Antipsychotic agent: Difference between revisions
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In [[medicine]], '''antipsychotic agents''' "control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in [[schizophrenia]], senile [[dementia]], transient [[psychosis]] following surgery or [[myocardial infarction]], etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref> | In [[medicine]], '''antipsychotic agents''' "control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in [[schizophrenia]], senile [[dementia]], transient [[psychosis]] following surgery or [[myocardial infarction]], etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref> | ||
| Line 4: | Line 5: | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
The newer drugs are called either second generation or atypical antipsychotic agents. This group includes [[olanzapine]], [[quetiapine]], [[risperidone]], [[aripiprazole]], [[ziprasidone]], [[clozapine]], and [[amisulpride]].<ref name="pmid17035647">{{cite journal |author=Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, ''et al'' |title=Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=15 |pages=1525–38 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=17035647 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061240 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=17035647&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref> The atypical antipsychotics tend to also block [[biogenic amine receptor|serotonin receptors]] (5HT).<ref name="isbn0-07-145153-6chapt29">{{cite book |author=Katzung, Bertram G. |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Basic and Clinical Pharmacology |edition=10th |chapter= Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium |chapterurl=http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2505610 |language= |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division |location=New York |year=2006 |origyear= |pages= |quote= |isbn=0-07-145153-6 |oclc= |doi= |url=http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=16 |accessdate=}}</ref> | The newer drugs are called either second generation or atypical antipsychotic agents. This group includes [[olanzapine]] (Zyprexa®), [[quetiapine]] (Seroquel®), [[risperidone]] (Risperdal®), [[aripiprazole]] (Abilify®), [[ziprasidone]], [[clozapine]], and [[amisulpride]].<ref name="pmid17035647">{{cite journal |author=Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, ''et al'' |title=Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=15 |pages=1525–38 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=17035647 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061240 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=17035647&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref> The atypical antipsychotics tend to also block [[biogenic amine receptor|serotonin receptors]] (5HT).<ref name="isbn0-07-145153-6chapt29">{{cite book |author=Katzung, Bertram G. |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Basic and Clinical Pharmacology |edition=10th |chapter= Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium |chapterurl=http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2505610 |language= |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division |location=New York |year=2006 |origyear= |pages= |quote= |isbn=0-07-145153-6 |oclc= |doi= |url=http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=16 |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
The older drugs are called either first generation or typical antipsychotic agents. This group includes phenothiazine derivitives such as chlorpromazine, thiozanthene derivitives such as thiothixene, and butyrophenone derivitives such as [[haloperidol]].<ref name="isbn0-07-145153-6chapt29">{{cite book |author=Katzung, Bertram G. |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Basic and Clinical Pharmacology |edition=10th |chapter= Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium |chapterurl=http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2505610 |language= |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division |location=New York |year=2006 |origyear= |pages= |quote= |isbn=0-07-145153-6 |oclc= |doi= |url=http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=16 |accessdate=}}</ref> | The older drugs are called either first generation or typical antipsychotic agents. This group includes phenothiazine derivitives such as chlorpromazine, thiozanthene derivitives such as thiothixene, and butyrophenone derivitives such as [[haloperidol]].<ref name="isbn0-07-145153-6chapt29">{{cite book |author=Katzung, Bertram G. |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Basic and Clinical Pharmacology |edition=10th |chapter= Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium |chapterurl=http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2505610 |language= |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division |location=New York |year=2006 |origyear= |pages= |quote= |isbn=0-07-145153-6 |oclc= |doi= |url=http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=16 |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
==Effectiveness== | ==Effectiveness== | ||
Anti-psychotic agents are less effective uses that have not been approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref name="pmid21954480">{{cite journal| author=Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Hu JH, Ewing B et al.| title=Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=JAMA | year= 2011 | volume= 306 | issue= 12 | pages= 1359-69 | pmid=21954480 | doi=10.1001/jama.2011.1360 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21954480 }} </ref> | |||
Regarding the treatment of [[delirium]], all drugs may have similar efficacy.<ref name="pmid17443602">{{cite journal |author=Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, Wyller T |title=Antipsychotics for delirium |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD005594 |year=2007 |pmid=17443602 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub2 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub2 |issn=}}</ref> | ===Delirium=== | ||
Regarding the treatment of [[delirium]], all drugs may have similar efficacy.<ref name="pmid17443602">{{cite journal |author=Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, Wyller T |title=Antipsychotics for delirium |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD005594 |year=2007 |pmid=17443602 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub2 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub2 |issn=}}</ref> | |||
===Mania=== | |||
Antipsychotic agents may be better than mood stabilizers (valproate, ziprasidone, topiramate, lamotrigine, and gabapentin) for treatment of acute [[mania]].<ref>Cipriani A et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2011 Aug 17;. {{DOI|10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8}})</ref> | |||
===Schizophrenia=== | |||
The second generation anti-psychotic agents amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone may be the most effect agents for [[schizophrenia]].<ref name="pmid19058842">{{cite journal |author=Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM |title=Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9657 |pages=31–41 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19058842 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61764-X |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(08)61764-X |issn=}}</ref> | |||
===Dementia=== | |||
Regarding the treatment of [[dementia]], a [[randomized controlled trial]] that compared the second generation anti-psychotic agents found that none improved functioning, care needs, or quality of life with [[statistical significance]]<ref name="pmid17035647">{{cite journal| author=Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Davis SM, Hsiao JK, Ismail MS et al.| title=Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2006 | volume= 355 | issue= 15 | pages= 1525-38 | pmid=17035647 | |||
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17035647 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061240 }} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17335158 Review in: ACP J Club. 2007 Mar-Apr;146(2):35] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17459989 Review in: Evid Based Ment Health. 2007 May;10(2):58] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17607819 Review in: J Fam Pract. 2007 Jan;56(1):14] </ref>; however, olanzapine and risperidone may reduce anger.<ref name="pmid18519523">{{cite journal| author=Sultzer DL, Davis SM, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG et al.| title=Clinical symptom responses to atypical antipsychotic medications in Alzheimer's disease: phase 1 outcomes from the CATIE-AD effectiveness trial. | journal=Am J Psychiatry | year= 2008 | volume= 165 | issue= 7 | pages= 844-54 | pmid=18519523 | |||
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18519523 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111779 | pmc=PMC2714365 }} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19176779 Review in: Evid Based Ment Health. 2009 Feb;12(1):20] </ref> | |||
===Autism=== | |||
Risperidone help in children with [[autism]] who have serious behavioral problems a [[randomized controlled trial]].<ref name="pmid12151468">{{cite journal| author=McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, Cronin P, Hong D, Aman MG et al.| title=Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 5 | pages= 314-21 | pmid=12151468 | |||
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12151468 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa013171 }} </ref> | |||
==Adverse effects== | ==Adverse effects== | ||
===Extrapyramidal effects=== | ===Extrapyramidal effects=== | ||
The second generation agents may cause less extrapyramidal effects<ref name="pmid19058842">{{cite journal |author=Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM |title=Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9657 |pages=31–41 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19058842 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61764-X |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(08)61764-X |issn=}}</ref> and [[quetiapine]] may cause the least effects among this group.<ref name="pmid17035647">{{cite journal |author=Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, ''et al'' |title=Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=15 |pages=1525–38 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=17035647 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061240 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=17035647&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref> Haloperidol less than 3 mg day reduced adverse effects.<ref name="pmid17443602">{{cite journal |author=Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, Wyller T |title=Antipsychotics for delirium |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD005594 |year=2007 |pmid=17443602 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub2 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub2 |issn=}}</ref> | The second generation agents may cause less extrapyramidal effects<ref name="pmid19058842">{{cite journal |author=Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM |title=Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9657 |pages=31–41 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19058842 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61764-X |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(08)61764-X |issn=}}</ref> and [[quetiapine]] may cause the least effects among this group.<ref name="pmid17035647">{{cite journal |author=Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, ''et al'' |title=Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=15 |pages=1525–38 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=17035647 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061240 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=17035647&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref> Haloperidol less than 3 mg day reduced adverse effects.<ref name="pmid17443602">{{cite journal |author=Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, Wyller T |title=Antipsychotics for delirium |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD005594 |year=2007 |pmid=17443602 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub2 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub2 |issn=}}</ref> | ||
===Mortality=== | |||
Short term increases in mortality may occur with [[haloperidol]], [[olanzapine]], and [[risperidone]], but not [[quetiapine]].<ref name="pmid20487081">{{cite journal| author=Rossom RC, Rector TS, Lederle FA, Dysken MW| title=Are All Commonly Prescribed Antipsychotics Associated with Greater Mortality in Elderly Male Veterans with Dementia? | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2010 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=20487081 | |||
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20487081 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02873.x }} </ref> Antipsychotic agents may increase mortality in patients with dementia.<ref name="pmid19138567">{{cite journal| author=Ballard C, Hanney ML, Theodoulou M, Douglas S, McShane R, Kossakowski K et al.| title=The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): long-term follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. | journal=Lancet Neurol | year= 2009 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 151-7 | pmid=19138567 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19138567 | doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70295-3 }} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19528553 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Jun 16;150(12):JC6-8] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19648431 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2009 Aug;14(4):115] </ref> | |||
===Cardiovascular effects=== | ===Cardiovascular effects=== | ||
| Line 37: | Line 58: | ||
Prolongation of the [[QT interval]] may be the most with [[thioridazine]] and least with [[risperidone]].<ref name="pmid16096514">{{cite journal |author=Stöllberger C, Huber JO, Finsterer J |title=Antipsychotic drugs and QT prolongation |journal=Int Clin Psychopharmacol |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=243–51 |year=2005 |month=September |pmid=16096514 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0268-1315&volume=20&issue=5&spage=243 |issn=}}</ref> | Prolongation of the [[QT interval]] may be the most with [[thioridazine]] and least with [[risperidone]].<ref name="pmid16096514">{{cite journal |author=Stöllberger C, Huber JO, Finsterer J |title=Antipsychotic drugs and QT prolongation |journal=Int Clin Psychopharmacol |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=243–51 |year=2005 |month=September |pmid=16096514 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0268-1315&volume=20&issue=5&spage=243 |issn=}}</ref> | ||
===Metabolic effects=== | |||
The second generation agents may cause [[hyperglycemia]] and [[hyperlipidemia]]; patients should be tested for these prior to treatment.<ref name="pmid20048219">{{cite journal| author=Morrato EH, Druss B, Hartung DM, Valuck RJ, Allen R, Campagna E et al.| title=Metabolic testing rates in 3 state Medicaid programs after FDA warnings and ADA/APA recommendations for second-generation antipsychotic drugs. | journal=Arch Gen Psychiatry | year= 2010 | volume= 67 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-24 | pmid=20048219 | |||
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20048219 | doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.179 }}</ref> | |||
Other than [[clozapine]] having the most hyperlipidemia, there is conflicting research on the relative incidence of hyperlipidemia with other second generation antipsychotic agents.<ref name="pmid17012695">{{cite journal| author=Olfson M, Marcus SC, Corey-Lisle P, Tuomari AV, Hines P, L'Italien GJ| title=Hyperlipidemia following treatment with antipsychotic medications. | journal=Am J Psychiatry | year= 2006 | volume= 163 | issue= 10 | pages= 1821-5 | pmid=17012695 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.163.10.1821 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17012695 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15643095">{{cite journal| author=Lambert BL, Chang KY, Tafesse E, Carson W| title=Association between antipsychotic treatment and hyperlipidemia among California Medicaid patients with schizophrenia. | journal=J Clin Psychopharmacol | year= 2005 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-8 | pmid=15643095 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15643095 }} </ref> | |||
Switching to [[aripiprazole]] may reduce hyperlipidemia.<ref name="pmid21768610">{{cite journal| author=Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Ring KD, Hamer RH, LaVange LM, Swartz MS et al.| title=A randomized trial examining the effectiveness of switching from olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone to aripiprazole to reduce metabolic risk: comparison of antipsychotics for metabolic problems (CAMP). | journal=Am J Psychiatry | year= 2011 | volume= 168 | issue= 9 | pages= 947-56 | pmid=21768610 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111609 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21768610 }} </ref> | |||
===Other effects=== | ===Other effects=== | ||
Withdrawing psychotropics | Withdrawing psychotropics agents may prevent [[accidental fall]]s.<ref name="pmid10404930">{{cite journal |author=Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Gardner MM, Norton RN, Buchner DM |title=Psychotropic medication withdrawal and a home-based exercise program to prevent falls: a randomized, controlled trial |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=850–3 |year=1999 |pmid=10404930 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Latest revision as of 12:39, 28 February 2012
In medicine, antipsychotic agents "control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus."[1]
Antipsychotics effect may be by blocking dopamine receptors (D2).
Classification
The newer drugs are called either second generation or atypical antipsychotic agents. This group includes olanzapine (Zyprexa®), quetiapine (Seroquel®), risperidone (Risperdal®), aripiprazole (Abilify®), ziprasidone, clozapine, and amisulpride.[2] The atypical antipsychotics tend to also block serotonin receptors (5HT).[3]
The older drugs are called either first generation or typical antipsychotic agents. This group includes phenothiazine derivitives such as chlorpromazine, thiozanthene derivitives such as thiothixene, and butyrophenone derivitives such as haloperidol.[3]
Effectiveness
Anti-psychotic agents are less effective uses that have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.[4]
Delirium
Regarding the treatment of delirium, all drugs may have similar efficacy.[5]
Mania
Antipsychotic agents may be better than mood stabilizers (valproate, ziprasidone, topiramate, lamotrigine, and gabapentin) for treatment of acute mania.[6]
Schizophrenia
The second generation anti-psychotic agents amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone may be the most effect agents for schizophrenia.[7]
Dementia
Regarding the treatment of dementia, a randomized controlled trial that compared the second generation anti-psychotic agents found that none improved functioning, care needs, or quality of life with statistical significance[2]; however, olanzapine and risperidone may reduce anger.[8]
Autism
Risperidone help in children with autism who have serious behavioral problems a randomized controlled trial.[9]
Adverse effects
Extrapyramidal effects
The second generation agents may cause less extrapyramidal effects[7] and quetiapine may cause the least effects among this group.[2] Haloperidol less than 3 mg day reduced adverse effects.[5]
Mortality
Short term increases in mortality may occur with haloperidol, olanzapine, and risperidone, but not quetiapine.[10] Antipsychotic agents may increase mortality in patients with dementia.[11]
Cardiovascular effects
A retrospective cohort study concluded "current users of typical and of atypical antipsychotic drugs had a similar, dose-related increased risk of sudden cardiac death."[12] Former users do not have increased risk.
A meta-analysis concluded "all antipsychotics are associated with an increased risk of stroke, and the risk might be higher in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic"."[13]
Prolongation of the QT interval may be the most with thioridazine and least with risperidone.[14]
Metabolic effects
The second generation agents may cause hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia; patients should be tested for these prior to treatment.[15]
Other than clozapine having the most hyperlipidemia, there is conflicting research on the relative incidence of hyperlipidemia with other second generation antipsychotic agents.[16][17]
Switching to aripiprazole may reduce hyperlipidemia.[18]
Other effects
Withdrawing psychotropics agents may prevent accidental falls.[19]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Antipsychotic agent (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, et al (October 2006). "Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (15): 1525–38. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa061240. PMID 17035647. Research Blogging.
Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "pmid17035647" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "pmid17035647" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Katzung, Bertram G. (2006). “Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium”, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 10th. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. ISBN 0-07-145153-6.
- ↑ Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Hu JH, Ewing B et al. (2011). "Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.". JAMA 306 (12): 1359-69. DOI:10.1001/jama.2011.1360. PMID 21954480. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, Wyller T (2007). "Antipsychotics for delirium". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD005594. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub2. PMID 17443602. Research Blogging.
Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "pmid17443602" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cipriani A et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2011 Aug 17;. Template:DOI)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM (January 2009). "Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis". Lancet 373 (9657): 31–41. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61764-X. PMID 19058842. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Sultzer DL, Davis SM, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG et al. (2008). "Clinical symptom responses to atypical antipsychotic medications in Alzheimer's disease: phase 1 outcomes from the CATIE-AD effectiveness trial.". Am J Psychiatry 165 (7): 844-54. DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111779. PMID 18519523. PMC PMC2714365. Research Blogging. Review in: Evid Based Ment Health. 2009 Feb;12(1):20
- ↑ McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, Cronin P, Hong D, Aman MG et al. (2002). "Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems.". N Engl J Med 347 (5): 314-21. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa013171. PMID 12151468. Research Blogging.
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