Allostasis and allostatic load/Bibliography

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Books

• Committee on Future Directions for Behavioral and Social Sciences Research at the National Institutes of Health, Burton H. Singer and Carol D. Ryff, Editors,Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, National Research Council. (2001) New Horizons in Health: An Integrative Approach. National Academies Press. Full-Text Free. ISBN-13: 978-0-309-07296-0

• Book description from website: New Horizons in Health discusses how the National Institutes of Health (NIH) can integrate research in the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences to better understand the causes of disease as well as interventions that promote health. It outlines a set of research priorities for consideration by the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), with particular attention to research that can support and complement the work of the National Institutes of Health. By addressing the range of interactions among social settings, behavioral patterns, and important health concerns, it highlights areas of scientific opportunity where significant investment is most likely to improve national and global health outcomes. These opportunities will apply the knowledge and methods of the behavioral and social sciences to contemporary health needs, and give attention to the chief health concerns of the general public.
• Excerpt referring to allostatic load: Through repeated efforts to adapt to stressful circumstances, the organism experiences a cumulative multisystem physiological toll, leading to cascading, potentially irreversible interactions between genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Over time, these cascades can contribute to large individual differences in dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, impaired immune function, altered cardiovascular reactivity, and ultimately stress-related physical and mental disorders (including chronic hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, hippocampal atrophy and associated cognitive dysfunction; see Seeman et al.,1997; Seeman and Robins, 1994; McEwen, 1998; Dhabhar and McEwen, 1996; McEwen et al., 1997).

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• McEwen BS, Lasley EN. (2002) The end of stress as we know it. Washington, D.C: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0309076404.

• The National Academy Press
• Book description: There's a whole new way to think about stress. Sure, some stress is inevitable, but being "stressed out" isn't. In fact, we can learn to rechannel the powerful stress activators in our lives to make us even more effective....Hamlet spoke of "suffering the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune." These days we simply use the word "stress" to describe that feeling. And if you ask 10 random people if they feel stressed, chances are that at least 9 will reply with a resounding, "Yes!" Indeed, the very way we use the word implies that we are its victims as in, "I'm under so much stress" or "I'm completely stressed out." There s now a better way to look at this picture, a way to move from victim to victor. The first step is to look to the science behind it all because in the science lies a whole new message about stress. Science allows us to understand what the stress response is and why our bodies react the way they do. Like all living creatures, we're mapped to respond instinctually in certain ways, and generally for good reasons. We know, for example, that in times of emergency, we effortlessly shift into a different biological mode. Based on our perception of the crisis, our brains initiate the "stress response" or the "flight-or-fight reaction." Our attention becomes keenly focused. Our heart and lungs accelerate to ready us for action. Our glands mobilize extra energy resources and summon the immune system to battle stations. This whole process is Nature's way of empowering us to respond swiftly, sometimes dramatically, to sudden events, while remaining mentally alert and physically prepared to meet a challenge....But what if the crisis situation does not present us with a foe to be fought? Or if fleeing is not the answer? Too often in modern times, the situations that bring on the stress response require neither the fight nor flight response for which our bodies are genetically programmed. The stress response is nevertheless likely to kick in just as it's programmed to do even though it cannot help speed us toward a resolution. Deprived of its natural successful result, the very system that s designed to protect us begins to cause wear and tear on our bodies actually bringing on illnesses as diverse and severe as asthma, diabetes, heart disease, ulcers, and increased susceptibility to colds and infections....The good news is that there are definite things that we can do to prevent this process from ultimately taking this wrong turn. New research in brain functioning allows us to understand the reactions our bodies have to various stressful circumstances. That knowledge is power the power to harness the energy stored within us and to channel it in positive ways. The End of Stress as We Know It leads us to a new appreciation of the mind body nnection so that we learn how to reduce stress and increase our overall sense of health and well-being and even turn aside the slings and arrows of life.

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• Schulkin J. (2003) Rethinking homeostasis: allostatic regulation in physiology and pathophysiology. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0262194805.

• MIT CogNet: The Brain Sciences Connection
• From the book announcement website: Homeostasis, a key concept in biology, refers to the tendency toward stability in the various bodily states that make up the internal environment. Examples include temperature regulation and oxygen consumption. The body's needs, however, do not remain constant. When an organism is under stress, the central nervous system works with the endocrine system to use resources to maintain the overall viability of the organism. The process accelerates the various systems' defenses of bodily viability, but can violate short-term homeostasis. This allostatic regulation highlights our ability to anticipate, adapt to, and cope with impending future events....In Rethinking Homeostasis, Jay Schulkin defines and explores many aspects of allostasis, including the wear and tear on tissues and accelerated pathophysiology caused by allostatic overload. Focusing on the concept of motivation and its relationship to the central nervous system function and specific hormonal systems, he applies a neuroendocrine perspective to central motive states such as cravings for water, sodium, food, sex, and drugs. He examines in detail the bodily consequences of the behavioral and neuroendocrine regulation of fear and adversity, the endocrine regulation of normal and preterm birth, and the effects of drug addiction on the body. Schulkin's presentation of allostasis lays the foundation for further study.
• Table of Contents: Preface; Introduction; Allostasis: The Emergence of a Concept; Central Motive States: Feedforward Neuroendocrine Systems in the Brain; Anticipation, Angst, Allostatic Regulation: Adrenal Steroid Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Normal and Pathological Facilitation of Parturition by a Feedforward Endocrine Mechanism; Addiction to Drugs: Allostatic Regulation under Duress; Conclusion; References; Name Index; Subject Index.

• International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology, Congress, (34th et al.) (2004) Biobehavioral stress response: protective and damaging effects. New York, N.Y: New York Academy of Sciences.

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• McEwen BS. (2004) The end of stress as we know it. Washington, D.C: Joseph Henry Press.

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• Schnurr PP, Green BL. (2004) Trauma and health: physical health consequences of exposure to extreme stress. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

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• Schulkin J. (2004) Allostasis, homeostasis and the costs of physiological adaptation. (Google Books Excerpts) Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. See also Publisher's page about this book.

• Description: The concept of homeostasis, the maintenance of the internal physiological environment of an organism within tolerable limits, is well established in medicine and physiology. In contrast, allostasis is a relatively new idea of ‘viability through change’. With allostatic regulation by cephalic involvement, the body adapts to potentially diverse and dangerous situations through the activation of neural, hormonal, or immunological mechanisms. Allostasis explains how regulatory events maintain organismic viability, or not, in diverse contexts with varying set points of bodily needs and competing motivations. This book introduces the concept of allostasis and sets it alongside traditional views of homeostasis. It addresses basic regulatory systems and examines the behavior of bodily regulation under duress. The basic concepts of physiological homeostasis are integrated with disorders like depression, stress, anxiety and addiction. It will therefore appeal to graduate students, medical students and researchers working in physiology, epidemiology, endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, neuroscience, and psychology.....The first edited volume to address the concept of allostasis....Introduces the relatively new concept of allostasis while placing it alongside the more established idea of homeostasis....Integrates the concepts of physiological homeostasis with disorders like depression, stress, anxiety, and addiction
• Table of Contents:

• Principles of allostasis: optimal design, predictive regulation, pathophysiology and rational therapeutics Peter Sterling;
• Protection and damaging effects of the mediators of stress and adaptation: allostasis and allostatic load Bruce S. McEwen;
• Merging of the homeostatic theory with the concept of allostatic load David S. Goldstein;
• Operationalizing allostatic load Burton Singer, Carol D. Ryff and Teresa Seeman;
• Drug addiction and allostasis George F. Koob and Michael LeMoal;
• Adaptive fear and the pathology of anxiety and depression: an allostatic framework Jeffrey B. Rosen and Jay Schulkin;
• A chronobiological perspective on allostasis and its application to shift work Ziad Boulos and Alan M. Rosenwasser;
• Allostatic load and life cycles: implications for neuroendocrine control mechanisms John C. Wingfield;
• Commentary: viability as opposed to stability: an evolutionary perspective on physiological regulation Michael L. Power.

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• Eaton WW. (2006) Medical and psychiatric comorbidity over the course of life. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub.

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• Derek Chadwick, Jamie Goode. (2002) Endocrine Facets of Ageing. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0471486361, ISBN 9780471486367

• Social and medical developments have recently led to a dramatic increase in life expectancy. This has inspired the study of organismic changes associated with healthy ageing, in particular the erosion of homeostatic capabilities in multiple endocrine systems. This book reviews advances in the understanding of endocrine facets of ageing. It considers the relative magnitudes and time courses of different endocrine adaptations in the ageing human and experimental animal, addressing the influence of external factors on the rates of progression of endocrine sequelae in ageing, the mechanisms that underlie the disarray of endocrine axes in ageing, and the implications of therapeutic reconstitution of hormones in ageing. This book: Considers the mechanisms of ageing and hormonal changes that occur with age. Discusses healthy ageing and the relationships between hormonal changes and pathophysiological conditions such as atherosclerosis and age-related bone loss. Draws together contributions from basic and clinical research, to identify and stimulate promising new research directions.
• Contains section on allostasis, allostatic load, and aging