Schröder-Bernstein property: Difference between revisions
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A problem of deciding, whether a Schröder–Bernstein property (for a given class and two relations) holds or not, is called a Schröder–Bernstein problem. A theorem that states a Schröder–Bernstein property (for a given class and two relations), thus solving the Schröder–Bernstein problem in the affirmative, is called a Schröder–Bernstein theorem (for the given class and two relations), not to be confused with the classical (Cantor–)Schröder–Bernstein theorem mentioned above. | A problem of deciding, whether a Schröder–Bernstein property (for a given class and two relations) holds or not, is called a Schröder–Bernstein problem. A theorem that states a Schröder–Bernstein property (for a given class and two relations), thus solving the Schröder–Bernstein problem in the affirmative, is called a Schröder–Bernstein theorem (for the given class and two relations), not to be confused with the classical (Cantor–)Schröder–Bernstein theorem mentioned above. | ||
The | The Schröder–Bernstein theorem for [[measurable space]]s<ref>{{harvnb|Srivastava|1998}}, see Proposition 3.3.6 (on page 96), and the first paragraph of Section 3.3 (on page 94).</ref> states the Schröder–Bernstein property for | ||
* the class of measurable spaces, | * the class of measurable spaces, | ||
* "a part" is interpreted as a measurable subset treated as a measurable space, | * "a part" is interpreted as a measurable subset treated as a measurable space, | ||
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It has a noncommutative counterpart, the Schroeder–Bernstein theorem for operator algebras. | It has a noncommutative counterpart, the Schroeder–Bernstein theorem for operator algebras. | ||
Two | Two Schröder–Bernstein theorems for [[Banach space]]s are well-known. Both use | ||
* the class of Banach spaces, and | * the class of Banach spaces, and | ||
* "similar" is interpreted as linearly homeomorphic. | * "similar" is interpreted as linearly homeomorphic. | ||
Revision as of 09:44, 2 September 2010
A mathematical property is said to be a Schröder–Bernstein (or Cantor–Schröder–Bernstein, or Cantor–Bernstein) property if it is formulated in the following form.
- If X is similar to a part of Y and also Y is similar to a part of X then X and Y are similar (to each other).
In order to be specific one should decide
- what kind of mathematical objects are X and Y,
- what is meant by "a part",
- what is meant by "similar".
In the classical Schröder–Bernstein (or Cantor–Schröder–Bernstein, or Cantor–Bernstein) theorem,
- X and Y are sets (maybe infinite),
- "a part" is interpreted as a subset,
- "similar" is interpreted as equinumerous.
Not all statements of this form are true. For example, assume that
- X and Y are triangles,
- "a part" means a triangle inside the given triangle,
- "similar" is interpreted as usual in elementary geometry: triangles related by a dilation (in other words, "triangles with the same shape up to a scale factor", or equivalently "triangles with the same angles").
Then the statement fails badly: every triangle X evidently is similar to some triangle inside Y, and the other way round; however, X and Y need no be similar.
A Schröder–Bernstein property is a joint property of
- a class of objects,
- a binary relation "be a part of",
- a binary relation "be similar".
Instead of the relation "be a part of" one may use a binary relation "be embeddable into" interpreted as "be similar to some part of". Then a Schröder–Bernstein property takes the following form.
- If X is embeddable into Y and Y is embeddable into X then X and Y are similar.
The same in the language of category theory:
- If objects X, Y are such that X injects into Y (more formally, there exists a monomorphism from X to Y) and also Y injects into X then X and Y are isomorphic (more formally, there exists an isomorphism from X to Y).
A problem of deciding, whether a Schröder–Bernstein property (for a given class and two relations) holds or not, is called a Schröder–Bernstein problem. A theorem that states a Schröder–Bernstein property (for a given class and two relations), thus solving the Schröder–Bernstein problem in the affirmative, is called a Schröder–Bernstein theorem (for the given class and two relations), not to be confused with the classical (Cantor–)Schröder–Bernstein theorem mentioned above.
The Schröder–Bernstein theorem for measurable spaces[1] states the Schröder–Bernstein property for
- the class of measurable spaces,
- "a part" is interpreted as a measurable subset treated as a measurable space,
- "similar" is interpreted as isomorphic.
It has a noncommutative counterpart, the Schroeder–Bernstein theorem for operator algebras.
Two Schröder–Bernstein theorems for Banach spaces are well-known. Both use
- the class of Banach spaces, and
- "similar" is interpreted as linearly homeomorphic.
They differ in the treatment of "part". One theorem[2] treats "part" as a subspace; the other theorem[3] treats "part" as a complemented subspace.
Many other Schröder–Bernstein problems are discussed by informal groups of mathematicians (see the external links page).
Notes
- ↑ Srivastava 1998, see Proposition 3.3.6 (on page 96), and the first paragraph of Section 3.3 (on page 94).
- ↑ Casazza 1989
- ↑ Gowers 1996
References
Srivastava, S.M. (1998), A Course on Borel Sets, Springer.
Gowers, W.T. (1996), "A solution to the Schroeder-Bernstein problem for Banach spaces", Bull. London Math. Soc. 28: 297–304.
Casazza, P.G. (1989), "The Schroeder-Bernstein property for Banach spaces", Contemp. Math. 85: 61–78.