystem is influenced heavily by its climate and geography. Because of the strong, salty sea winds (with an average velocity of 4.3m/s), the barren soil, and the lack of fresh water, vegetation grows poorly on the islets. There were originally only a few types of plants on the islets, but many more have been transplanted to Dokdo from the mainland since the S. Korean occupation. The islands can undergo severe drought if no rain or snow falls for a while because the thin layer of soil cannot retain much water and the amount of water produced by the moss that covers the islands is very little. The However, due to its central location in the Sea of Japan, Dokdo is an important bird-breeding area and also a popular rest stop for the birds flying in the north-south direction. The black-tailed gulls that nest and breed on the islets between May and August comprise the largest group of the avian populations in Dokdo. The areas around Dokdo, where the North Korean Cold Current and the Tsushima Warm Current collide, and where planktons are abundant, contain a diverse marine life including the Pacific white-sided dolphins, octopus, pollack, saury, abalone, turbo, and sea cucumber. Also, in 2007 a coral colony was found near Dokdo for the first time in the Sea of Japan. Currently, Dokdo is inhabited by 107 species of birds, 49 species of plants (of which 19 are alien species), and 93 species of insects; and as many as 160 different species of seaweeds and 100 species of fish live in the surrounding waters.

As much as the Dokdo's ecosystem is healthy and diverse, it is equally delicate and vulnerable. A study in 2006 found that the 2 mammal species that were previously reported on Dokdo, the stellar sea lions and the fur seals, have completely disappeared from the islands. The study also discovered in Dokdo 8 species that are endangered in Korea, including the falcon, the Siberian honey buzzard, the owl, the black kite, the Japanese murrelet, and the swan. The researchers expressed concerns about the possible harms on the islands' ecosystem that the 19 alien plant species could inflict as invasive species.

The South Korean government has implemented in the past several programs and policies concerning Dokdo's environment, in order to protect the rich ecosystem and to strengthen South Korea's sovereignty over the islets. In 1982, the government designated Dokdo as a Natural Monument No. 336 and prohibited visitors from setting foot on the islets. However, in March 2005, the government lifted the visitation ban and allowed up to 70 visitors to the East Islet a day after the governing council of the Shimane Prefecture in Japan designated February 22nd as the Takeshima Day. In the same month, the South Korean government expanded the limit to allow up to 140 persons on Dokdo per day, which the Ministry of Environment claimed would have zero compromise on the protection of Dokdo's environment. However, the South Korean government had to follow that guarantee with a plea to the public to not violate the rules by producing noise pollution with musical instruments, straying off from the tour routes, and taking rocks as souvenirs. At the same time, the Ministry of Environment in 2005 began to monitor Dokdo's environment in order to prevent unfavorable developments and to assemble data for policies in the future. The Ministry of Environment announced later in 2006 that the islets' ecosystem would be monitored through biannual surveys and 4-season studies every 5 years. In order to accommodate for the tourism on the islets, the government began to rebuild some of the islands' concrete facilities, which had been built carelessly without planning, with more environmentally-friendly designs. In 2007, the provincial government of North Gyeongsang launched a new project to make the areas of Dokdo into a "clean zone" by 2010.

Demographics

Dokdo had its first resident in May of 1968 when Chwe (or Choi) Jongdeok, a South Korean fisherman who used to make living off of the nearby waters, moved in from the island of Ulleungdo. Since then, Dokdo saw a continual presence of at least one or two fishing families, in addition to the coast guard that has been stationed there since 1954. Only 2 people currently live on Dokdo, but, in February of 2006, the South Korean government announced a plan to build a village of about 20 people on the islets.

Territorial dispute with Japan

After World War II

In September 1945, a month after Japan's surrender in World War II, the Allied occupation forces placed Dokdo within the jurisdiction of the U.S. Sixth Army based in Japan. Then, in less than a year,General MacArthur, then the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, moved the Japan-South Korea boundary eastward to make the MacArthur Line, and Dokdo was assigned to the U.S. XXIV Corps that was responsible for all of South Korea. However, the MacArthur Line was only a temporary configuration of the postwar boundaries, drawn to suit the convenience of the administrative authorities.

San Francisco Peace Treaty

The dispute between South Korea and Japan over the ownership of Dokdo ultimately originates from the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951, which made official Japan's surrender of its overseas territories but failed to specify to which country Japan renounced its former territories and to which precise limit these territories extended. In the case of the Dokdo dispute, the main question regarding the peace treaty was whether the islands were included in the "Korea" that Japan renounced in the San Francisco treaty.

In fact, in the earlier drafts of the treaty that were written between the late 1946 and November 1949, the US State Department specified that Japan return Dokdo to the Korean mainland. However, William J. Sebald, who was a political adviser to General MacArthur suggested in a commentary to the State Department that Dokdo be defined as a Japanese territory for historical and strategic reasons. First, Sebald thought that Japan's sovereignty over Dokdo appeared valid and that "it is difficult to regard... [ Dokdo ] as islands off the shore of Korea". Secondly, Sebald pointed out that, if Dokdo were to be a South Korean territory, the U.S. risked losing the islets as a potential weather or radar station because of the communist threats from the North. Therefore, the December draft of the San Francisco treaty was changed to state that "Takeshima (Liancourt Rocks)... shall belong to Japan." (Chapter II, Territorial Clauses, Article 3)

Then all of a sudden, after John Foster Dulles was put in charge of the peace treaty and the Korean War precipitated, the treaty drafts from August and onwards ceased to mention "Takeshima" (as the islets were referred to) altogether. The entire treaty became shorter and simpler, and many of the specifics on the coordinates, borders, and the islands disappeared. It is likely that Dulles purposefully rewrote the treaty to open room for disputes between Japan and the other countries, and thereby provide buffer against the potential domino effect in case of communist expansion. Dulles expected that, if South Korea were not to fall in the hands of the communists, it would take the disputes with Japan to the International Court of Justice, as suggested by the treaty in Chapter 6, Article 22.

The San Francisco Peace Treaty was signed on September 8, 1951, and took effect on April 28, 1952.

Proclamation of the Rhee Line

Before the Peace Treaty