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| {{CZ:Biol_201:_General_Microbiology/EZnotice}}
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| {{Taxobox
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| | color = pink
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| | name = ''Lactobacillus casei''
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| | image =
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| | regnum = Bacteria
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| | phylum = Firmicutes
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| | classis = Bacilli
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| | ordo = Lactobacillales
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| | familia = Lactobacillaceae
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| | genus = Lactobacillus
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| | species = L. casei
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| | binomial = ''Lactobacillus casei''
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| ==Description and significance==
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| Lactobacillus casei is a rod shaped, gram positive bacteria. It is nonsporing, nonmotile, and anaerobic. Consistent with other lactic acid bacteria, this species is acid tolerant. Lactobacillus casei dwells in environments such as the intestinal tracts of animals and fermented dairy products. It can be found naturally in both the human intestine and the mouth. They have a wide temperature range as well as a wide pH range. The mesophilic organism has a optimum temperature range around 30°C to 40°C. The optimum pH is at approximately 5.5. Scientist have found it to possess beneficial properties that support human health. It is able to improve and promote digestion. Some strains of the bacteria help control diarrhea, while other strains have an anti-inflammatory effect on the gut. Other advantageous effects include reducing lactose intolerance, alleviating constipation, and even modulation of the immune system. Numerous strains have been proven to be probiotics, that is according to the World Health Organization, are "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." Because it is lactic acid producer, it has several applications in biotechnology and in the food industry.<ref>"Lactobacillus casei." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 22 Mar 2009, 22:52 UTC. 31 Mar 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_casei&oldid=279033109>.</ref>
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| <ref>genome.jgi.-psf.org</ref>
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| ==Genome structure==
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| The genome of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334 comprise of a circular chromosome with 2,895,264 base pairs and a circular plasmid 1 with 29,061 base pairs. According to US DOE Joint Genome Institute the strain contains a total of 2,924,325 nucleotides, 2,771 number of protein genes, and 75 RNA genes. L. casei have a 45-47% G+C content.<ref>kegg.com</ref>
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| ==Cell structure and metabolism==
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| The cell structure Lactobacillus casei is typically straight, rod-shaped, and arranged in chains. The cell size tends to be around 0.7-1.1 x 2.0-4.0 micrometer. It is also a facultatively anaerobe. This means it is an organism that is able to grow under both aerobic and anaerobic environments but develops better and more rapidly in the presence of oxygen. The microbe is an organotroph and its metabolism is a homofermentative one. Unlike heterofermentative lactobacteria which can produce either alcohol or lactic acid from carbohydrates, L. casei participates in a homolactic fermentation process that can only result in one single major end product. It obtains most of its energy by converting glucose into lactic acid. Some varieties of Lactobacillus casei can produce lactic acid utilizing galactose, fructose, or even mannose. Stress, poor diet, and antibiotics can lead to a deficient growth of the bacteria.<ref>[http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Lactobacillus_casei"Lactobacillus casei." Microbewiki, <http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Lactobacillus_casei>]</ref>
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| ==Ecology==
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| L.casei inhabits the oral and gastrointestinal tracts of animals. The bacterium bears a resistance to both gastric acid and bile enabling it to endure the harsh conditions throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Studies have shown that this bacteria generates health-promoting effect on the host. Therefore they are best known as probiotics. Their presence helps sustain a stabilized distribution of microflora in the intestine. It fulfills this role through antimicrobial activity. The mechanism involves creating an acidic habitat that restricts the growth of other bacteria that may be detrimental or cause infections. The production of bacteriocins (a toxin) by L.casei inhibits the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains preventing overpopulation. Another mechanism is by competition inhibition and exclusion. L. casei Shirota strain are able to directly compete with pathogens that resides in the gastrointestinal tract for adhesion sites. This reduces pathogenic bacteria from adhering to the intestinal wall. Their occupation within the intestine is significant in maintaining the homeostasis of the gut immune system as well. It is also known to produce DL-lactic acid and amylase that complements the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus, another probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Similar to many probiotics it does not permanently stay in the host, instead it usually live in the intestine for a duration of around 10 days after being taken.<ref>http://www.probiotics-lovethatbug.com/lactobacillus-casei.html</ref><ref>http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/52/10/925</ref>
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| ==Pathology==
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| Lactobacillus casei does not cause any diseases. Not only is it generally considered to be harmless it is well recognized as a beneficial microorganism and a nonpathogenic.
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| ==Application to Biotechnology== | | ==Application to Biotechnology== |
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| Since 1955, the Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain has been used by '''Yakult Honsha''' a Japanese food company to produce a probiotic milk-like product called '''Yakult'''. It is generated from the fermentation of the bacteria with skimmed milk. It contains 6.5 billion cfu of the bacteria per 65 ml bottle.<ref>"Yakult." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 14 Mar 2009, 07:19 UTC. 4 Apr 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yakult&oldid=277140860>.</ref> | | Since 1955, the Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain has been used by '''Yakult Honsha''' a Japanese food company to produce a probiotic milk-like product called '''Yakult'''. It is generated from the fermentation of the bacteria with skimmed milk. It contains 6.5 billion cfu of the bacteria per 65 ml bottle.<ref>"Yakult." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 14 Mar 2009, 07:19 UTC. 4 Apr 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yakult&oldid=277140860>.</ref> |
| {{Image|125323959 76882662f6.jpg|right|350px|Add image caption here.}} | | {{Image|125323959 76882662f6.jpg|right|350px|Add image caption here.}} |
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| ==Current Research==
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| L. casei is attributed to the modulation of the host's immune response. According to Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research in Tokyo, "Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) has been shown to have potent anti-tumour and anti-metastatic effects on transplantable tumour cells and to suppress chemically-induced carcinogenesis in rodents." Their findings suggest that treatment with LcS has the potential to improve or prevent diseases by increasing the innate and acquired immune response.
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| ==References==
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| [1]↑[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_casei"Lactobacillus casei." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 22 Mar 2009, 22:52 UTC. 31 Mar 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_casei&oldid=279033109>.]
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| [2]↑[http://genome.jgi-psf.org/finished_microbes/lacca/lacca.home.html genome.jgi-psf.org]
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| [3]↑[http://www.kegg.com/kegg-bin/show_organism?org=lca kegg.com]
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| [4]↑[http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Lactobacillus_casei"Lactobacillus casei." Microbewiki, <http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Lactobacillus_casei>]
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| [5]↑[http://www.probiotics-lovethatbug.com/lactobacillus-casei.html www.probiotics-lovethatbug.com]
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| [6]↑[http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/52/10/925 jmm.sgmjournals.org]
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| [7]↑[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actimel "Actimel." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2 Apr 2009, 08:50 UTC. 4 Apr 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actimel&oldid=281256710>.]
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| [8]↑[http://www.danactive.com/danactive_whatIs_casei.html http://www.danactive.com/danactive_whatIs_casei.html]
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| [9]↑[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_casei_Shirota "Yakult." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 14 Mar 2009, 07:19 UTC. 4 Apr 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yakult&oldid=277140860>.]
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Application to Biotechnology
L. casei strains are of industrial significance since they can be applied in a range of fermentation processes, whereas other strains are utilized for their probiotic properties. Some are used in the production of cheese, yogurt, fermented milks, fermented Sicilian green olives, and other products. The natural end product of fermentation for this microbe is lactic acid, which inhibits the development of other organisms as well as decreasing the pH level in the food or beverage product. It is also known to be used in the development of flavor for selected cheeses.
Numerous food industries use the probiotic bateria in their products to promote health. Yogourmet a probiotic yogurt starter includes Lactobacillus Casei, Bifidus, and Acidophilus. Other name brands that also uses L. casei includes Lifeway Yogurt and Stonyfield Farm Yogurt.
DANNON the worldwide leader in fresh dairy products, began producing a probiotic drink called DanActive. The product is contains their own particular strain of the bacteria called L. casei Immunitas®, L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, and milk as the main ingredient. L. casei Immunitas® is also known as L. casei DN-114001. It claims that "daily consumption of DanActive with L. casei Immunitas® helps strengthen your body's defenses." [1][2]
Since 1955, the Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain has been used by Yakult Honsha a Japanese food company to produce a probiotic milk-like product called Yakult. It is generated from the fermentation of the bacteria with skimmed milk. It contains 6.5 billion cfu of the bacteria per 65 ml bottle.[3]
Yakult (Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain) by Casey Yancey at Flickr.com.
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