Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States is the final federal court of appeals in the United States, consisting of nine Justices - the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. Justices are nominated by the President, and are confirmed by the Senate. Article Three of the Constitution defines the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, which include federal cases, cases between States and as an appeal court for citizens to bring cases, although the Eleventh Amendment limits the jurisdiction of federal courts. There is no Constitutional specification of how many justices make up the Court, and the number has fluctuated over the years.
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is John G. Roberts, a 53-year-old Bush appointee in September 2005, a Harvard-trained lawyer, former Associate Counsel to the President and practicing Roman Catholic. The current associate Justices are as follows:
- John Paul Stevens, a Ford appointee in 1975, and the longest serving current member of the court, having served on the Burger Court and the Rehnquist Court. Stevens is also the second oldest Supreme Court Justice in the history of the United States.
- Antonin Scalia, a Reagan appointee in 1986, is a controversial jurist, the most prominent supporter of the concept of originalism and textualism, and Roman Catholic.
- Anthony Kennedy, a 1988 Reagan appointee, is a conservative and libertarian member of the Court, often serving as the swing vote on controversial decisions.
- David Souter, a 1990 Bush Sr. appointee, has tended towards being more liberal since Planned Parenthood v. Casey
- Clarence Thomas, a 1991 Bush Sr. appointee, is the second African-American to serve on the Supreme Court after Thurgood Marshall, and has a conservative judicial philosophy, adhering to originalism
- Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a 1993 Clinton appointee, is the second woman to serve on the Supreme Court (the first being the recently retired Sandra Day O'Connor)
- Stephen Breyer, a 1994 Clinton appointee, and the leading liberal Justice on the court
- Samuel Alito, a 2006 Bush Jr. appointee, a conservative Catholic, nominated after Bush failed to nominate Harriet Miers to the court