Analytic Hierarchy Process

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a technique for dealing with complex decisions where a number of competing factors demand consideration. It is especially suited to problems with high stakes, involving human perceptions and judgments, whose resolutions have long-term repercussions. AHP provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a problem, for representing its elements and quantifying them, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions.

While it can be used by individuals working on straightforward problems, AHP is most commonly applied where teams of people are working on highly complex situations, particularly where some of the elements are difficult to quantify. Computer software is available to assist in the application of the process.

Developed in the 1970s by mathematician Thomas L. Saaty, AHP has been applied worldwide, in a wide variety of decision situations, in fields such as government, business, industry, healthcare, quality, and education.

Uses of AHP

The applications of AHP to complex decision situations number in the thousands, typically where problems are important and complex. Many such uses are never reported to the outside world, because they take place at high levels of large organizations, where security and privacy considerations prohibit their disclosure. But some uses of AHP are discussed in the literature. Recently these have included:

• Deciding how best to reduce the impact of global climate change (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei)
• Quantifying the overall quality of software systems (Microsoft Corporation)
• Selecting university faculty (Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania)
• Deciding where to locate offshore manufacturing plants (University of Cambridge)
• Assessing risk in operating cross-country petroleum pipelines (American Society of Civil Engineers)
• Deciding how best to manage U.S. watersheds (U.S. Department of Agriculture)

AHP was recently applied to a project that uses video footage to assess the condition of highways in Virginia. Highway engineers first used it to determine the optimum scope of the project, then to justify its budget to lawmakers.

The process is widely used in countries around the world. At a recent international conference on AHP, over 90 papers were presented from 19 countries, including the U.S., Germany, Japan, Chile, Malaysia, and Nepal. Topics covered ranged from Establishing Payment Standards for Surgical Specialists, to Strategic Technology Roadmapping, to Infrastructure Reconstruction in Devastated Countries. AHP was introduced in China in 1982, and its application has expanded greatly since then—its methods are highly compatible with the traditional Chinese decision making framework, and it has been used for many decisions in the fields of economics, energy, management, environment, traffic, agriculture, industry, and the military.

How AHP works

Under Construction
AHP is a method that breaks complexity into manageable pieces, works with each piece, then collectively evaluates all the pieces. The steps are...

Express the problem as a hierarchy

When we attempt to understand something complex, we tend to break it down into parts, then to break these into their own parts, and so on. (Think of learning anatomy by separately considering the musculoskeletal system and its subsystems, the circulatory system and its components, the nervous system and its parts, etc.) By breaking the reality of a problem into homogeneous clusters and subdividing these clusters into smaller ones, we can integrate large amounts of information into our understanding of the problem and form a more complete picture of the whole system.

In the AHP, the participants break down their problem exactly in this way, formulating it as a hierarchy. An AHP hierarchy consists of an overall goal, a group of options or alternatives for reaching the goal, and a group of factors or criteria that relate the alternatives to the goal. In most cases at least some of the criteria will be further broken down into subcriteria, sub-subcriteria, etc., in as many levels as the problem requires.

The hierarchy can be visualized as a diagram like the one below, with the goal at the top, the alternatives at the bottom, and the criteria filling up the middle.

A typical AHP hierarchy. To avoid clutter, the lines between the Alternatives and Criteria are often omitted or reduced in number. Regardless of any such changes to the diagram, every Alternative is connected to every Criterion and vice versa. In practice, many Criteria have one or more layers of subcriteria. These are not shown in this simplified diagram.

The specifics of any hierarchy will depend on the nature of the problem at hand and on the knowledge, wants, needs, values, judgments and opinions of the participants in the process. As the AHP proceeds through its other steps, the hierarchy can be changed to accommodate newly-thought-of criteria or criteria not originally considered to be important.

In a hierarchy for the simple case of buying a vehicle, the goal might be to buy the best car for the Jones family. The criteria to be considered might be cost, carrying capacity, safety rating, and stylishness. The cost criterion might be subdivided into purchase price, fuel costs, maintenance costs, and resale value. Subcriteria for carrying capacity might be passenger capacity and cargo capacity. The alternatives for the family, which for personal reasons always buys Hondas, might be the Accord Sedan, Accord Hybrid Sedan, Pilot SUV, CR-V SUV, Element SUV, and Odyssey Minivan. Photos and other information about these alternatives can be found HERE.

The Jones' hierarchy could be diagrammed like this:

INSERT A DIAGRAM HERE

Note that some of the criteria, such as purchase price, are easy to specify accurately and precisely. Others, such as resale value, are harder to specify with confidence. Still others, such as stylishness, can have different meanings for each participant and are difficult to specify quantitatively at all. The AHP can deal with all these types of criteria, even when they are present in a single problem.

Also note that the vehicle-buying hierarchy might be different for other families (ones who don't limit themselves to Hondas, or who care nothing about stylishness, or who drive less than 5,000 miles a year, etc.). It would definitely be different for a wealthy playboy who cares nothng about cost and safety, but is intensely interested in speed, handling, and the numerous aspects of stylishness.

More information about hierarchies can be found HERE.

Teaching AHP

Though using AHP requires no specialized academic training, the subject is widely taught at the university level—one AHP software provider lists over a hundred colleges and universities among its clients. AHP is considered an important subject in many institutions of higher learning, including schools of engineering and graduate schools of business. AHP is also an important subject in the quality field, and is taught in many specialized courses including Six Sigma and QFD.

In China, nearly a hundred schools offer courses in AHP, and many doctoral students choose AHP as the subject of their research and dissertations. Over 900 papers have been published on the subject in that country, and there is at least one Chinese scholarly journal devoted exclusively to AHP.

See also

Multi Criteria Decision Making

External links

• Short nontechnical summary from University of Cambridge
• Simple example with math from Carnegie Mellon Tepper School of Business
• Interactive demonstration of pairwise comparison from the Canadian Conservation Institute
• ISAHP - International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process
• Decision Lens AHP software
• ExpertChoice AHP software
• Vanguard Software AHP scripts for handhelds