Humanistic psychology: Difference between revisions
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{{Image|Maslow_Hierarchy_of_Needs.jpg|left|300px|Maslow proposed that basic needs must be met first before higher–level needs could be realized.}} | {{Image|Maslow_Hierarchy_of_Needs.jpg|left|300px|Maslow proposed that basic needs must be met first before higher–level needs could be realized.}} | ||
He proposed the hierarchy of needs model in 1943 in a paper entitled ''A Theory of Human Motivation'', which assumed people had a [[hierarchy of needs]], and that it was necessary for the basic needs to be fulfilled first before advancing on to more sophisticated needs. | He proposed the hierarchy of needs model in 1943 in a paper entitled ''A Theory of Human Motivation'', which assumed people had a [[hierarchy of needs]], and that it was necessary for the basic needs to be fulfilled first before advancing on to more sophisticated needs. | ||
==Humanistic education== | |||
Humanistic psychology has the optimization of human beings at its core, rather than the "fixing" of people with disorders. As such, it has always had a strong emphasis on education. | |||
Among these were the [[process learning model]], also called experiential or participatory learning, developed by the [[National Training Laboratories]] in 1947. Searching for ways to accelerate the introduction of adult veteran learners into civilian education, the NTL approach was in some respects new, and in some respects a resurrection of Socratic dialogue or of the tutor system at Oxford and Cambridge. One idea is that the learner may already have much of the knowledge, but is not fully aware of it or needs to organize it. | |||
==Humanistic psychotherapy== | ==Humanistic psychotherapy== | ||
<!--As a therapeutic technique, in psychotherapy started in the [[1950s]] with [[Carl Rogers]]. Rogers, who went to [[Columbia University]], earned a PhD and simultaneously became interested in [[existentialism]]. By the early 1930s he had finished his doctoral work and had brought [[Person centered psychotherapy]] into mainstream focus. Rogers' basic tenets were [[unconditional positive regard]], genuineness, and [[empathy|empathic understanding]], with each demonstrated by the [[wiktionary:Counselor|counselor]]. According to Rogers, these tenets were both necessary and sufficient to create a relationship conducive to enhancing the client's psychological well being, by enabling the client to fully experience themselves. | <!--As a therapeutic technique, in psychotherapy started in the [[1950s]] with [[Carl Rogers]]. Rogers, who went to [[Columbia University]], earned a PhD and simultaneously became interested in [[existentialism]]. By the early 1930s he had finished his doctoral work and had brought [[Person centered psychotherapy]] into mainstream focus. Rogers' basic tenets were [[unconditional positive regard]], genuineness, and [[empathy|empathic understanding]], with each demonstrated by the [[wiktionary:Counselor|counselor]]. According to Rogers, these tenets were both necessary and sufficient to create a relationship conducive to enhancing the client's psychological well being, by enabling the client to fully experience themselves. | ||
Inspired by Rogers, others followed his mode of thinking like [[Fritz Perls|Fritz]] and [[Laura Perls]] in the creation of [[Gestalt therapy]], as well as Marshall Rosenberg, founder of [[Nonviolent Communication]]. Rogers' technique of active listening is considered fundamental to most counseling styles, and is included in virtually every counselor preparation program.--> | Inspired by Rogers, others followed his mode of thinking like [[Fritz Perls|Fritz]] and [[Laura Perls]] in the creation of [[Gestalt therapy]], as well as Marshall Rosenberg, founder of [[Nonviolent Communication]]. Rogers' technique of active listening is considered fundamental to most counseling styles, and is included in virtually every counselor preparation program.--> | ||
Revision as of 10:04, 17 August 2010
Humanistic psychology, as a general concept, began with the works of Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of human needs. Maslow and some others in humanistic psychology regarded transpersonal psychology as a further development, but this is not the majority approach.
Human needs
In 1937, he began to teach at Brooklyn College, City University of New York, and produced some of his best-known work. During this time, he said he was inspired by colleagues including the anthropologist Ruth Benedict and Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer, whom he was to regard as models of "self-actualizing" people operating at the highest level of human consciousness. Earlier researchers such as Freud had focused on illness, while Pavlov looked for actions dictated by other than conscious choice. Maslow, however, was interested in the optimal, conscious capabilities of people.[1]
He proposed the hierarchy of needs model in 1943 in a paper entitled A Theory of Human Motivation, which assumed people had a hierarchy of needs, and that it was necessary for the basic needs to be fulfilled first before advancing on to more sophisticated needs.
Humanistic education
Humanistic psychology has the optimization of human beings at its core, rather than the "fixing" of people with disorders. As such, it has always had a strong emphasis on education.
Among these were the process learning model, also called experiential or participatory learning, developed by the National Training Laboratories in 1947. Searching for ways to accelerate the introduction of adult veteran learners into civilian education, the NTL approach was in some respects new, and in some respects a resurrection of Socratic dialogue or of the tutor system at Oxford and Cambridge. One idea is that the learner may already have much of the knowledge, but is not fully aware of it or needs to organize it.