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imported>Caesar Schinas
m (better - or we could just use and #expr to calculate the number of unapproved live articles, but that would pake it look like we have less articles)
imported>Milton Beychok
m (Latest "Article of the Week:")
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=== Article of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
=== Article of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
{{Image|Anthracite coal.jpg|right|275px|Anthracite coal (coin shown for scale).}}  
{{Image|Grey Nurse Shark.jpg|right|200px|This grey nurse shark (''[[Carcharias taurus]]'') and the smaller [[fish]] surrounding it are animals.}}
 
'''Animals''' (from the Latin ''animale'' and ''animalis'', meaning "living", and ''anima'', meaning "vital breath", or "soul") are those [[organism]]s classified into the [[kingdom (biology)|kingdom]] '''Animalia'''. Together they make up a wide segment of [[life]][[biologist]]s estimate their [[species]] to number many millions—and include an incredibly [[biodiversity|diverse array]] of both familiar and strange creatures, ranging from [[hawk]]s to [[human]]s and from [[sea slug]]s to [[spider]]s. Nonetheless, they all share certain characteristics: all animals are [[multicellularity|multicellular]] [[eukaryote]]s, [[heterotrophism|ingest their food]], and [[locomotion|move]] by their own power at some point in their [[life cycle]]. Animals are essential [[consumer]]s in many [[ecosystem]]s and many are also important in [[human]] [[society|societies]] and [[economy|economies]].<font size=1>[[Animal|['''more...''']]]</font>
'''Coal''' is a [[Carbon|carbon-containing]] rock formed by the debris from the decay of ferns, vines, trees and other plants which flourished in swamps millions of years ago. Over time, the debris became buried and the actions of [[bacteria]], [[heat]] and [[pressure]] transformed the debris first into [[peat]] (a precursor of coal) and then into the various types of coal as we know them today.<ref name=Perry>{{cite book|author=Green, Don W. and Perry, Robert H. (Editors)|title=Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook|edition=6th Edition|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1997|id=ISBN 0-07-049479-7}}</ref><ref name=Marks>{{cite book|author=Eugene A. Avallone, Theodore Baumeister and Ali Sadegh (Editors)|title=Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers|edition=11th Edition|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional|year=2006|id=ISBN 0-07-142867-4}}</ref><ref name=Kreith>{{cite book|author=Frank Kreith (Editor)|title=The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering|edition=1st Edition|publisher=CRC Press|year=1998|id=ISBN 0-8493-9418-X}}</ref> In more technical terminology, that process of transformation is referred to as ''metamorphosis'', ''coalification'' or ''lithification''.
 
Coal is extracted by [[mine (resource extraction)|mining]] from deposits that exist deep underground as well as deposits that are essentially at or near the surface of the ground. Because of the various degrees of transformation that occurred during the forming of coal deposits in different locations, the composition of coal varies from one deposit to another. No two coals are the same in every respect. In general, coal consists of [[carbon]], [[hydrogen]], [[oxygen]], [[nitrogen]], [[sulfur]] and [[mineral]] matter (including compounds of [[silicon]], [[aluminum]], [[iron]], [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and others).<font size=1>[[Coal|['''more...''']]]</font>


=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===

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Article of the Week [ about ]

(CC) Photo: Richard Ling
This grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) and the smaller fish surrounding it are animals.

Animals (from the Latin animale and animalis, meaning "living", and anima, meaning "vital breath", or "soul") are those organisms classified into the kingdom Animalia. Together they make up a wide segment of lifebiologists estimate their species to number many millions—and include an incredibly diverse array of both familiar and strange creatures, ranging from hawks to humans and from sea slugs to spiders. Nonetheless, they all share certain characteristics: all animals are multicellular eukaryotes, ingest their food, and move by their own power at some point in their life cycle. Animals are essential consumers in many ecosystems and many are also important in human societies and economies.[more...]

New Draft of the Week [ about ]

Gasoline or petrol is a fuel, derived from petroleum crude oil, for use in spark-ignited internal combustion engines. Conventional gasoline is mostly a blended mixture of more than 200 different hydrocarbon liquids ranging from those containing 4 carbon atoms to those containing 11 or 12 carbon atoms. It has an initial boiling point at atmospheric pressure of about 35 °C (95 °F) and a final boiling point of about 200 °C (395 °F).[1][2][3][4] Gasoline is used primarily as fuel for the internal combustion engines in automotive vehicles as well in some small airplanes.

In Canada and the United States, the word "gasoline" is commonly used and it is often shortened to simply "gas" although it is a liquid rather than a gas. In fact, gasoline-dispensing facilities are referred to as "gas stations".

Most current or former Commonwealth countries use the term "petrol" and their dispensing facilities are referred to as "petrol stations". The term "petrogasoline" is also used sometimes. In some European countries and elsewhere, the term "benzin" (or a variant of that word) is used to denote gasoline.

In aviation, "mogas" (an abbreviation for "motor gasoline") is used to distinguish automotive vehicle fuel from aviation fuel known as "avgas".[more...]

  1. Gasoline FAQ - Part2 of 4, Bruce Hamilton, Industrial Research Ltd. (IRL), a Crown Research Institute of New Zealand.
  2. Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E. (2001). Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics, 4th Edition. Marcel Dekker, Inc.. ISBN 0-8247-0482-7. 
  3. The Relation Between Gasoline Quality, Octane Number and the Environment, Rafat Assi, National Project Manager of Jordan’s Second National Communications on Climate Change, presented at Jordan National Workshop on Lead Phase-out, United Nations Environment Programme, July 2008, Amman, Jordan.
  4. James Speight (2008). Synthetic Fuels Handbook, 1st Edition. McGraw-Hill, pages 92-93. ISBN 0-07-149023-X.