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The smaller species of ''Bifrenaria'', which some taxonomists classify under the genus ''Adipe'', are more common on less sunny areas and can be found between 300 and about 1,600 meters of altitude.<ref name="DM"/> Six species are native in Serra do Mar Chain of mountains and its arms, place considered the center of distribution of the small species. Only three small species inhabit Amazon, ''[[Bifrenaria venezuelana]]'', ''[[Bifrenaria longicornis|B. longicornis]]'' and ''[[Bifrenaria steyermarkii|B. steyermarkii]]'', none found above 1,450 meters of altitude, yet they are much more common on low altitudes.<ref name="Tese"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Koehler, Samantha</span> (2001). Estudo taxonômico e análise cladástica do complexo ''Bifrenaria'' Lindl. (Maxillarieae, Orchidaceae). Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia. [http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000241393 Published on the Internet]</ref> The most common species is ''[[Bifrenaria aureofulva|B. aureofulva]]'',<ref name="EdwardsBA"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lindley, John</span> (1843). ''Bifrenaria aureofulva'' in Edwards's botanical register 29: t.52. Ed. James Ridgway, London.</ref> however, because the geographic characteristic of its territory, without obstacles, ''[[Bifrenaria longicornis|B. longicornis]]'' is the species spread troughout the largest area, reaching [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Peru]], [[Surinam]], [[Guyana]]s, Trinidad and all Amazonic area in Brazil.<ref name="EdwardsBL"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lindley, John</span> (1838). ''Bifrenaria longicornis'' in Edwards's botanical register 24: t.93. Ed. James Ridgway, London.</ref>
The smaller species of ''Bifrenaria'', which some taxonomists classify under the genus ''Adipe'', are more common on less sunny areas and can be found between 300 and about 1,600 meters of altitude.<ref name="DM"/> Six species are native in Serra do Mar Chain of mountains and its arms, place considered the center of distribution of the small species. Only three small species inhabit Amazon, ''[[Bifrenaria venezuelana]]'', ''[[Bifrenaria longicornis|B. longicornis]]'' and ''[[Bifrenaria steyermarkii|B. steyermarkii]]'', none found above 1,450 meters of altitude, yet they are much more common on low altitudes.<ref name="Tese"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Koehler, Samantha</span> (2001). Estudo taxonômico e análise cladástica do complexo ''Bifrenaria'' Lindl. (Maxillarieae, Orchidaceae). Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia. [http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000241393 Published on the Internet]</ref> The most common species is ''[[Bifrenaria aureofulva|B. aureofulva]]'',<ref name="EdwardsBA"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lindley, John</span> (1843). ''Bifrenaria aureofulva'' in Edwards's botanical register 29: t.52. Ed. James Ridgway, London.</ref> however, because the geographic characteristic of its territory, without obstacles, ''[[Bifrenaria longicornis|B. longicornis]]'' is the species spread troughout the largest area, reaching [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Peru]], [[Surinam]], [[Guyana]]s, Trinidad and all Amazonic area in Brazil.<ref name="EdwardsBL"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lindley, John</span> (1838). ''Bifrenaria longicornis'' in Edwards's botanical register 24: t.93. Ed. James Ridgway, London.</ref>
Two species seem to be [[endemic]] in highly restricted areas: ''[[Bifrenaria silvana|B. silvana]]''. discovered in [[1987]] at [[Serra da Ouricana]] mountains, nearby [[Itororó]], in [[Bahia]] whch belongs to ''Adipe'' group;<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Castro Neto, Vitorino P.</span> (1991). ''Bifrenaria silvana'' in Boletim CAOB 3(4): 41.</ref> and ''[[Bifrenaria verboonenii|B. verboonenii]]'', discovered in September 1995 on [[Serra do Cipó]] mountains, close to [[Diamantina]], [[Minas Gerais]], of the large ''Bifrenara'' group.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Romero, Gustavo A. & Castro Neto, Vitorino P.</span> (2000). ''Bifrenaria verboonenii'' in Harvard Papers of Botany 5: 187 Cambridge.</ref>
''Bifrenaria'' species inhabit three different environments. The large species generally live in well illuminated areas, occasionally [[Epiphytically|epiphyte]] on trees of sparse foliage, more often as [[lithophyte]]s, in ''campos rupestres'', montane rocky areas that exist mostly in Rio and Minas Gerais States of Brazil, or over rocks in jungle's clearances. ''B. tyrianthina'' is exclusively lithophyte,<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Toscano de Brito, Antonio & Cribb, Phillip</span> (2005). ''Bifrenaria tyrianthina'' in Orquídeas da Chapada Diamantina. Ed. Nova Fronteira. ISBN 8520917828</ref> ''B. tetragona'' and ''B. wittigii'' hardly ever do. ''B. atropurpurea'' is the only species found living terrestrially, but in rare occasions. The large species always show [[caespitous growth]].<ref name="Tese"/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

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Bifrenaria
Bifrenaria harrisoniae
Bifrenaria harrisoniae
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Cymbidieae
Subtribe: Maxillariinae
Genus: Bifrenaria
Lindl. 1832
Type species
Bifrenaria atropurpurea
Lindl. 1832
Species
Synonyms

Bifrenaria is a genus of Orchids formed by twenty species of South America, some among the favorites of orchid growers because of their abundant showy flowers, which are large and very fleshy and at first glance seem artificial flowers made of wax. There are no known uses for them other than ornamental.

Despite the low number of species, they can be split in two clearly distinct groups:[1] one of highly robust plants with large flowers, that encompass the first species to be classified under the genus Bifrenaria; other of more delicate plants with smaller flowers occasionally denominated Stenocoryne or Adipe. There are yet two other species that normally are classified as Bifrenaria but which molecular analysis indicate to belong to different orchid groups. They are Bifrenaria grandis, endemic of Bolívia, which many taxonomists denominate Lacaena grandis,[2] and Bifrenaria steyermarkii, inhabitant of northern Amazon Forest,[3] which does not have an alternative classification as yet.

Distribution

Bifrenaria exist from the north of South America, one species reaching Trinidad, until Rio Grande do Sul, the farther south State in Brazil, however they are split in two isolated areas:[4] Amazon Forest and Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The later, where seventeen species are present, may be considered their recente center of distribution. The montane area of Rio de Janeiro State and Espírito Santo is particularly rich with fifteen species registered. Serra dos Órgãos mountains area, in Rio, is reported as habitat of fourteen Bifrenaria species,[5] however, some of these species are considered synonyms today,[6] being eleven a more realistic number of species existing in the said area.

The species with large flowers are more common on Region Southeast of Brazil, however, they inhabit from the sunnier areas of the seashore to rocky mountain areas of Minas Gerais e Bahia States, from almost sea level up to 2,000 meters of altitude, some species reaching Rio Grande do Sul state.[7] No species of large flowers exist in Amazon Forest. Some species grow directly attached to the famous Sugarloaf Mountain in Rio de Janeiro which can be observed by the commuters in the cable car. The recent centers of irradiation of this group are the seashore close to Serra do Mar chain of mountains, and the high chains of mountains of Minas Gerais.[8] The most common species in this group, spread from Rio Grande do Sul to Bahia, is B. harrisoniae.[9]

The smaller species of Bifrenaria, which some taxonomists classify under the genus Adipe, are more common on less sunny areas and can be found between 300 and about 1,600 meters of altitude.[5] Six species are native in Serra do Mar Chain of mountains and its arms, place considered the center of distribution of the small species. Only three small species inhabit Amazon, Bifrenaria venezuelana, B. longicornis and B. steyermarkii, none found above 1,450 meters of altitude, yet they are much more common on low altitudes.[10] The most common species is B. aureofulva,[11] however, because the geographic characteristic of its territory, without obstacles, B. longicornis is the species spread troughout the largest area, reaching Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Surinam, Guyanas, Trinidad and all Amazonic area in Brazil.[12]

Two species seem to be endemic in highly restricted areas: B. silvana. discovered in 1987 at Serra da Ouricana mountains, nearby Itororó, in Bahia whch belongs to Adipe group;[13] and B. verboonenii, discovered in September 1995 on Serra do Cipó mountains, close to Diamantina, Minas Gerais, of the large Bifrenara group.[14]

Bifrenaria species inhabit three different environments. The large species generally live in well illuminated areas, occasionally epiphyte on trees of sparse foliage, more often as lithophytes, in campos rupestres, montane rocky areas that exist mostly in Rio and Minas Gerais States of Brazil, or over rocks in jungle's clearances. B. tyrianthina is exclusively lithophyte,[15] B. tetragona and B. wittigii hardly ever do. B. atropurpurea is the only species found living terrestrially, but in rare occasions. The large species always show caespitous growth.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Cogniaux, Celestin A.(1902). Bifrenaria in Flora Brasiliensis K.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.) vol.3 p. 5: 476. published on Internet.
  2. ↑ Kraenzlin, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1928). Lacaena grandis in Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. Ed. Selbstverlag des Herausgebers, Berlin, at vol.25: 25.
  3. ↑ Dunsterville, Galfried Clement Keyworth & Garay, Leslie A. (1976). Bifrenaria steyermarkii in Venezuelan Orchids Illustrated vol.6: 56. London.
  4. ↑ R. Govaerts, M.A. Campacci (Brazil, 2005), D. Holland Baptista (Brazil, 2005), P.Cribb (K, 2003), Alex George (K, 2003), K.Kreuz (2004, Europe), J.Wood (K, 2003, Europe) (Novembro 2008). World Checklist of Orchidaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet. (Access March 2009).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Miller, David , Richard Warren, Izabel Moura Miller & Helmut Seehawer (2006). Serra dos Órgãos sua história e suas orquídeas. Rio de Janeiro.
  6. ↑ Koehler, S. & do Amaral, M.D.E. (2004). A taxonomic study of the South American genus Bifrenaria Lindl. (Orchidaceae). Brittonia 56: 314-345.
  7. ↑ Castro Neto, Vitorino P. (2006). Bifrenaria atropurpurea in Icones Orchidacearum Brasilienses. ISBN 8590149447
  8. ↑ Frederico C. Hoehne (1953). Bifrenaria in Flora Brasílica, Vol 12: 7. Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo.
  9. ↑ Castro Neto, Vitorino P. (2006). Bifrenaria harrisoniae in Icones Orchidacearum Brasilienses. ISBN 8590149447
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Koehler, Samantha (2001). Estudo taxonômico e análise cladástica do complexo Bifrenaria Lindl. (Maxillarieae, Orchidaceae). Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia. Published on the Internet
  11. ↑ Lindley, John (1843). Bifrenaria aureofulva in Edwards's botanical register 29: t.52. Ed. James Ridgway, London.
  12. ↑ Lindley, John (1838). Bifrenaria longicornis in Edwards's botanical register 24: t.93. Ed. James Ridgway, London.
  13. ↑ Castro Neto, Vitorino P. (1991). Bifrenaria silvana in Boletim CAOB 3(4): 41.
  14. ↑ Romero, Gustavo A. & Castro Neto, Vitorino P. (2000). Bifrenaria verboonenii in Harvard Papers of Botany 5: 187 Cambridge.
  15. ↑ Toscano de Brito, Antonio & Cribb, Phillip (2005). Bifrenaria tyrianthina in Orquídeas da Chapada Diamantina. Ed. Nova Fronteira. ISBN 8520917828
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