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Publication bias may be due to authors not submitting negative studies for publication.<ref name="pmid12876092">{{cite journal |author=Krzyzanowska MK, Pintilie M, Tannock IF |title=Factors associated with failure to publish large randomized trials presented at an oncology meeting |journal=JAMA |volume=290 |issue=4 |pages=495–501 |year=2003 |pmid=12876092 |doi=10.1001/jama.290.4.495}}</ref> This may especially be true of studies authored by industries with conflicts of interest.<ref name="pmid12775615">{{cite journal |author=Melander H, Ahlqvist-Rastad J, Meijer G, Beermann B |title=Evidence b(i)ased medicine--selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: review of studies in new drug applications |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7400 |pages=1171–3 |year=2003 |pmid=12775615 |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1171}}</ref>
Publication bias may be due to authors not submitting negative studies for publication.<ref name="pmid12876092">{{cite journal |author=Krzyzanowska MK, Pintilie M, Tannock IF |title=Factors associated with failure to publish large randomized trials presented at an oncology meeting |journal=JAMA |volume=290 |issue=4 |pages=495–501 |year=2003 |pmid=12876092 |doi=10.1001/jama.290.4.495}}</ref> This may especially be true of studies authored by industries with conflicts of interest.<ref name="pmid12775615">{{cite journal |author=Melander H, Ahlqvist-Rastad J, Meijer G, Beermann B |title=Evidence b(i)ased medicine--selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: review of studies in new drug applications |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7400 |pages=1171–3 |year=2003 |pmid=12775615 |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1171}}</ref>


Publication bias, or bias in interpretation of studies, may be due to language of origin. This has been found specifically in the field of complementary alternative medicine in which articles published in languages other than English are more likely to report positive results.<ref name="pmid16086467">{{cite journal |author=Pham B, Klassen TP, Lawson ML, Moher D |title=Language of publication restrictions in systematic reviews gave different results depending on whether the intervention was conventional or complementary |journal=J Clin Epidemiol |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=769–76 |year=2005 |pmid=16086467 |doi= |issn=}}</ref>
Publication bias, or bias in interpretation of studies, may be more common in certain areas of study and maybe also be associated with the language the study in published in. In the field of complementary and [[alternative medicine]] (CAM), publication bias may be more likely to occur in studies published in languages of than English.<ref name="pmid16086467">{{cite journal |author=Pham B, Klassen TP, Lawson ML, Moher D |title=Language of publication restrictions in systematic reviews gave different results depending on whether the intervention was conventional or complementary |journal=J Clin Epidemiol |volume=58 |issue=8 |pages=769–76 |year=2005 |pmid=16086467 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> This may be due to typical CAM studies being smaller than trials of conventional medicine<ref name="pmid16086467"/>. According to two European analyses, both including German authors and one from the German [[Cochrane Collaboration|Cochrane]] Center, this bias may be especially prevelent in German publications.<ref name="pmid16824217">{{cite journal |author=Galandi D, Schwarzer G, Antes G |title=The demise of the randomised controlled trial: bibliometric study of the German-language health care literature, 1948 to 2004 |journal=BMC Med Res Methodol |volume=6 |issue= |pages=30 |year=2006 |pmid=16824217 |doi=10.1186/1471-2288-6-30 |issn=}}</ref name="pmid9251637">Lancet. 1997. Language bias in randomised controlled trials published in English and German. http://pubmed.gov/16086467</ref>


An example of probable publication bias is in the studies of [[glucosamine]] and [[chondroitin]] for treatment of [[osteoarthritis]]. In an initial meta-analysis, the authors noted evidence of publication bias during examination of the results.<ref name="pmid10732937">{{cite journal |author=McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Gulin JP, Felson DT |title=Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=283 |issue=11 |pages=1469–75 |year=2000 |pmid=10732937 |doi=|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/11/1469}}</ref> A subsequent large [[randomized controlled trial]]<ref name="pmid16495392">{{cite journal |author=Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Harris CL, ''et al'' |title=Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=354 |issue=8 |pages=795–808 |year=2006 |pmid=16495392 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa052771}}</ref> and meta-analyses including the large trial were negative<ref name="pmid17599746">{{cite journal |author=Vlad SC, LaValley MP, McAlindon TE, Felson DT |title=Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differ? |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=2267–77 |year=2007 |pmid=17599746 |doi=10.1002/art.22728}}</ref><ref name="pmid17438317">{{cite journal |author=Reichenbach S, Sterchi R, Scherer M, ''et al'' |title=Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=146 |issue=8 |pages=580–90 |year=2007 |pmid=17438317 |doi=|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/146/8/580}}</ref>. Another example is the selective publication of [[randomized controlled trial]]s of antidepressant.<ref name="pmid18199864">{{cite journal |author=Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R |title=Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=3 |pages=252–60 |year=2008 |pmid=18199864 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa065779}}</ref>
An example of probable publication bias is in the studies of [[glucosamine]] and [[chondroitin]] for treatment of [[osteoarthritis]]. In an initial meta-analysis, the authors noted evidence of publication bias during examination of the results.<ref name="pmid10732937">{{cite journal |author=McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Gulin JP, Felson DT |title=Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=283 |issue=11 |pages=1469–75 |year=2000 |pmid=10732937 |doi=|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/11/1469}}</ref> A subsequent large [[randomized controlled trial]]<ref name="pmid16495392">{{cite journal |author=Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Harris CL, ''et al'' |title=Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=354 |issue=8 |pages=795–808 |year=2006 |pmid=16495392 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa052771}}</ref> and meta-analyses including the large trial were negative<ref name="pmid17599746">{{cite journal |author=Vlad SC, LaValley MP, McAlindon TE, Felson DT |title=Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differ? |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=2267–77 |year=2007 |pmid=17599746 |doi=10.1002/art.22728}}</ref><ref name="pmid17438317">{{cite journal |author=Reichenbach S, Sterchi R, Scherer M, ''et al'' |title=Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=146 |issue=8 |pages=580–90 |year=2007 |pmid=17438317 |doi=|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/146/8/580}}</ref>. Another example is the selective publication of [[randomized controlled trial]]s of antidepressant.<ref name="pmid18199864">{{cite journal |author=Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R |title=Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=3 |pages=252–60 |year=2008 |pmid=18199864 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa065779}}</ref>

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Publication bias is defined as "the influence of study results on the chances of publication [in academic journals] and the tendency of investigators, reviewers, and editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the direction or strength of the study findings. Publication bias has an impact on the interpretation of clinical trials and meta-analyses. Bias can be minimized by insistence by editors on high-quality research, thorough literature reviews, acknowledgement of conflicts of interest, modification of peer review practices, etc."[1] Publication bias has been documented to occur[2].

Publication bias may be due to authors not submitting negative studies for publication.[3] This may especially be true of studies authored by industries with conflicts of interest.[4]

Publication bias, or bias in interpretation of studies, may be more common in certain areas of study and maybe also be associated with the language the study in published in. In the field of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), publication bias may be more likely to occur in studies published in languages of than English.[5] This may be due to typical CAM studies being smaller than trials of conventional medicine[5]. According to two European analyses, both including German authors and one from the German Cochrane Center, this bias may be especially prevelent in German publications.[6]

An example of probable publication bias is in the studies of glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis. In an initial meta-analysis, the authors noted evidence of publication bias during examination of the results.[7] A subsequent large randomized controlled trial[8] and meta-analyses including the large trial were negative[9][10]. Another example is the selective publication of randomized controlled trials of antidepressant.[11]

Meta-analysis

Publication bias is a major threat to the validity of meta-analysis. Publication bias against negative studies may threaten the validity of meta-analyses that are positive and all the studies included within the meta-analysis are small.[12][13]

References

  1. ↑ National Library of Medicine. Publication bias. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
  2. ↑ Dickersin K, Min YI, Meinert CL (1992). "Factors influencing publication of research results. Follow-up of applications submitted to two institutional review boards". JAMA 267 (3): 374–8. PMID 1727960. [e]
  3. ↑ Krzyzanowska MK, Pintilie M, Tannock IF (2003). "Factors associated with failure to publish large randomized trials presented at an oncology meeting". JAMA 290 (4): 495–501. DOI:10.1001/jama.290.4.495. PMID 12876092. Research Blogging.
  4. ↑ Melander H, Ahlqvist-Rastad J, Meijer G, Beermann B (2003). "Evidence b(i)ased medicine--selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry: review of studies in new drug applications". BMJ 326 (7400): 1171–3. DOI:10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1171. PMID 12775615. Research Blogging.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pham B, Klassen TP, Lawson ML, Moher D (2005). "Language of publication restrictions in systematic reviews gave different results depending on whether the intervention was conventional or complementary". J Clin Epidemiol 58 (8): 769–76. PMID 16086467. [e]
  6. ↑ Galandi D, Schwarzer G, Antes G (2006). "The demise of the randomised controlled trial: bibliometric study of the German-language health care literature, 1948 to 2004". BMC Med Res Methodol 6: 30. DOI:10.1186/1471-2288-6-30. PMID 16824217. Research Blogging. </ref name="pmid9251637">Lancet. 1997. Language bias in randomised controlled trials published in English and German. http://pubmed.gov/16086467
  7. ↑ McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Gulin JP, Felson DT (2000). "Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis". JAMA 283 (11): 1469–75. PMID 10732937. [e]
  8. ↑ Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Harris CL, et al (2006). "Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (8): 795–808. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa052771. PMID 16495392. Research Blogging.
  9. ↑ Vlad SC, LaValley MP, McAlindon TE, Felson DT (2007). "Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differ?". Arthritis Rheum. 56 (7): 2267–77. DOI:10.1002/art.22728. PMID 17599746. Research Blogging.
  10. ↑ Reichenbach S, Sterchi R, Scherer M, et al (2007). "Meta-analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip". Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (8): 580–90. PMID 17438317. [e]
  11. ↑ Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R (2008). "Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (3): 252–60. DOI:10.1056/NEJMsa065779. PMID 18199864. Research Blogging.
  12. ↑ Sutton AJ, Duval SJ, Tweedie RL, Abrams KR, Jones DR (2000). "Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses". BMJ 320 (7249): 1574–7. PMID 10845965. [e]
  13. ↑ Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C (1997). "Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test". BMJ 315 (7109): 629–34. PMID 9310563. [e]
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