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'''Biochemistry''' is the study of the chemicals and [[Chemistry|chemical processes]] in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components, such as [[protein]]s, [[carbohydrate]]s, [[lipid]]s, [[nucleic acid]]s, and other [[Biology|biological compounds]].<ref name="isbn0-7167-3051-0">{{cite book |author=Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Biochemistry |chapter=
|chapterurl=|edition= |language= |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=San Francisco |year=2002 |origyear= |pages= |quote= |isbn=0-7167-3051-0 |oclc= |doi= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="LC2003263029">{{cite book |author=Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Victor W. Rodwell |title=Harper’s illustrated biochemistry |publisher=Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill|edition=27th|url=http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=18 |location=New York|year=2006 |pages= |isbn= |oclc= |doi=|id={{LCC|QP514 .R4}} }} {{LCCN|2003|263|029}}</ref>


While [[Physiology]] is the study of how living things function, that is part of [[biology]], the study of all the [[chemistry|chemical]] processes is dealt with by '''Biochemistry'''.
==Macromolecules==
 
{{main|Macromolecules}}
==[[Macromolecule]]s==
===[[Nucleic acid]]===
===[[Nucleic acid]]===
* [[DNA]]  
* [[DNA]]  
* [[RNA]]  
* [[RNA]]  
===[[Protein]]===
===Protein===
{{main|Protein}}
* [[Enzyme]]
* [[Enzyme]]
* [[Amino acid]]  
* [[Amino acid]]  
* [[Peptide]]  
* [[Peptide]]
 
===[[Carbohydrate]]===
===[[Carbohydrate]]===
===[[Lipid]]===  
===Lipid===
==[[Metabolism]] - approved==
{{main|Lipid}}
===[[Glycolysis]]===
 
==Metabolism==
{{main|Metabolism}}
===Energy===
====Glycolysis====
{{main|Glycolysis}}
* [[NAD]]  
* [[NAD]]  
===[[Krebs cycle]]===
 
====Krebs cycle====
{{main|Citric acid cycle}}
* [[FAD]]  
* [[FAD]]  
* [[Electron transport chain]]
* [[Electron transport chain]]
* [[Photosynthesis]]
* [[Photosynthesis]]
* [[Intermediary metabolism]]
* [[Intermediary metabolism]]
===Proteins===
====Urea cycle====
{{main|Urea cycle}}
==Signal transduction==
{{main|Signal transduction}}
Signal transduction is the "intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway".<ref>{{MeSH|Signal transduction}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-7167-3051-0-chapt15">{{cite book |author=Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Biochemistry |chapter=15.  Signal-Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism |chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer.chapter.2046
|edition= |language= |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=San Francisco |year=2002 |origyear= |pages= |quote= |isbn=0-7167-3051-0 |oclc= |doi= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=stryer |accessdate=}}</ref>
===''Inter''cellular primary messenger===
Examples of primary messengers include [[hormone]]s and [[neurotransmitter]]s.
====Hormone====
{{main|Hormone}}
====Neurotransmitter====
{{main|Neurotransmitter}}
===Cell surface receptor===
{{main|Cell surface receptor}}
===Ion channel===
{{main|Ion channel}}
===Second messenger system===
{{main|Second messenger system}}
Examples of second messenger systems include the adenyl cyclase-[[cyclic AMP]] system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the [[cyclic GMP]] system
==Nobel laureates contributing to Biochemistry==
==Nobel laureates contributing to Biochemistry==
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/ Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger]
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/ Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger]
Line 26: Line 59:
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/ Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg]
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/ Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg]
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/ Alexander Fleming, EB Chain and HW Florey]
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/ Alexander Fleming, EB Chain and HW Florey]
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/ Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins]
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/ Linus Pauling]
==references==
<references/>

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Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals and chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biological compounds.[1][2]

Macromolecules

For more information, see: Macromolecules.

Nucleic acid

Protein

For more information, see: Protein.

Carbohydrate

Lipid

For more information, see: Lipid.


Metabolism

For more information, see: Metabolism.

Energy

Glycolysis

For more information, see: Glycolysis.

Krebs cycle

For more information, see: Citric acid cycle.

Proteins

Urea cycle

For more information, see: Urea cycle.


Signal transduction

For more information, see: Signal transduction.

Signal transduction is the "intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway".[3][4]

Intercellular primary messenger

Examples of primary messengers include hormones and neurotransmitters.

Hormone

For more information, see: Hormone.

Neurotransmitter

For more information, see: Neurotransmitter.

Cell surface receptor

For more information, see: Cell surface receptor.

Ion channel

For more information, see: Ion channel.

Second messenger system

For more information, see: Second messenger system.

Examples of second messenger systems include the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system

Nobel laureates contributing to Biochemistry

references

  1. ↑ Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2002). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3051-0. 
  2. ↑ Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Victor W. Rodwell (2006). Harper’s illustrated biochemistry, 27th. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. LCC QP514 .R4.  LCCN 2003-029
  3. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Signal transduction (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2002). “15. Signal-Transduction Pathways: An Introduction to Information Metabolism”, Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3051-0. 
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