U (letter): Difference between revisions
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'''U''' is the 21st letter of the [[English alphabet]]. Its name is pronounced like the words ''you'' and ''ewe''. | '''U''' is the 21st letter of the [[English alphabet]]. Its name is pronounced like the words ''you'' and ''ewe''. | ||
==Use in English== | ==Use in English== | ||
U is a back vowel, with three basic sounds. | |||
Examples (the accents show stress and pronunciation: see [[English phonemes]]): | Examples (the accents show stress and pronunciation: see [[English phonemes]]): | ||
The short sound: dúck, fún, úp, cúddle, lúst, múst, lúck, búbble, troúble, soúthern (but not sòuth), nút, cúp, fúss, búg, bús, stún, búlb, pútt golf (cf. pùt place) nún God (= nòne negative). | |||
Compare lúck and loòk (both pronounced ‘look’ in Northern England): ú, because it is a single letter, likes to be followed by -ck. | |||
ú comes after ò in: Doúglas, floúrish, noúrish, yoúng, troúble, doúble (cf. BrE roûble, AmE rûble). | |||
The long sound has a special characteristic: it normally has an invisible consonantal y before it (like eŵ as in feŵ or ieŵ as in vieŵ). | |||
Pronounced yû: tûne, tûbe, cûrious, mûcous, vácuum, Canûte, pûre, cûre, ukelèlê, bûte, cûte, dûty, fûtile, mûte, pûtrid, queûe (*kyoô) and preferably also stûpid, nûclear, nûde. It is always pronounced yû initially: ûse (verb, voiced s; noun, unvoiced s), ûsual, Ûrals, ûríne. | |||
But after l and r it equals oô in toô, foôd, noôn: Lûke, lûnar, flûe chimney = flû influenza, blûe, glûe, rûde, rûle, rûmour, Rûfus, Rûpert, accrûe, scrûple. | |||
Some speakers of both AmE and BrE frequently use the oô sound for û, omitting the invisible y - but this can be regarded as substandard. Indeed after l and s there is much flexibility of pronunciation, and not to pronounce a y is less likely to be frowned upon. These may be pronounced either way: lûred, lûrid, lûcid, Lithuânia, sûit, Surinám. | |||
The sound with the invisible y can also be spelt eû: pneumônia neûrotic eûphony psêudo- (and without the y in rheûmatism) or ûi: frûit, jûice, nûisance, slûice, brûise, recrûit, crûise. | |||
There is never any y sound when the spelling is oû: soûp, groûp, throûgh, roûble, Loûvre - though ou has other sounds: yoúng, troúble, doúble, fŏur, cŏurse, ŏught, nŏught, jöurney. | |||
After j it is impossible to make a difference: Jûne, Jûpiter, jûniper, jûry, jûke-bóx, jûte, cf. choôse. There are no words beginning shû- (cf. shút) or chû- (cf. chúm) - except for the French chûte shaft = shoõt gun, which does not have the normal ch sound. | |||
Occasionally with the combination sû there is a tendency to palatalise fully and pronounce the s as sh, as for example in sûre certain, which BrE speakers can make sound like the name Shåw, and which never sounds like sewêr waste, and in íssue (*íshue - though there is a recent trend back to *íssyue) and tíssue. But most words do not palatalise: assûme has the y sound, as usually does sûit, while sûture and sûper have a plain s sound. | |||
(The tendency noted above for BrE speakers to make sûre sound like Shåw used to be more widespread, as with, for example, secûrity pronounced *sekyŏrity: it can be heard in old British films.) | |||
ù sounds like oò in foòt and occurs in a few common words: pùsh, bùsh, fùll, pùt, pùdding coùld, woùld, shoùld (silent l’s in the last three). | |||
The grave accent is also used after q. u is almost always the letter that follows q, where it is pronounced w: quêen, quénch, quâke, quíll, quést. Like w, it has an effect on the following a, making it sound like ŏ or ó: | |||
uå sounding like wŏ: quårter, quårtz, squåll, quartét, quårt. | |||
ùa sounding like wó: sqùalor, qùantity, qùadrangle, qùarrel. | |||
And in some words from Spanish, u is pronounced w: Nicarágua (-gwə), marijuàna (*mariyəwànə), iguàna (*igwànə). | |||
A redundant u sometimes occurs in the middle of ŏr as ŏur in: fŏur, cŏurse, sŏurce, gŏurd. | |||
Another redundant u occurs in the middle of ör as öur in jöurney, jöurnal, adjöurn, cöurteous, cöurtesey politeness (cf. cürtsey bow) scöurge and unstressed in Lúxembourg. | |||
u is also silent before i in guîde, guílty, buíld, guíld, bíscuit, cïrcuit, and before e in guéss guést, and usually in the ending -ue: tòngue, vâgue, rôgue, burlésque, baròque, unìque, grotésque, but not in âgûe or Móntagûe. | |||
āunt and guàrd also have redundant u, as does gâuge (*gâje) though this can be spelt gâge in America. | |||
-us is an ending with the schwa sound, most often in names: Dêlius, Míngus, Tåurus, Sagittãrius, Vênus, Sírius, Cánopus, Aquãrius, Pándarus, Lûpus, Cêtus, Arctûrus, Jûlius, Crássus, Cássius, Vílnius, Epicûrus, Confûcius and also in nouns: ábacus, sánctus, nímbus, sýllabus, ómnibus, détritus, crôcus. | |||
But it’s -ous with adjectives: glorious fûrious, têdious, pulchritûdinous, màrvellous. | |||
uu is very rare and can be pronounced as one syllable û - as usually in vácûum - or as two syllables ûù - as in contínûùm | |||
===Irregular u’s=== | ===Irregular u’s=== | ||
Revision as of 17:11, 6 March 2008
U is the 21st letter of the English alphabet. Its name is pronounced like the words you and ewe.
Use in English
U is a back vowel, with three basic sounds.
Examples (the accents show stress and pronunciation: see English phonemes):
The short sound: dúck, fún, úp, cúddle, lúst, múst, lúck, búbble, troúble, soúthern (but not sòuth), nút, cúp, fúss, búg, bús, stún, búlb, pútt golf (cf. pùt place) nún God (= nòne negative). Compare lúck and loòk (both pronounced ‘look’ in Northern England): ú, because it is a single letter, likes to be followed by -ck. ú comes after ò in: Doúglas, floúrish, noúrish, yoúng, troúble, doúble (cf. BrE roûble, AmE rûble).
The long sound has a special characteristic: it normally has an invisible consonantal y before it (like eŵ as in feŵ or ieŵ as in vieŵ). Pronounced yû: tûne, tûbe, cûrious, mûcous, vácuum, Canûte, pûre, cûre, ukelèlê, bûte, cûte, dûty, fûtile, mûte, pûtrid, queûe (*kyoô) and preferably also stûpid, nûclear, nûde. It is always pronounced yû initially: ûse (verb, voiced s; noun, unvoiced s), ûsual, Ûrals, ûríne. But after l and r it equals oô in toô, foôd, noôn: Lûke, lûnar, flûe chimney = flû influenza, blûe, glûe, rûde, rûle, rûmour, Rûfus, Rûpert, accrûe, scrûple. Some speakers of both AmE and BrE frequently use the oô sound for û, omitting the invisible y - but this can be regarded as substandard. Indeed after l and s there is much flexibility of pronunciation, and not to pronounce a y is less likely to be frowned upon. These may be pronounced either way: lûred, lûrid, lûcid, Lithuânia, sûit, Surinám. The sound with the invisible y can also be spelt eû: pneumônia neûrotic eûphony psêudo- (and without the y in rheûmatism) or ûi: frûit, jûice, nûisance, slûice, brûise, recrûit, crûise. There is never any y sound when the spelling is oû: soûp, groûp, throûgh, roûble, Loûvre - though ou has other sounds: yoúng, troúble, doúble, fŏur, cŏurse, ŏught, nŏught, jöurney.
After j it is impossible to make a difference: Jûne, Jûpiter, jûniper, jûry, jûke-bóx, jûte, cf. choôse. There are no words beginning shû- (cf. shút) or chû- (cf. chúm) - except for the French chûte shaft = shoõt gun, which does not have the normal ch sound.
Occasionally with the combination sû there is a tendency to palatalise fully and pronounce the s as sh, as for example in sûre certain, which BrE speakers can make sound like the name Shåw, and which never sounds like sewêr waste, and in íssue (*íshue - though there is a recent trend back to *íssyue) and tíssue. But most words do not palatalise: assûme has the y sound, as usually does sûit, while sûture and sûper have a plain s sound. (The tendency noted above for BrE speakers to make sûre sound like Shåw used to be more widespread, as with, for example, secûrity pronounced *sekyŏrity: it can be heard in old British films.)
ù sounds like oò in foòt and occurs in a few common words: pùsh, bùsh, fùll, pùt, pùdding coùld, woùld, shoùld (silent l’s in the last three).
The grave accent is also used after q. u is almost always the letter that follows q, where it is pronounced w: quêen, quénch, quâke, quíll, quést. Like w, it has an effect on the following a, making it sound like ŏ or ó: uå sounding like wŏ: quårter, quårtz, squåll, quartét, quårt. ùa sounding like wó: sqùalor, qùantity, qùadrangle, qùarrel.
And in some words from Spanish, u is pronounced w: Nicarágua (-gwə), marijuàna (*mariyəwànə), iguàna (*igwànə).
A redundant u sometimes occurs in the middle of ŏr as ŏur in: fŏur, cŏurse, sŏurce, gŏurd.
Another redundant u occurs in the middle of ör as öur in jöurney, jöurnal, adjöurn, cöurteous, cöurtesey politeness (cf. cürtsey bow) scöurge and unstressed in Lúxembourg.
u is also silent before i in guîde, guílty, buíld, guíld, bíscuit, cïrcuit, and before e in guéss guést, and usually in the ending -ue: tòngue, vâgue, rôgue, burlésque, baròque, unìque, grotésque, but not in âgûe or Móntagûe.
āunt and guàrd also have redundant u, as does gâuge (*gâje) though this can be spelt gâge in America.
-us is an ending with the schwa sound, most often in names: Dêlius, Míngus, Tåurus, Sagittãrius, Vênus, Sírius, Cánopus, Aquãrius, Pándarus, Lûpus, Cêtus, Arctûrus, Jûlius, Crássus, Cássius, Vílnius, Epicûrus, Confûcius and also in nouns: ábacus, sánctus, nímbus, sýllabus, ómnibus, détritus, crôcus.
But it’s -ous with adjectives: glorious fûrious, têdious, pulchritûdinous, màrvellous.
uu is very rare and can be pronounced as one syllable û - as usually in vácûum - or as two syllables ûù - as in contínûùm
Irregular u’s
| Spelling | Pronunciation |
|---|---|
| au pãir | *ô pãir |
| au pãir | *ô pãir |
| Austria | *Óstria |
| because | *bicóz |
| bûreau | *byûrô |
| bureaucracy | *byurócracy |
| bury earth | bérry fruit |
| business | *bízniss |
| busy | *bízzy |
| faux-pàs | *fô-pà |
| gauche | *gôsh |
| laureate | *lóriət |
| laurel | *lórrəl |
| Laurence | *Lórrənce (Lawrence is more common) |
| Laurie name | lórry vehicle |
| Maurice (BrE) given name | Mórris surname |
| mauve | *môav (move is pronounced *moôve) |
| pláteau | *plátô |
| tábleau | *táblô |
Also, in some BrE, u is pronounced f in lieuténant (*lefténant) - though in AmE and other BrE, it is a regular û.