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This is why the entire police force needs to be rewritten, due to how wrong it was to begin with...“In 1866, one year after the 13 Amendment was ratified (the amendment that ended slavery), Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Tennessee, and South Carolina began to lease out convicts for labor (peonage). This made the business of arresting Blacks very lucrative, which is why hundreds of White men were hired by these states as police officers. Their primary responsibility was to search out and arrest Blacks who were in violation of Black Codes.
“In 1866, one year after the 13 Amendment was ratified (the amendment that ended slavery), Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Tennessee, and South Carolina began to lease out convicts for labor (peonage). This made the business of arresting Blacks very lucrative, which is why hundreds of White men were hired by these states as police officers. Their primary responsibility was to search out and arrest Blacks who were in violation of Black Codes.  Once arrested, these men, women and children would be leased to plantations where they would harvest cotton, tobacco, sugar cane. Or they would be leased to work at coal mines, or railroad companies. The owners of these businesses would pay the state for every prisoner who worked for them; prison labor.  It is believed that after the passing of the 13th Amendment, more than 800,000 Blacks were part of the system of peonage, or re-enslavement through the prison system. Peonage didn’t end until after World War II began, around 1940.


Once arrested, these men, women and children would be leased to plantations where they would harvest cotton, tobacco, sugar cane. Or they would be leased to work at coal mines, or railroad companies. The owners of these businesses would pay the state for every prisoner who worked for them; prison labor.
The 13th Amendment declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." (Ratified in 1865)   Lawmakers used this phrase to make petty offenses crimes. When Blacks were found guilty of committing these crimes, they were imprisoned and then leased out to the same businesses that lost slaves after the passing of the 13th Amendment. This system of convict labor is called peonage.
 
It is believed that after the passing of the 13th Amendment, more than 800,000 Blacks were part of the system of peonage, or re-enslavement through the prison system. Peonage didn’t end until after World War II began, around 1940.
 
This is how it happened.
 
The 13th Amendment declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." (Ratified in 1865)
 
Did you catch that? It says, “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude could occur except as a punishment for a crime". Lawmakers used this phrase to make petty offenses crimes. When Blacks were found guilty of committing these crimes, they were imprisoned and then leased out to the same businesses that lost slaves after the passing of the 13th Amendment. This system of convict labor is called peonage.


The majority of White Southern farmers and business owners hated the 13th Amendment because it took away slave labor. As a way to appease them, the federal government turned a blind eye when southern states used this clause in the 13th Amendment to establish laws called Black Codes. Here are some examples of Black Codes:
The majority of White Southern farmers and business owners hated the 13th Amendment because it took away slave labor. As a way to appease them, the federal government turned a blind eye when southern states used this clause in the 13th Amendment to establish laws called Black Codes. Here are some examples of Black Codes:
In Louisiana, it was illegal for a Black man to preach to Black congregations without special permission in writing from the president of the police. If caught, he could be arrested and fined. If he could not pay the fines, which were unbelievably high, he would be forced to work for an individual, or go to jail or prison where he would work until his debt was paid off.
* In Louisiana, it was illegal for a Black man to preach to Black congregations without special permission in writing from the president of the police. If caught, he could be arrested and fined. If he could not pay the fines, which were unbelievably high, he would be forced to work for an individual, or go to jail or prison where he would work until his debt was paid off.
If a Black person did not have a job, he or she could be arrested and imprisoned on the charge of vagrancy or loitering.
* If a Black person did not have a job, he or she could be arrested and imprisoned on the charge of vagrancy or loitering.
This next Black Code will make you cringe.
* In South Carolina, if the parent of a Black child was considered vagrant, the judicial system allowed the police and/or other government agencies to “apprentice” the child to an "employer". Males could be held until the age of 21, and females could be held until they were 18. Their owner had the legal right to inflict punishment on the child for disobedience, and to recapture them if they ran away.
In South Carolina, if the parent of a Black child was considered vagrant, the judicial system allowed the police and/or other government agencies to “apprentice” the child to an "employer". Males could be held until the age of 21, and females could be held until they were 18. Their owner had the legal right to inflict punishment on the child for disobedience, and to recapture them if they ran away.


This (peonage) is an example of systemic racism - Racism established and perpetuated by government systems. Slavery was made legal by the U.S. Government. Segregation, Black Codes, Jim Crow and peonage were all made legal by the government, and upheld by the judicial system. These acts of racism were built into the system, which is where the term “Systemic Racism” is derived.
This (peonage) is an example of systemic racism - Racism established and perpetuated by government systems. Slavery was made legal by the U.S. Government. Segregation, Black Codes, Jim Crow and peonage were all made legal by the government, and upheld by the judicial system. These acts of racism were built into the system, which is where the term “Systemic Racism” is derived.
This is the part of Black History that most of us were never told about.” ~Chuck Allen
(thank you Weisha Mize) See Less
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Revision as of 10:59, 28 January 2021

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References ISBN / DOI

Gill, Gillian (1998). Mary Baker Eddy. Perseus. DOI:10.1086/ahr/105.2.551. ISBN 0738200425.  


https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/105.2.551 

ISBN 0-7382-0042-5

Van Dyke, Roger Raymond (1979). Antebellum Henry County. West Tennessee Historical Society, 49pp. 

This is a test[1]

Scylla, or maybe Aeneid

Workgroups

Write-A-Thon ideas

  • John S. would prefer first one around New Years
  • Larry and several others like Sundays
  • possible SCHEDULE:
    • start 1 pm England time (6 am EST / 3 am PST)
    • end 11 pm Pacific time (2 am EST / 11 pm PST)
  • possible themes:
    • safe entertainments during a COVID-19 pandemic: such as: books, writers, films, actors, hobbies
    • from John S: animals/pets? Film (actors, directors...)? Planets?
    • from Roger Lohmann: Mysteries; not only the huge (and hugely popular) novels that go by that name, but all the other things that could conceivably come under that heading, from the trivial to the profound, from current affairs to deep history. (What happened to Amelia Earhart? Are there really UFO’s? Orson Welles’ radio broadcast. Who and What is God? Are there miracles? Who were the Neanderthals?)
  • From Rajendra Raju: There are also themes on (a) Motivation and (b) Technical topics that you may find fit to include. I suppose these would become articles ultimately after being cleared by the editors.


Paris, TN

draft article

about slavery

  • HRK, who lives out of his car a lot and moves about from place to place, was backpacking in 2020 out West as he does every summer. He made it to Utah, but before that, for my amusement, he stopped over in Paris, Idaho, and sent me a bunch of photos of that place, which is actually quite interesting. From those photos, I got to reading about Paris, Idaho (small, unincorporated), which was founded by a Mormon named Charles Coulson Rich. He was born in Kentucky and after converting to Mormonism, tried living for a while in Missouri. And then the local population in Missouri fought a war (okay, illegally and unsanctioned, but not hindered either) to drive Mormons out of Missouri. The local non-Mormon population really got riled with hatred of the Mormons, possibly because their daughters were in danger of being married off to a Mormon extended family. After being chased out of Missouri, Rich and friends tried to go to Utah and make that place pretty much their own. But they accidentally founded Paris over in Idaho because nobody knew in those days exactly where the state line was. Charles Coulson Rich, this highly successful early Mormon who had six wives, also owned, as it turned out, six slaves--which might be another reason people in Missouri were trying to drive the Mormons out. I hadn't realize how much violence was against the Mormons back in the 1800's. And Mormonism itself is such a mixed bag of Goodness and Badness, with the polygamy thing being again both good and bad. And these ultra religious ultra righteous seeming folks owned slaves. Yep, it's a huge mess. [ I emailed this to Randall in 2020 ]
  • The following is from Petra Vaughn's Facebook post on Sept. 22, 2020

“In 1866, one year after the 13 Amendment was ratified (the amendment that ended slavery), Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Tennessee, and South Carolina began to lease out convicts for labor (peonage). This made the business of arresting Blacks very lucrative, which is why hundreds of White men were hired by these states as police officers. Their primary responsibility was to search out and arrest Blacks who were in violation of Black Codes. Once arrested, these men, women and children would be leased to plantations where they would harvest cotton, tobacco, sugar cane. Or they would be leased to work at coal mines, or railroad companies. The owners of these businesses would pay the state for every prisoner who worked for them; prison labor. It is believed that after the passing of the 13th Amendment, more than 800,000 Blacks were part of the system of peonage, or re-enslavement through the prison system. Peonage didn’t end until after World War II began, around 1940.

The 13th Amendment declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." (Ratified in 1865) Lawmakers used this phrase to make petty offenses crimes. When Blacks were found guilty of committing these crimes, they were imprisoned and then leased out to the same businesses that lost slaves after the passing of the 13th Amendment. This system of convict labor is called peonage.

The majority of White Southern farmers and business owners hated the 13th Amendment because it took away slave labor. As a way to appease them, the federal government turned a blind eye when southern states used this clause in the 13th Amendment to establish laws called Black Codes. Here are some examples of Black Codes:

  • In Louisiana, it was illegal for a Black man to preach to Black congregations without special permission in writing from the president of the police. If caught, he could be arrested and fined. If he could not pay the fines, which were unbelievably high, he would be forced to work for an individual, or go to jail or prison where he would work until his debt was paid off.
  • If a Black person did not have a job, he or she could be arrested and imprisoned on the charge of vagrancy or loitering.
  • In South Carolina, if the parent of a Black child was considered vagrant, the judicial system allowed the police and/or other government agencies to “apprentice” the child to an "employer". Males could be held until the age of 21, and females could be held until they were 18. Their owner had the legal right to inflict punishment on the child for disobedience, and to recapture them if they ran away.

This (peonage) is an example of systemic racism - Racism established and perpetuated by government systems. Slavery was made legal by the U.S. Government. Segregation, Black Codes, Jim Crow and peonage were all made legal by the government, and upheld by the judicial system. These acts of racism were built into the system, which is where the term “Systemic Racism” is derived.

sources

archaeology

  • [https://capone.mtsu.edu/kesmith/TNARCH/CRITA/CRITA_Abstracts.html
    • Bissett, Thaddeus (University of Tennessee, Knoxville). 2013. RE-ASSESSING BIG SANDY, AN EARLY MIDDLE ARCHAIC SHELL MIDDEN IN HENRY COUNTY, TENNESSEE. Big Sandy was one of several Archaic shell middens excavated in the lower Tennessee Valley during the Great Depression. In the decades since, it has been mostly relegated to footnote status, but recent work suggests that Big Sandy is unique among Middle Archaic shell-bearing sites in the Midsouth. New radiocarbon dates and analyses of artifacts and original field documentation indicate that intact strata at the site (previously thought to represent sequential occupations) were in fact contemporaneous, and that Big Sandy contains clear evidence for both residential occupation and an associated, but spatially segregated, cemetery during the early Middle Archaic period.

intro ideas

The history of this town and this county is missing. Oh, we know a few random facts, but most of what heppened in the past has been deliberately forgotten, not recorded, actively discouraged from being talked about, or plain old ignored. And that ignoring happened so consistently that most of it can now no longer be recovered. Still, I want to try to find out what there is that can still be determined. Because without knowing what was, we're basically living a kind of lie, that pretends that things in the past were okay, things in the present are okay, and things in the future will be okay without our needing to make any course corrections.

It's not just this town and this county where that happened. It happened in lots of towns and counties all over the country, and nowhere was history buried and forgotten and glossed over more fully, with more active enthusiasm, than in the Southern United States.

In American, the history of racism is taught like this: "There was slavery and then there was Jim Crow and then there was Martin Luther King Jr. and now it's done." (from Trevor Noah's "Born a Crime", p. 183)

images

notes

NOTES for this article: (I *think* from the Van Dyke article, but must verify all facts)

  • even before the Civil War, there were pockets of free negroes in the county
  • 1/2 the population were slaves before the war (?)
  • 33% of the local farms had slaves
  • tobacco and cotton farm work were almost all done by slaves
  • 1839: cost of a male slave $900 to $1000
  • 1839: cost of a female slave $700 to $900
  • 1839: cost of a child slave $600 to $800
  • by 1860: $5,000,000 of slaves were in Henry Co.
  • Nat Turner insurrection (Aug 31 - what year?)
  • 1855: first bank
  • 1825: first Masonic Lodge #55
  • 3 general stores, 3 hotels, courthouse
  • "Free and Accepted Masons" #108 in 1845 #96, #130 (???)
  • 1833: 800 people; 12 lawyers, 12 doctors, 2 clergy, 1 church etc
  • Paris historical markers
  • From Chamber of Commerce website: Henry County History
  • Per TN River Valley (w/NatGeo), Paris is a historic site
  • Per the hospital ("Medical Center"), here is the hospital history

Native Amers

State refs

Major sources

More notes

  • Cottage Grove: 10 mi NW
  • Buchanan: 11.5 mi NE
  • 1850's: Henry, 8.5 mi SW of Paris
    • Henry Station
    • Memphis and Ohio railroad

Tosh says there were lots of:

  • Tharpe names
  • There were also Palmer names

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Notes adn References

  1. ↑ Antebellum Henry County by Roger Raymond Van Dyke, West Tennessee Historical Society, Papers 1947-2015, Vol 33, 49pp; see page 32
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