CZ:Featured article

Featured Article is an award given weekly to a high-quality Citizendium article.

Chunbum Park is the current Featured Articles maintainer.

Note on editing Featured Articles (8 August 2011)

You are encouraged to fix any errors you find in our Featured Articles. Do note however, that changes made to the current Feature at CZ:Featured article/Current do not automatically apply to the main article. The /Current page is blanked once a week to make room for the next Feature. For your contribution to be permanent, you need to make the change in the main article as well, i.e. the topmost link in the list below. Thank you. Johan Förberg

Surely this should be made clear in other places than here? I continued editing one of the featured articles (Robert Burns) while it was still there, and I must have done it in the right way because the changes, as far as I can recall them, are still there. But it happened purely by chance. --Martin Wyatt 21:42, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

Formal policy

EC Decision D-2011-014, 28 February 2011:

The welcome page of the Citizendium shall display one or two featured articles.

If no other system of choosing and displaying articles is employed, then at least one article shall be chosen from our Approved articles on a rotating basis and shall thereafter be changed at least once a week.

Remark: This replaces the "Article of the Week" and the "New Draft of the Week" for the time being, or until another feature is installed.

Archive

List of previously featured articles.

Before May 4, 2011, there were two distinct categories of featured articles, which are archived separately.

Featured articles

•  Mission San Juan Capistrano [r]: A former religious outpost established in 1776 on the west coast of North America in the present-day State of California by Roman Catholics of the Franciscan Order under the direction of the Spanish crown. ^[e] (May 25 — June 1, 2013)
•  Amber Neben [r]: (1975 - ) An American cycle racer who has won several major international stage races and is a member of the 2008 U.S. Olympic road cycling team. ^[e] (May 18 — 25, 2013)
•  Gay community [r]: A socially constructed collective reference to those people in society who are homosexual, and who interact to some degree with other homosexual people. ^[e] (May 11 — 18, 2013)
•  Edward I [r]: (1272-1307) English king who conquered Wales and attempted to conquer Scotland. ^[e] (May 4 — 11, 2013)
• Special reconnaissance [r]: Add brief definition or description (April 27 — May 4, 2013)
•  The Miernik Dossier [r]: The first of seven novels by Charles McCarry about the American intelligence agent Paul Christopher, it is set in 1959 Europe and Africa. ^[e] (April 21 — 27, 2013)
•  Margaret Thatcher [r]: The first woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, famous for her free market views and for successfully waging the Falklands War, frequently called the "Iron Lady". ^[e] (April 13 — 21, 2013)
•  Hypertension [r]: A multisystem disease whose hallmark is the elevation of blood pressure. ^[e] (April 6 — 13, 2013)
•  Osteoporosis [r]: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. ^[e] (March 30 — April 6, 2013)
•  Four color theorem [r]: (A famous mathematical statement with a long history) For every planar graph, four colors suffice to color its vertices in such a way that adjacent vertices have different colors. ^[e] (March 24 — 30, 2013)
•  Papacy [r]: Add brief definition or description (March 16 — 24, 2013)
•  Vietnam War [r]: (1955-1975) war that killed 3.8 million people, where North Vietnam fought U.S. forces and eventually took over South Vietnam, forming a single Communist country, Vietnam. ^[e] (March 9 — 16, 2013)
•  Macroeconomics [r]: The study of the behaviour of the principal economic aggregates, treating the national economy as an open system. ^[e] (March 2 — 9, 2013)
•  Malthusianism [r]: A theory in demography which holds that population expands faster than food supplies and famine will result unless steps are taken to reduce population growth. ^[e] (February 23 — March 2, 2013)
•  Buddhist councils [r]: Local, national, regional or international gatherings of Buddhist leaders to discuss matters of religious doctrine or tradition, comparable, in the view of some, to Christian councils, synods or ecumenical councils. ^[e] (February 16 — 23, 2013)
•  Synapsid [r]: Class of animals that includes early mammals and everything similar to mammals, than to other living amniotes, classically described as mammal-like reptiles ^[e] (February 10 — 16, 2013)
•  Cowdray House [r]: A 16th-century Tudor mansion badly damaged by fire in 1793. The ruins have been open to the public since the early 20th century. ^[e] (February 3 — 10, 2013)
•  Mission San Gabriel Arcángel [r]: A former religious outpost established in 1771 on the west coast of North America in the present-day State of California by Roman Catholics of the Franciscan Order under the direction of the Spanish crown. ^[e] (January 29 — February 3, 2013)
•  Mission San José [r]: A former religious outpost established in 1797 on the west coast of North America in the present-day State of California by Roman Catholics of the Franciscan Order under the direction of the Spanish crown. ^[e] (January 19 — 29, 2013)
•  Hypercholesterolemia [r]: Presence of an abnormally large amount of cholesterol in the cells and plasma of the circulating blood. ^[e] (January 8 — 19, 2013)
•  Diabetic neuropathy [r]: Negative effects on the nervous system that can be caused by diabetes mellitus, some of which may necessitate amputation. ^[e] (December 30, 2012 — January 8, 2013)
•  Railroads in California [r]: A brief history of the network of interconnected independent rail transport systems located throughout the Union's thirty-first state and how they shaped the region's development. ^[e] (December 22 — 30, 2012)
•  Robert Burns [r]: The National poet of Scotland (1759-96); writer of Auld Lang Syne. ^[e] (December 15 — 22, 2012)
•  Wonders of the world [r]: Lists of especially remarkable artificial or natural structures of worldwide importance ^[e] (December 8 — 15, 2012)
•  Silent letters in English [r]: English letter or letters within a particular word, which are not heard in the pronunciation of the word, but appear in the spelling—and the opposite. ^[e] (December 1 — 8, 2012)
•  Fiscal policy [r]: Policy concerning public expenditure, taxation and borrowing and the provision of public goods and services, and their effects upon social conduct, the distribution of wealth and the level of economic activity. ^[e] (November 24 — December 1, 2012)
•  Liquefied natural gas [r]: Natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted into liquid form for ease of transport and storage. ^[e] (November 17 — 24, 2012)
•  Industrial cooling tower [r]: Heat rejection systems used primarily to provide circulating cooling water in large industrial facilities. ^[e] (November 10 — 17, 2012)
•  Steam generator [r]: A device that uses a heat source to boil liquid water and convert it into its vapor phase, referred to as steam. ^[e] (November 6 — 10, 2012)
•  Fenske equation [r]: An equation for calculating the minimum number of theoretical plates needed to separate a binary feed stream by a fractionation column operated at total reflux (i.e., meaning that no overhead product is being withdrawn from the column). ^[e] (October 28 — November 6, 2012)
•  Pompeii [r]: A Roman city buried by a volcanic eruption A.D. 79. The city is now an important archaeological site. ^[e] (October 20 — 28, 2012)
•  Potassium in nutrition and human health [r]: Role of dietary potassium and its associated bicarbonate-generating organic ions in human physiology and in preventive and therapeutic medicine. ^[e] (October 13 — 20, 2012)
•  Pulmonary embolism [r]: Add brief definition or description (October 6 — 13, 2012)
•  Spanish missions in California [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 30 — October 6, 2012)
•  Set theory [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 24 — 30, 2012)
•  Human rights [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 15 — 24, 2012)
•  Acute coronary syndrome‎ [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 7 — 15, 2012)
•  Emergence (biology) [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 31 — September 7, 2012)
•  Food reward [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 24 — 31, 2012)
•  NMR spectroscopy [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 16 — 24, 2012)
• Dokdo [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 10 — 16, 2012)
•  Digital rights management [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 3 — 10, 2012)
•  Geometric sequence [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 27 — August 3, 2012)
•  Jet engine [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 20 — 27, 2012)
•  Block cipher [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 13 — 20, 2012)
• Higgs boson [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 6 — 13, 2012)
•  Dementia [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 29 — July 6, 2012)
•  Scalawag [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 22 — 29, 2012)
•  Formal fuzzy logic [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 16 — 22, 2012)
•  Politics [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 8 — 16, 2012)
•  King cobra [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 1 — 8, 2012)
•  Buddhism [r]: Add brief definition or description (May 28 — June 1, 2012)
•  Europe [r]: Add brief definition or description (May 19 — 28, 2012)
•  Black mamba [r]: Add brief definition or description (May 11 — 19, 2012)
•  Passive attack [r]: Add brief definition or description (May 5 — 11, 2012)
•  Economics [r]: Add brief definition or description (April 28 — May 5, 2012)
•  Choked flow [r]: Add brief definition or description (April 20 — 28, 2012)
•  RMS Titanic [r]: Add brief definition or description (April 13 — 20, 2012)
•  Karl Marx [r]: Add brief definition or description (April 6 — 13, 2012)
•  ASIMO [r]: Add brief definition or description (March 31 — April 6, 2012)
•  Associated Legendre function [r]: Add brief definition or description (March 23 — 31, 2012)
•  The Social Capital Foundation [r]: Add brief definition or description (March 17 — 23, 2012)
•  History of economic thought [r]: Add brief definition or description (March 9 — 17, 2012)
•  Los Alamos National Laboratory [r]: Add brief definition or description (March 2 — 9, 2012)
•  Diabesity [r]: Add brief definition or description (February 24 — March 2, 2012)
•  Electroconvulsive therapy [r]: Add brief definition or description (February 18 — 24, 2012)
•  International economics [r]: Add brief definition or description (February 10 — 18, 2012)
• The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order [r]: Add brief definition or description (February 3 — 10, 2012)
•  National Institute of Standards and Technology [r]: Add brief definition or description (January 27 — February 3, 2012)
•  Hausdorff dimension [r]: Add brief definition or description (January 20 — 27, 2012)
•  Ideal gas law [r]: Add brief definition or description (January 14 — 20, 2012)
•  Volatility (chemistry) [r]: Add brief definition or description (January 6 — 14, 2012)
•  Alcmaeon of Croton [r]: Add brief definition or description (December 31, 2011 — January 6, 2012)
•  Thomas Jefferson [r]: Add brief definition or description (December 23 — 31, 2011)
•  Linguistics [r]: Add brief definition or description (December 17 — 23, 2011)
•  Kilt [r]: Add brief definition or description (December 9 — 17, 2011)
•  Warfarin [r]: Add brief definition or description (December 2 — 9, 2011)
•  Global warming [r]: Add brief definition or description (November 26 — December 2, 2011)
•  Reuben sandwich [r]: Add brief definition or description (November 19 — 26, 2011)
•  British and American English [r]: Add brief definition or description (November 12 — 19, 2011)
•  Plymouth Colony [r]: Add brief definition or description (November 4 — 12, 2011)
•  Arab Spring [r]: Add brief definition or description (October 28 — November 4, 2011)
•  C (letter) [r]: Add brief definition or description (October 22 — 28, 2011)
•  Fertility (demography) [r]: Add brief definition or description (October 14 — 22, 2011)
•  Geometric series [r]: Add brief definition or description (October 8 — 14, 2011)
•  Eurozone crisis [r]: Add brief definition or description (October 1 — 8, 2011)
•  Destroyer [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 26 — October 1, 2011)
• Cypherpunk [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 17 — 26, 2011)
•  Dirac delta function [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 10 — 17, 2011)
• Lockheed SR-71 [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 2 — 10, 2011)
•  Clostridium difficile [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 25 — September 2, 2011)
•  Great Recession [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 19 — 25, 2011)
•  Alice Bailey [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 13 — 19, 2011)
•  Félix d'Hérelle [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 7 — 13, 2011)
•  Miller effect [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 29 — August 7, 2011)
•  Gut-brain signalling [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 23 — 29, 2011)
•  Neanderthal [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 13 — 23, 2011)
•  Tennis [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 2 — 13, 2011)
•  Apollo program [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 26 — July 2, 2011)
•  Semiconductor diode [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 17 — 26, 2011)
•  Miller effect [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 11 — 17, 2011)
•  Specific heat ratio [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 3 — 11 2011)
•  Macromolecular chemistry [r]: Add brief definition or description (May 27 — June 3, 2011)
•  Tecum Umam [r]: Add brief definition or description (May 21 — 27, 2011)
•  Heterotaxis [r]: Add brief definition or description (May 4 — 21, 2011)

Articles of the Week (before May 4, 2011)

•  Space (mathematics) [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  World of Warcraft [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Social capital [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Richard Condon [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Natural gas [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Stairway to Heaven [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Cryptography [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  English spellings [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Folk saint [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Led Zeppelin [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Locality of reference [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Rabbit [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Scarborough Castle [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 3)
• The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 27)
•  Mauna Kea [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 20)
•  Brute force attack [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 13)
•  Cruiser [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 5)
•  The Canterbury Tales [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 30)
•  Milpa agriculture [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 23)
•  Domain Name System [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 16)
•  Scuticaria [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 9)
• Torture [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 2)
•  Miltonia [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 25)
•  Ancient Celtic music [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 18)
•  Bifrenaria [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 11)
•  Halobacterium NRC-1 [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 4)
•  Animal [r]: Add brief definition or description (May 28)
•  Coal [r]: Add brief definition or description (May 21)
•  Johannes Diderik van der Waals [r]: Add brief definition or description (May 7)
•  Scientific method [r]: Add brief definition or description (Apr 14)
•  Korematsu v. United States [r]: Add brief definition or description (Apr 7)
•  Orchid [r]: Add brief definition or description (Mar 31)
•  Oliver Cromwell [r]: Add brief definition or description (Mar 24)
•  Wisconsin v. Yoder [r]: Add brief definition or description (Mar 17)
•  Conventional coal-fired power plant [r]: Add brief definition or description (Mar 10)
•  Battle of the Ia Drang [r]: Add brief definition or description (Mar 3)
•  Ether (physics) [r]: Add brief definition or description (Feb 24)
•  Large-scale trickle filters [r]: Add brief definition or description (11 Feb)
•  Homeopathy [r]: Add brief definition or description (28 Jan)
•  Microeconomics [r]: Add brief definition or description (14 Jan)
•  Speech Recognition [r]: Add brief definition or description (26 Nov)
•  Mashup [r]: Add brief definition or description (19 Nov)
•  Tux [r]: Add brief definition or description (14 Oct)
•  Hydrogen bond [r]: Add brief definition or description (7 Oct)
•  Lead [r]: Add brief definition or description (1 Sept)
•  DNA [r]: Add brief definition or description (8 July)
•  Augustin-Louis_Cauchy [r]: Add brief definition or description (1 July)
•  Vasco da Gama [r]: Add brief definition or description (24 June)
•  Phosphorus [r]: Add brief definition or description (17 June)
•  Crystal Palace [r]: Add brief definition or description (10 June)
•  Gross Domestic Product [r]: Add brief definition or description (3 June)
•  RNA interference [r]: Add brief definition or description (27 May)
•  Latino history [r]: Add brief definition or description (20 May)
•  Navy Grog [r]: Add brief definition or description (13 May)
•  Systems biology [r]: Add brief definition or description (6 May)
•  Steroid [r]: Add brief definition or description (22 Apr)
•  Lebanon [r]: Add brief definition or description (15 Apr)
•  Wheat [r]: Add brief definition or description (7 Apr)
•  Benjamin Franklin [r]: Add brief definition or description (1 Apr)
•  Coherer [r]: Add brief definition or description (25 Mar)
•  U.S. Civil War [r]: Add brief definition or description (18 Mar)
•  Life [r]: Add brief definition or description (11 Mar)
•  Petroleum refining processes [r]: Add brief definition or description (4 Mar)
•  Shirley Chisholm [r]: Add brief definition or description (20 Feb)
•  Telephone Newspaper [r]: Add brief definition or description (4 Feb)
•  Wristwatch [r]: Add brief definition or description (28 Jan)
•  Korean War of 1592-1598 [r]: Add brief definition or description (21 Jan)
•  Andrew Carnegie [r]: Add brief definition or description (11 January 2008)
• Bowling [r]: Add brief definition or description (31 December 2007)
•  Architecture [r]: Add brief definition or description (December 6)
•  Civil society [r]: Add brief definition or description November 29
•  Joan of Arc [r]: Add brief definition or description (November 22)
•  Chemistry [r]: Add brief definition or description (November 15)
•  Albert Gallatin [r]: Add brief definition or description (November 8)
•  Prime number [r]: Add brief definition or description (November 1)
•  Tennis [r]: Add brief definition or description (October 25)
•  Rottweiler [r]: Add brief definition or description (October 18)
•  Theodor Lohmann [r]: Add brief definition or description (October 9)
•  William Shakespeare [r]: Add brief definition or description (October 2)
•  Edward I [r]: (1272-1307) English king who conquered Wales and attempted to conquer Scotland. ^[e] (September 25)
•  El Tío [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 18)
•  Scotland Yard [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 11)
•  Kilt [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 4)
•  U.S. Electoral College [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 28)
•  Butler [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 21)
•  Tony Blair [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 14)
•  Northwest Passage [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 7)
•  Literature [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 31)
•  Biology [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 25)

New Drafts of the Week (before May 4, 2011)

•  Multi-touch interface [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  NoSQL [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Debt [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Ellipse [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Aeneid [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Tall tale [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Plane (geometry) [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Steam [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Wasan [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Racism in Australia [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Think tank [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Les Paul [r]: Add brief definition or description
•  Zionism [r]: Add brief definition or description (September 3)
•  Earth's atmosphere [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 27)
•  Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 20)
•  The Sporting Life (album) [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 13}
•  The Rolling Stones [r]: Add brief definition or description (August 5)
•  Euler angles [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 30)
•  Chester Nimitz [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 23)
•  Heat [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 16)
•  Continuum hypothesis [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 9)
•  Hawaiian alphabet [r]: Add brief definition or description (July 2)
•  Now and Zen [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 25)
•  Wrench (tool) [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 18)
•  Air preheater [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 11)
•  2009 H1N1 influenza virus [r]: Add brief definition or description (June 4)
•  Gasoline [r]: Add brief definition or description (21 May)
•  John Brock [r]: Add brief definition or description (8 May)
•  McGuffey Readers [r]: Add brief definition or description (14 Apr)
•  Vector rotation [r]: Add brief definition or description (7 Apr)
•  Leptin [r]: Add brief definition or description (31 Mar)
•  Kansas v. Crane [r]: Add brief definition or description (24 Mar)
•  Punch card [r]: Add brief definition or description (17 Mar)
•  Jass–Belote card games [r]: Add brief definition or description (10 Mar)
•  Leptotes (orchid) [r]: Add brief definition or description (3 Mar)
•  Worm (computers) [r]: Add brief definition or description (24 Feb)
•  Joseph Black [r]: Add brief definition or description (11 Feb 2009)
•  Sympathetic magic [r]: Add brief definition or description (17 Jan 2009)
•  Dien Bien Phu [r]: Add brief definition or description (25 Dec)
• Blade Runner [r]: Add brief definition or description (25 Nov)
•  Piquet [r]: Add brief definition or description (18 Nov)
•  Crash of 2008 [r]: Add brief definition or description (23 Oct)
• Information Management [r]: Add brief definition or description (31 Aug)
•  Battle of Gettysburg [r]: Add brief definition or description (8 July)
•  Drugs banned from the Olympics [r]: Add brief definition or description (1 July)
•  Sea glass [r]: Add brief definition or description (24 June)
•  Dazed and Confused (Led Zeppelin song) [r]: Add brief definition or description (17 June)
•  Hirohito [r]: Add brief definition or description (10 June)
•  Henry Kissinger [r]: Add brief definition or description (3 June)
• Palatalization [r]: Add brief definition or description (27 May)
•  Intelligence on the Korean War [r]: Add brief definition or description (20 May)
•  Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago [r]: Add brief definition or description (13 May)
•  BIOS [r]: Add brief definition or description (6 May)
•  Miniature Fox Terrier [r]: Add brief definition or description (23 April)
•  Joseph II [r]: Add brief definition or description (15 Apr)
•  British and American English [r]: Add brief definition or description (7 Apr)
•  Count Rumford [r]: Add brief definition or description (1 April)
•  Whale meat [r]: Add brief definition or description (25 March)
•  Naval guns [r]: Add brief definition or description (18 March)
•  Sri Lanka [r]: Add brief definition or description (11 March)
•  Led Zeppelin [r]: Add brief definition or description (4 March)
•  Martin Luther [r]: Add brief definition or description (20 February)
•  Cosmology [r]: Add brief definition or description (4 February)
•  Ernest Rutherford [r]: Add brief definition or description(28 January)
•  Edinburgh [r]: Add brief definition or description (21 January)
•  Russian Revolution of 1905 [r]: Add brief definition or description (8 January 2008)
•  Phosphorus [r]: Add brief definition or description (31 December)
•  John Tyler [r]: Add brief definition or description (6 December)
•  Banana [r]: Add brief definition or description (22 November)
•  Augustin-Louis Cauchy [r]: Add brief definition or description (15 November)
• B-17 Flying Fortress (bomber) [r]: Add brief definition or description - 8 November 2007
•  Red Sea Urchin [r]: Add brief definition or description - 1 November 2007
•  Symphony [r]: Add brief definition or description - 25 October 2007
•  Oxygen [r]: Add brief definition or description - 18 October 2007
•  Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal [r]: Add brief definition or description - 11 October 2007
•  Fossilization (palaeontology) [r]: Add brief definition or description - 4 October 2007
•  Cradle of Humankind [r]: Add brief definition or description - 27 September 2007
•  John Adams [r]: Add brief definition or description - 20 September 2007
•  Quakers [r]: Add brief definition or description - 13 September 2007
•  Scarborough Castle [r]: Add brief definition or description - 6 September 2007
•  Jane Addams [r]: Add brief definition or description - 30 August 2007
•  Epidemiology [r]: Add brief definition or description - 23 August 2007
•  Gay community [r]: A socially constructed collective reference to those people in society who are homosexual, and who interact to some degree with other homosexual people. ^[e] - 16 August 2007
•  Edward I [r]: (1272-1307) English king who conquered Wales and attempted to conquer Scotland. ^[e] - 9 August 2007

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