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| == Description and Significance ==
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| Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV)is a member of the genus ''Cardiovirus'' of the family ''Picornaviridae''.
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| It's said that the ''Picornavirus''infects many animal species, including pigs, rodents, cattle, elephants, raccoons, marsupials, and primate such as baboons, monkeys, chimpanzees, as well as humans.
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| There are two types of ''Encephalomyocarditis Virus''. One is ''Encephalomyocarditis Virus'' type '''A''', which causes reproductive problems.
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| The other one is ''Encephalolmyocarditis Virus'' type '''B''', which causes heart failure in pigs.
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| African elephants were the first species that were infected with the virus.
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| The first outbreak ever seen was in South Africa in 1993.
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| Between December 1993 and August 1994, a number of acute deaths occurred in free-ranging African Elephants in the Kruger National Park KNP.
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| == Genome and Structure ==
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| The main host of ''Encephalomycarditis Virus'' (EMVC) are the rat and mouse.
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| The virus is passed through fecal-oral transmission.
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| This was discovers after a large population explosion in rodents was documented during a period of time in which a large amount of elephants were dying.
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| ''Encephalomyocarditis Virus'' (EMCV) attacks many animals, but pigs have been studied and are said to be the most susceptible species.
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| This virus causes acute myocarditis and sudden death in preweaned pigs, whereas trans placental infections of sows cause fetal mummification, abortion, still birth, and neonatal death.
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| == Cell Structure and Metabolism ==
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| When humans are infected with this virus, the symptoms they may be face with include fever, neck stiffness, lethergy, delirium, headches, and vomiting.
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| In primated such as gibbons and owl monkeys, ''Encephalomyocarditis Virus'' can cause necrotizing and interstitial myocarditis.
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| Transmission and pathogenesis occurs by :incubation from nine to ten days, oral, fecal and urine contamination of food, subclinical infections, replication in myocardial calls and kills them.
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| Some diagnoses may be antermortem due to rapid clinical course, gross lessions such as pale streaks in the myocardium, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, pulmonary edema, froth in tracheobrochial tree.
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| Other diagnoses are ''Histopathology: myocardial degeneration and necrosis with lymphocytic infiltrates, virus particles may be visible on electron microscopy, definitive diagnosis: virus isolation, PCR, mouse inoculation, serological test for antibodies available''
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| == Ecology and Pathology ==
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| The only treatment I have read about it not actually a treatment, but prevention, the oil-adjuvant Encephalomyocarditis vaccine.
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| This vaccine has been given to elephants, mice and pigs so far.
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| Also, scientists are finding that controlling the rodent population is crucial to preventing the spread of this disease.
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| Immune prophylaxis is considered to be another one of the effective strategies for controlling this virus in pigs and other animals who may possibly carry the virus.
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| In humans it's very rare to get this virus; you're more likely to get it if you work like in laboratories or aseptic meningitis, polio like syndrome.
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| However, in the end, further studies are needed.
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| == Application to Biotechnology ==
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| == Current Research ==
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| == References == | | == References == |
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References
[1]Aravindan, V., Vickraman, P. 2007. A novel gel electrolyte with lithium difluoro(oxalato) borate salt and Sb2O3 nanoparticles for lithium ion batteries. Solid State Sciences 9(11): 1069-1073
[2]Brewer, L.A., Lwamba, H.C.M., Murtaugh, M.P., Palamnberg, A.C., Brown, C., Njenga, M.K.2001. Porcine Encephalomyocarditis Virus Persists in Pig Myocardium and Infects Human Myocardial Cells. Journal of Virology 75(23):11621-11629
[1] Gandolf, DVM A.R. 2003. Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV):Options for Vaccation of Elephants. Retrieved 2009, from American Association of Zoo Veterinarians website:
[4]Hunter, P., Swanepoel, S.P., Esterhuysen,J.J., Raath,J.p., Bengis,R.G.,and Van der Lugt,J.J.1998. The efficacy of an experiemntal oil-adjuvanted encephalomyocarditis vaccine in elephants, mice and pigs. Vaccine 16(1):55-61
[2]Mikota, DVM Susan. Encephalomycarditis (EMC, EMCV). Retrieved 2009, from Elephant Care International Website:
[3]
Encephalomyocarditis (EMCV). Retrieved 2009, from Zoologix, Inc. Website:
[4]Encephalomyocarditis virus type A, causes reproductive problems, type B causes heart failure in pigs. Retrieved 2009, from European Bioinformatics Institute website: