Geophysics

Geophysics is the study of the earth by quantitative physical methods, namely seismic, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, thermal and radioactivity methods.

It includes the branches of:

• Seismology [r]: Add brief definition or description (earthquakes and elastic waves)
• Gravity [r]: The tendency of objects with mass to accelerate toward each other. ^[e] (Earth's gravitational field)
• Geodesy [r]: Add brief definition or description (size and shape of the earth)
• Geomagnetism [r]: Add brief definition or description (including ionosphere, magnetosphere, Van Allen belts)
• Geoelectricity [r]: Add brief definition or description and electromagnetic methods (telluric currents, resistivity and conductivity structure, ground penetrating radar (GPR))
• Geothermometry [r]: Add brief definition or description (heat from internal processes, radioactivity, heat flow, volcanology, and hot springs)
• Hydrology [r]: The interdisciplinary study of the movement, characteristics and distribution of water, surface-water (fresh water and salt water), groundwater, and water-quality. ^[e] (ground and surface water, sometimes including glaciology)
• Physical oceanography [r]: The study of physical processes in the oceans. Topics include currents, tides, large scale ocean circulation and the formation of different water masses, and air-sea interactions such as the generation of surface waves by the wind. ^[e]
• Tectonophysics [r]: Add brief definition or description (geological processes in the earth)
• Exploration, engineering, and environmental geophysics [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Geophysical Engineering [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Glaciology [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Mineral Physics [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Engineering geology [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Geophysical MASINT [r]: Add brief definition or description