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| == '''[[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order]]''' ==
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| ''by [[User:Howard C. Berkowitz|Howard C. Berkowitz]]
| | <small> |
| | | ==Footnotes== |
| ----
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| '''''The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order''''' is an influential and controversial book on [[grand strategy]], [[international relations]] and world futures, by the late political scientist [[Samuel Huntington]]. He does not rigorously define an abstraction of a [[civilization]], but uses examples, although in a ''[[Foreign Affairs (magazine)|Foreign Affairs]]'' article he called a civilization "the highest cultural grouping and the broadest level of cultural identity short of that which distinguishes humans from other species."<noinclude><ref name=Huntington-FA>{{citation
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| |title= The Clash of Civilizations?
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| | date = Summer 1993
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| | url = http://uniset.ca/terr/news/fgnaff_huntingtonclash.html
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| | journal = [[Foreign Affairs (magazine)|Foreign Affairs]]
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| | author = [[Samuel Huntington|Samuel P. Huntington]]}}</ref></noinclude>
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| In the book, the chief premise is
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| <blockquote>that culture and cultural identifies, which at the broadest level are civilization identities, are shaping the patterns of cohesion, disintegration and culture in the post-[[Cold War]] world.<ref name=Huntington-1996>{{cite book
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| | title = The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
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| | author = [[Samuel Huntington|Samuel P. Huntington]]
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| | publisher= Simon & Schuster
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| | year = 1996
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| | ISBN-10 = 0684811642
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| }},p. 20</ref></blockquote> | |
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| It takes a darker view than some alternative models, such as that of [[Thomas P.M. Barnett]] in ''[[The Pentagon's New Map]]'',<ref name=Barnett>{{cite book
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| | author = Barnett, Thomas P.M.
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| | title = The Pentagon's New Map: The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century
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| | publisher = Berkley Trade
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| | year = 2005
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| | ISBN-10 = 0425202399
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| }}</ref> suggesting that major conflict is likely; "avoidance of a global war of civilization depends on world leaders accepting and cooperating to maintain the multicivilizational character of global politics." He bases this on five corollaries to the central theme: | |
| #Global politics is multipolar and multicivilizational; [[modernization (cultural)|modernization]] is distinct from [[Westernization]]
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| #"The balance of power among civilizations is shifting; the West is declining in relative influence"
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| #"A civilization-based world order is emerging; societies sharing cultural affinities cooperate with each other; efforts to shift societies from one civilization to another are unsuccessful
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| #"The West's universalist pretentions increasingly bring it into conflict with other civilizations, most seriously with Islam and China"
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| #"The survival of the West depends on Americans reaffirming their Western identity and Westerners accepting their civilization as unique not universal"
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| He rejects [[globalization]] as being neither necessary nor desirable.</onlyinclude> He specifically rejects the [[The End of History and the Last Man|"end of history"]] model of his student, [[Francis Fukuyama]]:<blockquote>we may be witnessing..the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.<ref name=FukuyamaEnd>{{citation
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| | author = [[Francis Fukuyama]]
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| | journal = [[The National Interest]]
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| | title = The End of History
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| | volume = 16
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| | date = Summer 1989
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| | issue = 4 }}, p. 18</ref></blockquote> Note that Fukuyama has sometimes been strongly identified with [[neoconservatism]], which has this ideal of liberal democracy, although his position keeps evolving.
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| ''[[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order|.... (read more)]]''
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| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 90%; float: center; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.8em 0px;"
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| |-
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| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order#References|notes]]
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| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| |}
| | </small> |
The Irvin pin. The eyes have always been red, but there are
urban legends about the meanings of other colors.
A pin from another company, possibly Switlik or Standard Parachute. This style is common in catalogs and auctions of military memorabilia.
The Caterpillar Club is an informal association of people who have successfully used a parachute to bail out of a disabled aircraft. After authentication by the parachute maker, applicants receive a membership certificate and a distinctive lapel pin.
History
Before April 28, 1919 there was no way for a pilot to jump out of a plane and then to deploy a parachute. Parachutes were stored in a canister attached to the aircraft, and if the plane was spinning, the parachute could not deploy. Film industry stuntman Leslie Irvin developed a parachute that the pilot could deploy at will from a back pack using a ripcord. He joined the Army Air Corps parachute research team, and in April 1919 he successfully tested his design, though he broke his ankle during the test. Irvin was the first person to make a premeditated free fall jump from an airplane. He went on to form the Irving Airchute Company, which became a large supplier of parachutes. (A clerical error resulted in the addition of the "g" to Irvin and this was left in place until 1970, when the company was unified under the title Irvin Industries Incorporated.) The Irvin brand is now a part of Airborne Systems, a company with operations in Canada, the U.S. and the U.K.[1].
An early brochure [2] of the Irvin Parachute Company credits William O'Connor 24 August 1920 at McCook Field near Dayton, Ohio as the first person to be saved by an Irvin parachute, but this feat was unrecognised. On 20 October 1922 Lieutenant Harold R. Harris, chief of the McCook Field Flying Station, jumped from a disabled Loening W-2A monoplane fighter. Shortly after, two reporters from the Dayton Herald, realising that there would be more jumps in future, suggested that a club should be formed. 'Caterpillar Club' was suggested because the parachute canopy was made of silk, and because caterpillars have to climb out of their cocoons and fly away. Harris became the first member, and from that time forward any person who jumped from a disabled aircraft with a parachute became a member of the Caterpillar Club. Other famous members include General James Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh and (retired) astronaut John Glenn.
In 1922 Leslie Irvin agreed to give a gold pin to every person whose life was saved by one of his parachutes. By 1945 the number of members with the Irvin pins had grown to over 34,000. In addition to the Irvin Air Chute Company and its successors, other parachute manufacturers have also issued caterpillar pins for successful jumps. Irvin/Irving's successor, Airborne Systems Canada, still provides pins to people who made their jump long ago and are just now applying for membership. Another of these is Switlik Parachute Company, which though it no longer makes parachutes, still issues pins.
