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== Sikh ==
== Sikh ==
{{Short description|Ethnoreligious group who adhere to Sikhism}}
{{About|an ethnoreligious group|the Sikh religion|Sikhism|a similar word|Sik (disambiguation){{!}}Sik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox religious group
|group      = Sikhs
|founder    = [[Guru Nanak]]
|image      = Ranjit Singh at Harmandir Sahib - August Schoefft - Vienna 1850 - Princess Bamba Collection - Lahore Fort.jpg
|caption    = [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] listening to Guru Granth Sahib being recited at the [[Golden Temple, Amritsar]]
|population = {{circa| 25–30}} million{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=US Sikhs tirelessly travel their communities to feed hungry Americans |date=9 July 2020 |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/sikh-pandemic-food-support/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Founded some 500 years ago in the Punjab region of India, the faith has some 30 million adherents, making it the fifth largest religion worldwide."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25–30 million adherents around the globe}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/sikhs-in-america/|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are nearly 30 million Sikhs around the world today, and a vast majority of them live in the Indian state of Punjab."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GURU NANAK RELIGIOUS SOCIETY|url=http://www.gnrsohio.org/sikhism.html|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are over 30 million Sikhs worldwide."}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism |title=Sikhism |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=6 October 2022|quote= In the early 21st century there were nearly 25 million Sikhs worldwide, the great majority of them living in the Indian state of Punjab.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fake-alert-sidhu-wrongly-quotes-sikh-population-as-14-crores/articleshow/72003044.cms | title=FAKE ALERT: Sidhu wrongly quotes Sikh population as 14 crores | newspaper=The Times of India | date=11 November 2019 }}</ref>}}
|region1    = [[India]]
|pop1      = 23,786,000–28,000,000 
|ref1      ={{refn|<ref name="WorldFactbookIndia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/#people-and-society|title=India People and Society|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>{{efn|name=SikhIndia|Sikhs comprise 1.7% (23,786,052) of India's total population of 1,399,179,585 per 2023 estimate by the World Factbook.<ref name="WorldFactbookIndia"/>}}<ref name="SikhIndia2011" >{{cite web | url=https://www.findeasy.in/sikh-population-in-india/ | title=Sikh Population in World &#124; Sikh Population in India 2023 | date=22 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/4-sikhism.html |title= Sikh Religion Census 2011
|access-date = 21 March 2023}}</ref>}}
|region2    = [[Canada]]
|pop2      = 771,790
|ref2      = <ref name="canadareligion2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|region3 = [[United Kingdom]]
|pop3      = 524,140
|ref3      =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021|title=Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2A_Religion_detailed_Scotland.pdf|title=Religion (detailed): All people|publisher=National Records of Scotland |access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/QS218NI.ods|title=Religion – Full Detail: QS218NI|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182540/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/QS218NI.ods|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|region4    = [[United States]]
|pop4      = 280,000–500,000
|ref4      = {{refn|While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,<ref>{{cite web|title=
Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?
|url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=
Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.<ref name="abstract01">{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 – Section 1: Population – Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center]] estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.<ref name="abstract01"/><ref name="How Many">{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Sikh organizations like the [[Sikh Coalition]] and [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275–118th Congress (2023–2024)|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&r=1/|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="How Many"/> 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=10 August 2022 |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=[[Religion News Service]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California."
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=[[WUWM]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today."}}</ref>}} With 1% of [[Asian Americans#Religion|Asian Americans]] being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000–500,000 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 July 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 October 2020 |url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>}}
|region5  = [[Sikhism in Italy|Italy]]
|pop5      =220,000
|ref5      = {{refn|<ref name="Geo News"/><ref name="Daily Pakistan"/><ref name="Pakistan Today"/><ref name="Bol News"/><ref name="The Wire-2"/><ref name="The Economic Times-2018-2"/><ref name="Global Indian"/><ref name="Bertolani 2013 75"/><ref name="Hindustan Times"/><ref name="Homegrown"/><ref name="Tebano"/>}}
|region6    = [[Australia]]
|pop6      = 210,400
|ref6      = {{refn|<ref name="Geo News">{{Cite news |title=Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy |work=Geo News |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy |quote=it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.}}</ref><ref name="Daily Pakistan">{{Cite news |title=Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy |work=Daily Pakistan |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-May-2022/around-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy |quote=That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia}}</ref><ref name="Bol News">{{Cite news |title=Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy |work=Bol News |url=https://www.bolnews.com/2022/05/08/italy/thousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum/index.html |quote=Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen}}</ref><ref name="The Wire-2">{{cite web |title=The Continuing Struggle for Religious Freedom by Italy's Sikh Community |url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/sikhs-in-italy |website=The Wire |quote=It is estimated that there are around 220,000 Sikh migrants in Italy. The community, however, has been largely invisible to native Italians. The majority of Sikhs are dairy workers, living far from the cities, and settled mainly in the farms of north and central Italy.}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times-2018-2">{{cite news |date=29 July 2018 |title=How the recent Punjabi migration to Spain & Italy is a departure for the diaspora |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-the-recent-punjabi-migration-to-spain-and-italy-is-a-departure-for-the-diaspora/articleshow/65180012.cms?from=mdr |quote=The total number of Indians in Italy has now crossed 200,000, making it the largest Indian diaspora in continental Europe and far greater than the 30,000 estimated in Spain. This Indian contingent is mainly made up of Punjabi Jat Sikhs.}}</ref><ref name="Global Indian">{{cite web |title=How Sikhs saved the Italian cheese industry |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian/parmesans-indian-connect-how-sikhs-saved-the-italian-cheese-industry/ |website=Global Indian |quote=Today, Italy has the largest Sikh population in Europe, only second to the United Kingdom, with an estimated number of 220,000}}</ref><ref name="Bertolani 2013 75">{{Cite book |last=Bertolani |first=Barbara |title=Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=9789004254756 |pages=75 |chapter=The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence |quote="According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents"}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news |title=Why the Indian government must help Italian Sikhs |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/why-the-indian-government-must-help-italian-sikhs/story-y3yJS6zWOqnYkkVsDuvvAJ.html |quote=Up to 150,000 Sikhs now live there, making it the largest Sikh Community in Europe after the one in Britain}}</ref><ref name="Homegrown">{{Cite news |title=The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry |work=Homegrown |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves |quote=Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Today">{{Cite news |title=Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome |work=Pakistan Today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/03/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan/ |quote=About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.}}</ref><ref name="Tebano">{{Cite news |last=Tebano |first=Elena |title=Prayer at dawn, zero crime: this is how Sikhs live in Italy, after the sentence of the Cassation |work=Corriere Della Sera |url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/17_maggio_17/nulla-sikh-culto-preghiera-adcfa0ae-3a74-11e7-acbd-5fa0e1e5ad68.shtml |quote=The vegan diet, the cult, the traditions. Customs and symbols of the 150,000 faithful of the religion born in India who now live in the Bel Paese}}</ref>}}
|region7    = [[Malaysia]]
|pop7      = 100,000
|ref7      =<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gobind Singh Deo is Malaysia's first Sikh minister |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/sikh-man-gobind-singh-deo-becomes-malaysias-first-minister/articleshow/64268155.cms?from=mdr |quote=Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Malaysia gets first Sikh minister |work=WION |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/gobind-singh-deo-appointed-as-the-first-sikh-minister-in-the-malaysian-cabinet-138820 |quote=Miri Indian Association president, Councillor Karambir Singh was quoted as saying by the Borneo Post. Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Gurdwara Trail in Malaysia: A Spiritual Experience |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/gurdwara-trail-malaysia-spiritual-experience |website=SikhNet |date=20 January 2023 |quote=The Malaysian Sikh community is the fourth largest ethnic group of Malaysian Indians. It is estimated that over 100,000 Sikhs reside in Malaysia. The Sikh population is the largest here among Southeast and East Asia.}}</ref>
|region10    = [[Thailand]]
|pop10      = 70,000
|ref10      =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71359.htm|title=Thailand|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
|region11    = [[Saudi Arabia]]
|pop11      = 67,000
|ref11      =<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2022 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saudi-arabia/ |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
|region12  = [[United Arab Emirates]]
|pop12      = 52,000
|ref12      =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/sikhs-in-uae-hail-countrys-year-of-respect-inclusion|title=Sikhs in UAE hail country's year of 'respect, inclusion'|first=Dhanusha|last=Gokulan|website=Khaleej Times}}</ref>
|region13  = [[Philippines]]
|pop13      = 50,000
|ref13      =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/punjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212/|title=Punjabi Community Involved in Money Lending in Philippines Braces for 'Crackdown' by New President|date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = 2011 Gurdwara Philippines: Sikh Population of the Philippines |url=http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html |access-date=11 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111201014811/http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html |archive-date=1 December 2011 }}</ref>
|region14  = [[New Zealand]]
|pop14      = 40,908
|ref14      =<ref name="New Zealand Sikh population">{{cite web | url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/losing-our-religion |title = Losing our religion &#124; Stats NZ}}</ref>
|region15  = [[Oman]]
|pop15      = 35,540
|ref15      =<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=171c | title=National Profiles }}</ref>
|region16  = [[Portugal]]
|pop16      = 35,000
|ref16      = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal Fact Sheet |url=https://www.eoilisbon.gov.in/page/portugal-fact-sheet/ |website=Embassy of India (Lisbon, Portugal) |quote="Sikhs (35,000), In recent years, the number of Indians (especially from Punjab/Haryana) has increased significantly owing to the easing of immigration norms by Portugal. However, since many of them do not have valid residency documents, official figures are not available."}}</ref>
|region17  = [[France]]
|pop17      = 30,000
|ref17      = <ref>{{Cite web| date=May 6, 2017 |title=France's Sikh Minority Looks Set to Vote Against Marine Le Pen |url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/frances-sikh-minority-set-vote-marine-le-pen|website=The Wire}}</ref>
|region18  = [[Spain]]
|pop18      = 26,000
|ref18      =<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Masculinity in the Sikh Community in Italy and Spain: Expectations and Challenges|first=Nachatter Singh|last=Garha|date=6 February 2020|journal=Religions|volume=11|issue=2|pages=76|doi=10.3390/rel11020076|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|region19  = [[Germany]]
|pop19      = 25,000
|ref19      =<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige - REMID - Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V. |url=http://remid.de/info_zahlen/verschiedene/ |access-date=2017-08-16 |website=remid.de |language=de-DE |quote=Sikhs, 25,000 (2020)....The "German Information Center for Sikh Religion, Sikh History, Culture and Science (DISR)" estimates the number of Sikhs in Germany at 18,000 for 2017}}</ref>
|region20  = [[Greece]]
|pop20      = 20,000
|ref20      =<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lavin |first=Talia |date=26 April 2015 |title=Vibrant Vaisakhi Celebrates Sikh Life In Greece |work=Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/vaisakhi-sikh-celebration_n_7138512 |quote=The Sikh community in Greece, numbered at around 20,000 according to a 2012 report, joined together to mark the holy day}}</ref>
|region21  = [[Hong Kong]]
|pop21      = 15,000
|ref21      =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/lifestyle/features/article/3065561/hong-kong-stories-getting-know-citys-sikh-community|title=Hong Kong stories: Getting to know the city's Sikh community|website=Young Post|date=31 July 2019 }}</ref>
|region22  = [[Kuwait]]
|pop22      = 15,000
|ref22      =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/kuwait-to-seek-closure-of-illegal-sikh-temple/212050|title=Kuwait To Seek Closure Of "Illegal" Sikh Temple|date=3 February 2022|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikh Gurdwara discovered by 'intrepid' local reporter |url=https://timeskuwait.com/news/sikh-gurdwara-discovered-by-intrepid-local-reporter/ |website=timeskuwait.com/ |date=August 14, 2019 |access-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref>
|region23  = [[Netherlands]]
|pop23      = 15,000
|ref23      =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/het-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5/ |title=Het licht van God zien in de ander, daar gaat het om bij de sikhs |trans-title=Seeing the light of God in the other, that's what the Sikhs are all about  |last=Lawrence |first=Mary |date=22 May 2022 |publisher=[[Trouw]] |access-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524223916/https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/het-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5/ |archive-date=24 May 2022 |quote=In Nederland wonen zo’n 15.000 sikhs, die hier sinds de jaren zestig vanuit Afghanistan, Pakistan en India kwamen, op zoek naar werk of op de vlucht voor de Sovjets, de Taliban of de geradicaliseerde aanhangers van Indira Gandhi, nadat zij in 1984 door haar sikhlijfwacht was vermoord. Ons land telt inmiddels negen gurdwara's. [Some 15,000 Sikhs live in the Netherlands, who have come here from Afghanistan, Pakistan and India since the 1960s, looking for work or fleeing the Soviets, the Taliban or the radicalized followers of Indira Gandhi, after they were killed in 1984. her Sikh bodyguard had been killed. Our country now has nine gurdwaras.]}}</ref>
|region24  = [[Cyprus]]
|pop24      = 13,280
|ref24      =<ref>{{cite web|url=https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf|title=Cyprus|website=acninternational.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222201819/https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles|title=National Profiles|website=www.thearda.com}}</ref>
|region25  = [[Singapore]]
|pop25      = 12,051
|ref25      =<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/religious-diversity-in-singapore/evolution-of-the-sikh-identity-in-singapore/64B38827CD87A88C1EF3BDA3E9C2EBA5|title=Religious Diversity in Singapore|first=Arunajeet|last=Kaur|chapter=The Evolution of the Sikh Identity in Singapore |date=6 December 2008|publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute|pages=275–297|isbn=9789812307552 |via=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
|region26  = [[Indonesia]]
|pop26      = 10,000 – 15,000
|ref26      =<ref>{{cite web |title=Orang-orang Sikh di Indonesia |url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/orang-orang-sikh-di-indonesia |website=kumparan |language=id-ID}}</ref>
|region27  = [[Belgium]]
|pop27      = 10,000
|ref27      = <ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004432284/BP000040.xml|chapter=Hinduism in Belgium|first1=Enrico Castro|last1=Montes|first2=Idesbald|last2=Goddeeris|title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols) |date=7 July 2020|pages=849–863 |publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/9789004432284_031 |isbn=9789004432284 |s2cid=236835206 |via=brill.com}}</ref>
|region28  = [[Austria]]
|pop28      = 9,000
|ref28      = <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/why-sikhism-as-registered-religion-in-austria-matters/articleshow/80021881.cms#:~:text=According%20to%20Hardeep%20Singh%20Maan,around%209%2C000%20Sikhs%20in%20Austria | title=Why Sikhism as registered religion in Austria matters  | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|region29  = [[Pakistan]]
|pop29      = 6,146 ([[National Database and Registration Authority|NADRA]]), 20,000 ([[United States Department of State|USDOS]])
|ref29      =<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikh population in Pakistan|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/sikhs-in-pakistan-face-continuous-persecution-uncertain-of-their-future20211015111314/|access-date=19 Jan 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_pakistans-religious-minorities-say-they-were-undercounted-census/6207724.html|title=Pakistan's Religious Minorities Say They Were Undercounted in Census|website=VOA|date=July 2021 }}</ref>
|region30  = [[Kenya]]
|pop30      = 6,000
|ref30      =<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Michel |title=A diversity with several levels: Kenyan politics of integration and the Kenyan minorities of Indian origin |journal=Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'Est / The East African Review |date=1 September 2013 |issue=47 |pages=23–32 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.402 |s2cid=199837942 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/402#quotation |access-date=4 September 2020 |language=en |issn=2071-7245|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|region31  = [[Norway]]
|pop31      = 4,080
|ref31      =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/trosamf/aar/2020-12-08|title=2020-12-08|website=ssb.no|date=8 December 2020 }}</ref>
|religions  = [[Sikhism]]
|scriptures = [[Guru Granth Sahib]]<br>[[Dasam Granth]]<br>[[Sarbloh Granth]]
|languages  =
*Predominantly [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi dialects|its dialects]] ([[Gurmukhi]] script){{efn|Majority of Sikhs speak Punjabi or its various dialects as their mother tongue. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] wrote letters to [[Aurangzeb]]—[[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]] and the [[Hikaaitaan]]—written in the [[Persian alphabet]]; Sikh coins were minted in [[Gurmukhi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] during [[misl]]s and [[Sikh Empire]].}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20190801112113/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/2011/catalogue_of_sikh_coins.aspx|title=UK Government Web Archive|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=old.sgpc.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=old.sgpc.net}}</ref> and [[Khalsa bole]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=OUP Oxford |others=Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech |year=2014 |isbn=9780191004117 |series=Oxford Handbooks |pages=380}}</ref>
*[[Sant Bhasha]] ([[Sacred language|liturgical]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh scripture |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195130249 |page=5}}</ref>
|flag=Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|flag_size=100px|flag_caption=The [[Khanda (Sikh symbol)|Khanda]], a common symbol of the Sikh people}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Sikhism sidebar|expanded=The Khanda, a common symbol of the Sikh people}}
[[File:Preet Chandi training in Finse, Norway.jpg|thumb|Harpreet Kaur Chandi, a British Sikh and the first woman to reach the South Pole solo and unsupported]]
[[File:Jagmeet Singh at the OFL Convention - 2017 (38554422812).jpg|thumb|[[Jagmeet Singh]], Canadian Sikh politician]]
[[File:City Sikhs Team hosting the Sikhnet Team from America in the UK Parliament.jpg|thumb|American Sikhs]]


'''Sikhs''' (singular '''Sikh''': {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|k}} {{respell|sik}} or {{IPAc-en|s|iː|k}} {{respell|seek}}; {{lang-pa|ਸਿੱਖ|sikkh}}, {{IPA-pa|sɪkkʰ|IPA}}) are an [[ethnoreligious group]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikhs to be counted as a separate ethnic group in 2020 US census for first time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/sikhs-separate-ethnic-group-2020-us-census-first-time-1719644-2020-09-08 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> who adhere to [[Sikhism]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=S. Cromwell |last2=Singh |first2=Harbans |date=July 1971 |title=Guru Nanak and Origins of the Sikh Faith |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1398373 |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=348 |doi=10.2307/1398373 |jstor=1398373 |issn=0031-8221}}</ref> an [[Indian religions|Indian religion]] that originated in the late [[15th century]] in the [[Punjab]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]], based on the revelation of [[Guru Nanak]].<ref name="Singh2011">{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8yWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|date=22 February 2011|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-549-2|pages=61–}}</ref> The term ''Sikh'' has its origin in the [[Sanskrit]] word ''{{IAST|[[śiṣya]]}}'', meaning 'seeker',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh |url=http://sikhinstitute.org/fundamental_issues/ch3.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=sikhinstitute.org |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020190412/http://sikhinstitute.org/fundamental_issues/ch3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{gloss|disciple}} or {{gloss|student}}.<ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Khushwant | author-link=Khushwant Singh | year=2006 | title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=India | isbn = 0-19-567747-1 | page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nabha|first=Kahan Singh|url=http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm#mahankosh|title=ਗੁਰ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਰਤਨਾਕਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਕੋਸ਼|year=1930|page=720|language=pa|trans-title=Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahan Kosh|access-date=29 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm#mahankosh|archive-date=18 March 2005|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=carolyn |date=2022-03-17 |title=SIKH NATIONALISM: From a Dominant Minority to an Ethno-Religious Diaspora {{!}} By Gurharpal Singh and Giorgio Shani |url=https://pacificaffairs.ubc.ca/book-reviews/sikh-nationalism-from-a-dominant-minority-to-an-ethno-religious-diaspora-by-gurharpal-singh-and-giorgio-shani/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Pacific Affairs (UBC Journal) |language=en-CA}}</ref> According to Article I of Chapter 1 of the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada|Sikh ''Rehat Maryada'']] ({{gloss|code of conduct}}), the definition of Sikh is:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh Reht Maryada: Sikh Code of Conduct and Conventions |url=http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010042708/http://sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=6 November 2008 |website=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Any human being who faithfully believes in
A '''Sikh''' is a person belonging to an [[ethnoreligious group]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikhs to be counted as a separate ethnic group in 2020 US census for first time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/sikhs-separate-ethnic-group-2020-us-census-first-time-1719644-2020-09-08 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> who adhere to [[Sikhism]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=S. Cromwell |last2=Singh |first2=Harbans |date=July 1971 |title=Guru Nanak and Origins of the Sikh Faith |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1398373 |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=348 |doi=10.2307/1398373 |jstor=1398373 |issn=0031-8221}}</ref> an [[Indian religions|Indian religion]] that originated in the late [[15th century]] in the [[Punjab]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]], based on the revelation of [[Guru Nanak]].<ref name="Singh2011">{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8yWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|date=22 February 2011|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-549-2|pages=61–}}</ref> The term ''Sikh'' has its origin in the [[Sanskrit]] word ''{{IAST|[[śiṣya]]}}'', meaning 'seeker',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh |url=http://sikhinstitute.org/fundamental_issues/ch3.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=sikhinstitute.org |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020190412/http://sikhinstitute.org/fundamental_issues/ch3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{gloss|disciple}} or {{gloss|student}}.<ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Khushwant | author-link=Khushwant Singh | year=2006 | title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=India | isbn = 0-19-567747-1 | page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nabha|first=Kahan Singh|url=http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm#mahankosh|title=ਗੁਰ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਰਤਨਾਕਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਕੋਸ਼|year=1930|page=720|language=pa|trans-title=Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahan Kosh|access-date=29 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm#mahankosh|archive-date=18 March 2005|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=carolyn |date=2022-03-17 |title=SIKH NATIONALISM: From a Dominant Minority to an Ethno-Religious Diaspora {{!}} By Gurharpal Singh and Giorgio Shani |url=https://pacificaffairs.ubc.ca/book-reviews/sikh-nationalism-from-a-dominant-minority-to-an-ethno-religious-diaspora-by-gurharpal-singh-and-giorgio-shani/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Pacific Affairs (UBC Journal) |language=en-CA}}</ref> According to Article I of Chapter 1 of the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada|Sikh ''Rehat Maryada'']] ({{gloss|code of conduct}}), the definition of Sikh is:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh Reht Maryada: Sikh Code of Conduct and Conventions |url=http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010042708/http://sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=6 November 2008 |website=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Any human being who faithfully believes in


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Revision as of 09:48, 6 April 2024

_NOINDEX__

Sikh

A Sikh is a person belonging to an ethnoreligious group[1] who adhere to Sikhism,[2] an Indian religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the revelation of Guru Nanak.[3] The term Sikh has its origin in the Sanskrit word Template:IAST, meaning 'seeker',[4] Template:Gloss or Template:Gloss.[5][6][7] According to Article I of Chapter 1 of the Sikh Rehat Maryada (Template:Gloss), the definition of Sikh is:[8] Any human being who faithfully believes in

  1. One Immortal Being
  2. Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Sahib to Guru Gobind Singh Sahib
  3. The Guru Granth Sahib
  4. The utterances and teachings of the ten Gurus and
  5. The baptism bequeathed by the tenth Guru and who does not owe allegiance to any other religion, is a Sikh.

Male Sikhs generally have Singh (Template:Gloss) as their last name, though not all Singhs are necessarily Sikhs; likewise, female Sikhs have Kaur (Template:Gloss) as their last name. These unique last names were given by the Gurus to allow Sikhs to stand out and also as an act of defiance to India's caste system, which the Gurus were always against. Sikhs strongly believe in the idea of sarbat da bhala (Template:Gloss) and are often seen on the frontline to provide humanitarian aid across the world.

Sikhs who have undergone the Amrit Sanchar (Template:Gloss), an initiation ceremony, are known as Khalsa from the day of their initiation, and they must at all times have on their bodies the five Ks:

  1. kesh, uncut hair usually kept covered by a dastār, also known as a turban;
  2. kara, an iron or steel bracelet;
  3. kirpan, a dagger-like sword tucked into a gatra strap or a kamar kasa waistband;
  4. kachera, a cotton undergarment; and
  5. kanga, a small wooden comb.
Tarn Taran Sahib – the world's largest sarovar (sacred pool)

The Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent has been the historic homeland of the Sikhs, having even been ruled by the Sikhs for significant parts of the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, Canada has the largest national Sikh proportion (2.1%) in the world,[9] while the Punjab state in India has the largest Sikh proportion (58%) amongst all administrative divisions in the world. Many countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, recognize Sikhs as a designated religion on their censuses,[10] and, as of 2020, Sikhs are considered as a separate ethnic group in the United States.[11] The UK also considers Sikhs to be an ethno-religious people, as a direct result of the Mandla v Dowell-Lee case in 1982.[12][13] 



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No  Name  Short  Year  Size1  Population2  Density3  EV's4  Capital  Subdivisions 
1 Alabama AL 1819 - 22nd 50,744 5,024,279 99.0 9 Montgomery 67 counties
2 Alaska AK 1959 - 49th 571,951 733,391 1.3 3 Juneau 16 boroughs[14]
3 Arizona AZ 1912 - 48th 113,635 7,151,502 62.9 11 Phoenix 15 counties
4 Arkansas AR 1836 - 25th 52,068 3,011,524 57.8 6 Little Rock 75 counties
5 California CA 1850 - 31st 155,959 39,538,223 253.5 54 Sacramento 58 counties
6 Colorado CO 1876 - 38th 103,718 5,773,714 55.7 10 Denver 64 counties
7 Connecticut CT 1788 - 5th 4845 3,605,944 744.3 7 Hartford 8 counties[15] and 169 towns
8 Delaware DE 1787 - 1st 1954 989,948 506.6 3 Dover 3 counties
9 Florida FL 1845 - 27th 53,927 21,538,187 399.4 30 Tallahassee 67 counties
10 Georgia GA 1788 - 4th 57,906 10,711,908 185.0 16 Atlanta 159 counties
11 Hawaii HI 1959 - 50th 6423 1,455,271 226.6 4 Honolulu 5 counties[16]
12 Idaho ID 1890 - 43rd 82,747 1,839,106 22.2 4 Boise 44 counties
13 Illinois IL 1818 - 21st 55,584 12,812,508 230.5 19 Springfield 102 counties
14 Indiana IN 1816 - 19th 35,867 6,785,528 189.2 11 Indianapolis 92 counties
15 Iowa IA 1846 - 29th 55,869 3,190,369 57.1 8 Des Moines 99 counties
16 Kansas KS 1861 - 34th 81,815 2,937,880 35.9 6 Topeka 105 counties
17 Kentucky KY 1792 - 15th 39,728 4,505,836 113.4 8 Frankfort 120 counties
18 Louisiana LA 1812 - 18th 43,562 4,657,757 106.9 8 Baton Rouge 64 parishes
19 Maine ME 1820 - 23rd 30,862 1,362,359 44.1 4 Augusta 16 counties
20 Maryland MD 1788 - 7th 9,774 6,177,224 632.0 10 Annapolis 22 counties + Baltimore[17]
21 Massachussetts MA 1788 - 6th 7840 7,029,917 896.7 11 Boston 14 counties, 50 cities, 301 towns[18]
22 Michigan MI 1836 - 25th 56,804 10,077,331 177.4 15 Lansing 83 counties
23 Minnesota MN 1858 - 32nd 79,610 5,706,494 71.7 10 St. Paul 87 counties
24 Mississippi MS 1817 - 20th 46,907 2,961,279 63.1 6 Jackson 82 counties
25 [[Missouri]] MO 1821 - 24th 68,886 6,154,913 89.3 10 Jefferson City 115 counties
26 Montana MT 1889 - 41st 145,552 1,084,225 7.4 4 Helena 56 counties
27 Nebraska NE 1867 - 37th 76,872 1,961,504 25.5 5 Lincoln 93 counties
28 Nevada NV 1864 - 36th 109,826 3,104,614 28.3 6 Carson City 17 counties
29 New Hampshire NH 1788 - 9th 8968 1,377,529 153.6 4 Concord 10 counties
30 New Jersey NJ 1787 - 3rd 7417 9,288,994 1,252.4 14 Trenton 21 counties
31 New Mexico NM 1912 - 47th 121,356 2,117,522 17.4 5 Santa Fe 33 counties
32 New York NY 1788 - 11th 47,214 20,201,249 427.9 28 Albany 62 counties
33 North Carolina NC 1789 - 12th 48,711 10,439,388 214.3 16 Raleigh 100 counties
34 North Dakota ND 1889 - 39th 68,976 779,094 11.3 3 Bismarck 53 counties
35 Ohio OH 1803 - 17th 40,948 11,799,448 288.2 17 Columbus 88 counties
36 Oklahoma OK 1907 - 46th 68,667 3,959,353 57.7 7 Oklahoma City 77 counties
37 Oregon OR 1859 - 33rd 95,997 4,237,256 44.1 8 Salem 36 counties
38 Pennsylvania PA 1787 - 2nd 44,817 13,002,700 290.1 19 Harrisburg 67 counties
39 Rhode Island RI 1790 - 13th 1045 1,097,379 1,050.1 4 Providence 5 counties
40 South Carolina SC 1788 - 8th 30,110 5,118,425 170.0 9 Columbia sub
41 South Dakota SD 1889 - 40th 75,885 886,667 11.7 3 Pierre 66 counties
42 Tennessee TN 1796 - 16th 41,217 6,910,840 167.7 11 Nashville 95 counties
43 Texas TX 1845 - 28th 261,797 29,145,505 111.3 40 Austin 154 counties
44 Utah UT 1896 - 45th 82,144 3,271,616 39.8 6 Salt Lake City 29 counties
45 Vermont VT 1791 - 14th 9250 643,077 69.5 3 Montpelier 14 counties[19]
46 Virginia VA 1788 - 10th 39,594 8,631,393 218.0 13 Richmond 95 counties, 39 independent cities
47 Washington WA 1889 - 42nd 66,544 7,705,281 115.8 12 Olympia 39 counties
48 West Virginia WV 1863 - 35th 24,078 1,793,716 74.5 4 Charleston 55 counties
49 Wisconsin WI 1848 - 30th 54,310 5,893,718 108.5 10 Madison 72 counties
50 Wyoming WY 1890 - 44th 97,100 576,851 5.9 3 Cheyenne 23 counties

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Notes and Refs

  1. ↑ Sikhs to be counted as a separate ethnic group in 2020 US census for first time (en).
  2. ↑ (July 1971) "Guru Nanak and Origins of the Sikh Faith". Philosophy East and West 21 (3): 348. DOI:10.2307/1398373. ISSN 0031-8221. Research Blogging.
  3. ↑ Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (22 February 2011). Sikhism: An Introduction. I.B. Tauris, 61–. ISBN 978-0-85773-549-2. 
  4. ↑ Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh.
  5. ↑ Singh, Khushwant (2006). The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. India: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-567747-1. 
  6. ↑ Nabha, Kahan Singh (1930). ਗੁਰ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਰਤਨਾਕਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਕੋਸ਼ (in pa). 
  7. ↑ carolyn (2022-03-17). SIKH NATIONALISM: From a Dominant Minority to an Ethno-Religious Diaspora | By Gurharpal Singh and Giorgio Shani (en-CA).
  8. ↑ Sikh Reht Maryada: Sikh Code of Conduct and Conventions.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named canadareligion2021
  10. ↑ ONS (11 December 2012). Religion in England and Wales 2011. UK Statistics Authority.
  11. ↑ Press Trust of India (15 January 2020). Sikhs to be counted as separate ethnic group in 2020 US Census; community hails recognition of distinct language, culture.
  12. ↑ Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Bill – 11/05/1994 – 2R COMM – NSW Parliament. Parliament.nsw.gov.au (1994-05-11).
  13. ↑ Archived copy.
  14. ↑ Alaska boroughs include Municipality of Anchorage and an Unorganized Borough administered directly by the state.
  15. ↑ Connecticut counties have had no government power since 1960)
  16. ↑ One Hawaii county is administered by the state Dept. of Health
  17. ↑ Baltimore, Maryland is an independent city not in any county.
  18. ↑ Counties in Massachussetts have little government function.
  19. ↑ Vermont counties have limited governmental powers.
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