Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox Person
'''Arthur Wellesley''' (1769–1852), widely known as the '''Duke of Wellington''', was a British [[field marshal]] who is chiefly remembered for the victory of his army at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in 1815, which resulted in the final defeat of [[Napoleon]] and the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Wellington had earlier commanded the British forces in the [[Peninsular War]].
| name        = Arthur Wellesley
| portrait    = Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.png
| other_names = Arthur Wesley
| website    =
| birth_date  = 1769-05-01
| birth_place = [[Dangan Castle]], [[County Meath]], Ireland<ref name=genealogyGeraldValerianWellesley1770-1848/>
| death_date  = 1852-09-14
| death_place = [[Walmer, England]]
| occupation  = soldier, diplomat, statesman
| title      = [[Duke of Wellington]]
| salary      =
| term        =
| predecessor =
| successor  =
| party      = Tory
| boards      =
| religion    =
| relations  =
| footnotes  =
}}
'''Arthur Wellesley''' (1769-1852) was a politician, diplomat, and military officer of the [[United Kingdom]] who is chiefly remembered for helping win and end the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in the [[Battle of Waterloo]].<ref name=nytimesWellington/>
He was born in Ireland, prior to the 1800 Act of Union, but always considered himself British, saying ''"being born in a stables doesn't make one a horse"''.


He was the third son of the [[Earl of Mornington]], a title in the [[Irish House of Lords]].<ref name=nytimesWellington/>  His father died when he was 13, and his eldest brother, [[Richard Wellesley]], was only 21.  Richard entered politics.  His next oldest brother, [[William Wellesley-Pole]], entered the [[Royal Navy]], after attending [[Eton]], Richard purchased Arthur an Army Commission.  His younger brothers, [[Gerald Valerian Wellesley]] and [[Henry Wellesley]], entered the church and became a diplomat.
Wellington became a Tory politician and was Britain's 21st [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] from January 1828 to November 1830, also briefly in 1834. Although he was certainly one of the greatest generals in military history, his political career was disastrous and he was one of the worst British prime ministers.
 
Arthur also ran for the [[Irish House of Parliament]] for Trim, his family's rotten borough, when his elder brother William moved on from that position to run in a rotten borough for the [[United Kingdom Parliament]].<ref name=nytimesWellington/>
 
Arthur participated in several minor skirmishes with revolutionary France, when that war was mainly a Naval War, with his brother buying him a series of more prestigious commissions, culminating in his command of a whole battalion.
 
In 1797 Arthur, and his battalion, travelled to [[India]].  His brother Richard later also served in India, as its [[Governor-General]], and, during this period, Arthur won several significant victories over armies of Indian Princes not yet under the thumb of the [[East India Company]].  He as promoted several ranks to [[Major General]].
 
He returned to London, in 1805.  There are several accounts of Arthur, the recently returned General, having his sole encounter with [[Horation Nelson]], the nation's Naval hero, in a London waiting room, three weeks before his death at the height of the [[Battle of Trafalgar]].
 
In 1808 he had command of a British expeditionary force, in [[Portugal]], then an ally of the United Kingdom.  [[Hugh Dalrympole]], a superior officer, stepped in, and granted the commander of the French force Wellesley had defeated some unnecessary concessions, and both officers were recalled, and command given to [[John Moore]].
 
Following an inquiry, in Britain, Dalrympole was censured, and was never employed again.  Wellesley was cleared, and, since Moore had died in Portugal, command was restored to Wellesley, in 1809.
 
The Portugese put their forces under Wellesley's command, and, during the 1809-1813 period, he won a startling series of victories in Portugal and Spain.  When Wellesley had entered Portugal, in 1809, French emporer [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] had been master of almost all Europe, either through conquest, or unequal treaties with unhappy allies.  But by 1813, following his unsuccessful attempt to conquer [[Russian]], in 1812, and the defection, and subsequent attack by several of his former allies, France was under pressure.  In 1813 Wellesley's force crossed the Grench border, and took [[Toulouse]]
 
Napoleon surrendered in April 1814.
 
Wellesley then transitioned from military commander, to diplomat, and played a key role in setting the boundaries of the nations restored to sovereignty, after the French defeat.
 
Wellesley took to the field again, in February 1815.  Following the peace, hundreds of thousands of captured French soldiers, loyal to Napoleon, who had been prisoners of war, when Napoleon was defeated, had been returned to France, and Napoleon had called on their help to overthrow the newly restored French King, and restore his empire.
 
Napoleon's empire was restored, briefly, in what is often called [[The 100 days]].  Napoleon fielded armies to counter those lead by Wellesley, Blucher, of [[Prussia]], and other nations.
 
Wellesley's last battle, and the only one where Napoleon lead the opposing force, was the [[Battle of Waterloo]].  This bloody battle was also Napoleon's last battle. 
 
Following Napoleon's final defeat, and the re-establishment of independent regime in the territory the French empire had conquered, Wellesley re-entered politics, serving as cabinet member in several Tory administrations, until he became [[Prime Minister]], himself.  He was Prime Minister from 1828 to 1832, and then, briefly, for a month, in 1834.
 
While he was Prime Minister Wellesley sat in the unelected [[House of Lords]], instead of the [[House of Commons (United Kingdom)|House of Commons]], as did roughly half of 18th- and 19th-century Prime Ministers.  Wellesley continued to play a role in politics, from the House of Lords, until 1846, but never served in cabinet again.
 
==References==
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<ref name=genealogyGeraldValerianWellesley1770-1848>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://genealogy.links.org/links-cgi/readged?/home/ben/camilla-genealogy/current+c-wellesley2499+5-5-0-1-0
| title      = Rev. Gerald Valerian Wellesley 1770 - 1848
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<ref name=nytimesWellington>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hibbert-wellington.html
| title      = Wellington: A Personal History
| work        = [[New York Times]]
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<ref name=lynnbryant2021-05-03>
{{cite news   
| url        = http://www.lynnbryant.co.uk/the-wellesley-family-historical-scandals/
| title      = The Wellesley Family: Historical Scandals
| work        =
| author      = Lynn Dawson
| date        = 2021-05-03
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<ref name=Poetical1852>
{{cite news   
| url        = https://books.google.ca/books?id=FQ1MAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA481&dq=1770+%22Gerald+Valerian+Wellesley%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMhdi2y8b4AhXSX80KHf74A4gQ6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=1770%20%22Gerald%20Valerian%20Wellesley%22&f=false
| title      = Poetical Illustrations of the Achievements of the Duke of Wellington and His Companions in Arms
| editor      = George Webb Derenzy
| publisher  = [[Sutherland & Knox]]
| year        = 1852
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Arthur Wellesley (1769–1852), widely known as the Duke of Wellington, was a British field marshal who is chiefly remembered for the victory of his army at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, which resulted in the final defeat of Napoleon and the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Wellington had earlier commanded the British forces in the Peninsular War.

Wellington became a Tory politician and was Britain's 21st Prime Minister from January 1828 to November 1830, also briefly in 1834. Although he was certainly one of the greatest generals in military history, his political career was disastrous and he was one of the worst British prime ministers.

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