Hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing, requires a lot of fresh water, and pollutes the local groundwater when there are faults in the capstone laywer.

Fracking is a technique for exploiting natural gas and shale oil.

These reserves were not practicably exploited by traditional petroleum extraction methods. Fracking involves drilling wells into rock containing otherwise unexploitable oil and gas, and injecting a slurry of chemicals into the porous rock, at high pressure and high tempature. The slurry usually contains fine grains of hard rock, which will serve to keep open the rock fractured by the initial high pressure injection.

Fracking requires a lot of water. The effluent sucked up by a second well is mostly water, heavily polluted by the chemical solvents which reduced the oil's viscosity. As of 2022 companies that use fracking have been allowed to keep their proprietary mixtures of chemicals secret, and the additives are not subject to an environmental review.

With the exception of the rare open seeps, and tar sands, most petroleum reserves are found in relatively permeable porous rock, which is overlain by a layer of relatively impermeable nonporous rocks. In theory it should be possible to inject toxic chemicals into the permeable petroleum bearing rock overlain by an impermeable layer, without polluting the ground water local residents rely on for drinking and agriculture. However, there have been many areas where the impermeable layer had faults, and the ground water was polluted.