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  • 16:41, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American Israel Public Affairs Committee (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The '''American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)''', by its own description and that of many analysts, is among the strongest interest groups in the US. "From a small pro-Israel public affairs boutique in the 1950s, AIPAC has grown into a 100,000-member national grassroots movement described by The New York Times as "the most important organization affecting America's relationship with...)
  • 16:41, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American Israel Public Affairs Committee (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The '''American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)''', by its own description and that of many analysts, is among the strongest interest groups in the US. "From a small pro-Israel public affairs boutique in the 1950s, AIPAC has grown into a 100,000-member national grassroots movement described by The New York Times as "the most important organization affecting America's relationship with Israel." <ref name=About>{{citation | url = http://ww...")
  • 16:41, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American Islamic Forum for Democracy (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} Founded in 2003, the '''American Islamic Forum for Democracy (AIFD)''' began in Phoenix Valley of Arizona. Its founder and current president is M. Zuhdi Jasser. "AIFD seeks to make a small contribution to the body of thought which articulates an understanding of Islam which separates religion and state and is in complete harmony with the U.S. Constitution and our citizenship pledge. "Through...)
  • 16:41, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American Islamic Forum for Democracy (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} Founded in 2003, the '''American Islamic Forum for Democracy (AIFD)''' began in Phoenix Valley of Arizona. Its founder and current president is M. Zuhdi Jasser. "AIFD seeks to make a small contribution to the body of thought which articulates an understanding of Islam which separates religion and state and is in complete harmony with the U.S. Constitution and our citizenship pledge. "Through these founding principles of constitutional, secular...")
  • 16:40, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American Foreign Policy Council (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The '''American Foreign Policy Council''' was founded in 1982,as a non-profit organization dedicated to bringing information to those who make or influence the foreign policy of the United States and to assisting world leaders, particularly in the former Soviet Union, with building democracies and market economies. <ref name=About>{{citation | url = http://www.afpc.org/about_us/index | title...)
  • 16:40, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American Foreign Policy Council (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The '''American Foreign Policy Council''' was founded in 1982,as a non-profit organization dedicated to bringing information to those who make or influence the foreign policy of the United States and to assisting world leaders, particularly in the former Soviet Union, with building democracies and market economies. <ref name=About>{{citation | url = http://www.afpc.org/about_us/index | title = About Us | publisher = American Foreign Policy Cou...")
  • 16:40, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American exceptionalism (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} '''American exceptionalism''' is, for the purposes of this article, a political philosophy that the United States, as opposed to the majority of nations, was created based on shared ideology rather than shared history. American nationalism is a subset of this belief system, a subset that affects national conduct. It can be argued if distinguishing between exceptionalism and nationalism is mean...)
  • 16:40, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American exceptionalism (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} '''American exceptionalism''' is, for the purposes of this article, a political philosophy that the United States, as opposed to the majority of nations, was created based on shared ideology rather than shared history. American nationalism is a subset of this belief system, a subset that affects national conduct. It can be argued if distinguishing between exceptionalism and nationalism is meaningful, but that is the assumption here. Historically...")
  • 16:40, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American Enterprise Institute (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br> {{subpages}} The '''American Enterprise Institute (AEI) for Public Policy Research''' is a private, nonpartisan, not-for-profit institution, or "think tank", which does research and advocacy on issues of government, politics, economics, and social welfare. Its historic position supports free enterprise; in recent years, its positions have become more associated with those of the Republican Party (Unite...)
  • 16:40, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American Enterprise Institute (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br> {{subpages}} The '''American Enterprise Institute (AEI) for Public Policy Research''' is a private, nonpartisan, not-for-profit institution, or "think tank", which does research and advocacy on issues of government, politics, economics, and social welfare. Its historic position supports free enterprise; in recent years, its positions have become more associated with those of the Republican Party (United States), the neoconservatism|neoconservative movemen...")
  • 16:40, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American Education Trust (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} '''American Education Trust (AET)''' was cofounded, in 1982, by William Firth Henderson, a British Army officer with Middle East experience; Andrew Killgore, the first American ambassador to Qatar; and Richard Curtis, the Chief Inspector of the United States Information Agency. Among its board chairmen were Senators William Fulbright and Charles Percy. In addition to sponsoring publication...)
  • 16:40, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American Education Trust (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} '''American Education Trust (AET)''' was cofounded, in 1982, by William Firth Henderson, a British Army officer with Middle East experience; Andrew Killgore, the first American ambassador to Qatar; and Richard Curtis, the Chief Inspector of the United States Information Agency. Among its board chairmen were Senators William Fulbright and Charles Percy. In addition to sponsoring publications and speakers, it sells Palestinian products and book...")
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American Conservative Union (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} Established in 1964, the '''American Conservative Union (ACU)''' is a conservative lobbying organization.")
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American Conservative Union (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} Established in 1964, the '''American Conservative Union (ACU)''' is a conservative lobbying organization.")
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American Conservative Defense Alliance (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The '''American Conservative Defense Alliance''' is a think tank and interest group that supports national security conservatism, emphasizing that the United States should take foreign action only in service of vital national interests. Its platform states:<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.acdalliance.org/content/mission-statement | title = Mission Statement | publisher = American Conserva...)
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American Conservative Defense Alliance (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The '''American Conservative Defense Alliance''' is a think tank and interest group that supports national security conservatism, emphasizing that the United States should take foreign action only in service of vital national interests. Its platform states:<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.acdalliance.org/content/mission-statement | title = Mission Statement | publisher = American Conservative Defense Alliance}}</ref> * Supporting a strong, c...")
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American Congress for Truth (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The '''American Congress for Truth (ACT)''' was founded in October 2003 by Brigitte Gabriel, an immigrant to the U.S. from Lebanon, after losing her home to Muslim fundamentalists after Lebanese Civil War. According to its mission statement, ACT, without fear of political correctness. <blockquote>Through media and speaking engagements, ACT will work to educate and organize a grassroots movemen...)
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American Congress for Truth (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The '''American Congress for Truth (ACT)''' was founded in October 2003 by Brigitte Gabriel, an immigrant to the U.S. from Lebanon, after losing her home to Muslim fundamentalists after Lebanese Civil War. According to its mission statement, ACT, without fear of political correctness. <blockquote>Through media and speaking engagements, ACT will work to educate and organize a grassroots movement to defeat this threat... the threat of militant Isla...")
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American Civil Rights Union (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br> {{subpages}} The '''American Civil Rights Union (ACRU)''', not to be confused with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), states its mission as protecting "the civil rights of all Americans, by publicly advancing a Constitutional understanding of civil rights; monitoring judicial nominees, judges, and legal organizations, while resisting those that threaten civil rights; and filing amicus briefs in c...)
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American Civil Rights Union (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br> {{subpages}} The '''American Civil Rights Union (ACRU)''', not to be confused with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), states its mission as protecting "the civil rights of all Americans, by publicly advancing a Constitutional understanding of civil rights; monitoring judicial nominees, judges, and legal organizations, while resisting those that threaten civil rights; and filing amicus briefs in critical civil rights court cases... the ACRU stands ag...")
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:American captives at Guantanamo (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding three American citizens captured in Afghanistan, during the "war on terror", and one of them was held, for a time, in Guantanamo.<ref name=DoDList2> {{cite web | url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf | title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through...)
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page American captives at Guantanamo (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The United States Department of Defense acknowledges holding three American citizens captured in Afghanistan, during the "war on terror", and one of them was held, for a time, in Guantanamo.<ref name=DoDList2> {{cite web | url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf | title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006 | author=OARDEC | publisher=United States...")
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:America at the Crossroads (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} {{TOC|right}} '''''America at the Crossroads''''' is a 2006 book by Francis Fukuyama. It evolved from the Castle Lectures he gave at Yale University in 2005.<ref name=AAC>{{citation | title = America at the Crossroads | author = Francis Fukuyama | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 0300113994}},p. xiii</ref> It was retitled ''After the Neocons: America at the Crossroa...)
  • 16:39, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page America at the Crossroads (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} {{TOC|right}} '''''America at the Crossroads''''' is a 2006 book by Francis Fukuyama. It evolved from the Castle Lectures he gave at Yale University in 2005.<ref name=AAC>{{citation | title = America at the Crossroads | author = Francis Fukuyama | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 0300113994}},p. xiii</ref> It was retitled ''After the Neocons: America at the Crossroads'' for the European market. Fukuyama is often cal...")
  • 16:38, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Air Force Materiel Command (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The U.S. '''Air Force Materiel Command''' is responsible for research & development, system acquisition, and logistics for the United States Air Force. It traces its origins to an Army Air Corps organization created in 1917, and has gone through several evolutions of its name. It is headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. General Donald Hoffman is its commander and...)
  • 16:38, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Air Force Materiel Command (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} The U.S. '''Air Force Materiel Command''' is responsible for research & development, system acquisition, and logistics for the United States Air Force. It traces its origins to an Army Air Corps organization created in 1917, and has gone through several evolutions of its name. It is headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. General Donald Hoffman is its commander and Lieutenant General Janet Wolfenbarger is the Vice Comm...")
  • 16:37, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} An '''Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA)''' provides an interface between visually-oriented radar displays and or marine navigation computers. Where a radar screen displays a target as a "blip" of light relative to the radar antenna, such that the basic computation of bearing is manual, and determining course and speed requires multiple manual observations and measurement, the ARPA sends a...)
  • 16:37, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} An '''Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA)''' provides an interface between visually-oriented radar displays and or marine navigation computers. Where a radar screen displays a target as a "blip" of light relative to the radar antenna, such that the basic computation of bearing is manual, and determining course and speed requires multiple manual observations and measurement, the ARPA sends a digital message, for each target, to the "master" scre...")
  • 16:37, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:An Loc (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} '''An Loc''' is 65 miles north of Saigon, on National Highway 13 (Vietnam)|Highway 13. During the Vietnam War, it was part of Binh Dinh Province, but it is now in Binh Phuoc Province. It is south of Loc Ninh. Chon Thanh is to its other side. ==Vietnam War== A good deal of combat took place in the area, throughout the war, but perhaps the best known Battle of An Loc took place in April 1972....)
  • 16:37, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page An Loc (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} '''An Loc''' is 65 miles north of Saigon, on National Highway 13 (Vietnam)|Highway 13. During the Vietnam War, it was part of Binh Dinh Province, but it is now in Binh Phuoc Province. It is south of Loc Ninh. Chon Thanh is to its other side. ==Vietnam War== A good deal of combat took place in the area, throughout the war, but perhaps the best known Battle of An Loc took place in April 1972. <ref name=Willbanks>{{citation | url = http://www-cg...")
  • 16:37, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Amphibious warfare (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} '''Amphibious warfare''' encompasses the set of techniques, equipment, specialized units, and methods of training needed to move troops across water, and deliver them to land, ready for immediate combat. The best-known examples are attacks from the sea, but crossing rivers and other inland bodies of water still is important. Amphibious warfare went through many generations of development. La...)
  • 16:37, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Amphibious warfare (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} '''Amphibious warfare''' encompasses the set of techniques, equipment, specialized units, and methods of training needed to move troops across water, and deliver them to land, ready for immediate combat. The best-known examples are attacks from the sea, but crossing rivers and other inland bodies of water still is important. Amphibious warfare went through many generations of development. Large-scale landings directly against defended shore tar...")
  • 16:36, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Amphibious warfare/External Links (content was: "{{subpages}} *[http://www.usni.org/print/6742 Hitting the Beach in the 21st Century]]", and the only contributor was "[[Special:Contributions/imported>Howard C. Berkowitz|imported>Howard C. Berkowitz]]" ([[User talk:imported>Howard C. Berkowitz|talk]]))
  • 16:36, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Amphibious Ready Group (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} An '''Amphibious Ready Group (ARG)''' is an organization of amphibious warfare ships, landing craft, helicopters, and compatible fixed-wing aircraft, which carries a United States Marine Corps or Royal Marine unit capable of a variety of amphibious warfare and humanitarian assistance missions. Ships of the ARG are armed for self-protection only. In the U.S. system, combining the ARG with a s...)
  • 16:36, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Amphibious Ready Group (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} An '''Amphibious Ready Group (ARG)''' is an organization of amphibious warfare ships, landing craft, helicopters, and compatible fixed-wing aircraft, which carries a United States Marine Corps or Royal Marine unit capable of a variety of amphibious warfare and humanitarian assistance missions. Ships of the ARG are armed for self-protection only. In the U.S. system, combining the ARG with a set of warships creates an Expeditionary Strike Group....")
  • 16:36, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Air force (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} An '''air force''' is the part of a nation's military that is responsible, at the least, for long range air warfare planning|air warfare. Depending on the country, some level of Army Cooperation Aviation and close air support may be part of the national army or naval infantry. Its navy may have carrier aviation, tactical helicopters, and maritime patrol aircraft.")
  • 16:36, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Air force (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} An '''air force''' is the part of a nation's military that is responsible, at the least, for long range air warfare planning|air warfare. Depending on the country, some level of Army Cooperation Aviation and close air support may be part of the national army or naval infantry. Its navy may have carrier aviation, tactical helicopters, and maritime patrol aircraft.")
  • 16:36, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Air force/External Links (content was: "{{subpages}} [http://www.af.mil/history/overview.asp United States Air Force]")
  • 16:35, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Air combat maneuvering (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} '''Air combat maneuvering''' (ACM), in the professional military literature, describes the close-in fight between fighter aircraft, which was called the "dogfight" in earlier wars. While fighting dogs engage in tight turns, the metaphor for the aircraft dogfight, the reality is that the greatest number of fighters shot down never saw their enemy; they were shot down in a high-pass. Missile e...)
  • 16:35, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Air combat maneuvering (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} '''Air combat maneuvering''' (ACM), in the professional military literature, describes the close-in fight between fighter aircraft, which was called the "dogfight" in earlier wars. While fighting dogs engage in tight turns, the metaphor for the aircraft dogfight, the reality is that the greatest number of fighters shot down never saw their enemy; they were shot down in a high-pass. Missile engagements beyond visual range is usually not encompas...")
  • 16:35, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Agency for International Development (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} Non-military foreign aid from the United States to other countries is the responsibility of the '''Agency for International Development'''. Now an independent agency, it has been a branch of the State Department, and also has gone under a number of other organizational names. When the United States is involved with helping a Host Nation deal with insurgency, the U.S. military's foreign inter...)
  • 16:35, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Agency for International Development (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} Non-military foreign aid from the United States to other countries is the responsibility of the '''Agency for International Development'''. Now an independent agency, it has been a branch of the State Department, and also has gone under a number of other organizational names. When the United States is involved with helping a Host Nation deal with insurgency, the U.S. military's foreign internal defense doctrine may route non-military economic d...")
  • 16:35, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Autonomous System (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} An '''autonomous system''' is a set of routers and addresses, under one or more administrations, which presents a common routing policy to the Internet <ref name=RFC1930>{{citation | title = RFC 1930: Guidelines for creation, selection, and registration of an Autonomous System (AS) | first1 = J. | last1 = Hawkinson | first2 = T. | last2 = Bates | url = http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1930.t...)
  • 16:35, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Autonomous System (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} An '''autonomous system''' is a set of routers and addresses, under one or more administrations, which presents a common routing policy to the Internet <ref name=RFC1930>{{citation | title = RFC 1930: Guidelines for creation, selection, and registration of an Autonomous System (AS) | first1 = J. | last1 = Hawkinson | first2 = T. | last2 = Bates | url = http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1930.txt | date = July 1996 }}</ref> An older definition,...")
  • 16:35, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Autonomous System/External Links (content was: "{{subpages}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Region ! Registry name ! Link |- | North America | American Registry for Internet Numbers | http://www.arin.net/registration/templates/index.html |- | Europe | RIPE Network Coordination Centre | http://www.ripe.net/rs/as/ |- | Asia-Pacific | Asia-Pacific Network Information Center | http://www.apnic.net/policy/asn-policy.html |- | Latin America and Caribbean | Latin American and Caribbean Network Information Center | http://lacnic.net/tem...")
  • 16:34, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Autocannon (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} An '''autocannon''' is any artillery piece that is loaded from a magazine of shells, and can continuously fire and reload until the magazine is empty. Historically, autocannon have been of fairly small caliber, but it is quite common to find automatic naval guns of 5"/127mm caliber. The original driver for autocannon was anti-aircraft artillery, as aircraft speeds became too fast, for conventi...)
  • 16:34, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Autocannon (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} An '''autocannon''' is any artillery piece that is loaded from a magazine of shells, and can continuously fire and reload until the magazine is empty. Historically, autocannon have been of fairly small caliber, but it is quite common to find automatic naval guns of 5"/127mm caliber. The original driver for autocannon was anti-aircraft artillery, as aircraft speeds became too fast, for conventional artillery to fire fast enough to have a significa...")
  • 16:34, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Authority in governance (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} Unless a government rules by force, those governed need to belief it has legitimate ''''authority to govern''', by one of three basic sources of legitimacy: *'''Democracy''' or accepted '''monarchy''' *'''Systematic ideology or theology''' *'''Charisma and general ideas''' When legitimacy is lacking, there is a tendency toward insurgency. A government may be able to use a '''security state'''...)
  • 16:34, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Authority in governance (content was: "{{PropDel}}<br><br>{{subpages}} Unless a government rules by force, those governed need to belief it has legitimate ''''authority to govern''', by one of three basic sources of legitimacy: *'''Democracy''' or accepted '''monarchy''' *'''Systematic ideology or theology''' *'''Charisma and general ideas''' When legitimacy is lacking, there is a tendency toward insurgency. A government may be able to use a '''security state''' to control the populace. Henry Kissinger associated t...")
  • 16:34, 7 April 2024 John Leach talk contribs deleted page Talk:Auscultation (Deleted together with the associated page with reason: content was: "{{{PropDel}}<br><br> {{subpages}} {{Image|1b121.jpg|right|350px|Auscultation prior to the stethoscope.}} '''Auscultation''' is the act of listening for sounds within the body.<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref>. In some cases, it may take no more than the examiner's ear near the patient, to recognize loud abnormalities of breathing, such as wheezing, and various forms of cough. The stethoscope, invented in 1816 by Rene Laennec,<ref>{{citat...)
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