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'''Morris the Explainer''' is an old [[Cinema of the United States|American film industry]] term referring to a [[fictional character]] (by whatever name) whose job it is to explain the plot or parts of a plot to other characters and the audience.<ref>Tom Lazarus, ''Secrets of Filmwriting'', New York 2001, p. 145, s.v. "Morris the Explainer"; cf. Peter Lefcourt, ''The Deal: A Novel of Hollywood'', New York, 1991, p. 93; cf. Thomas B. Sawyer (2003), ''Fiction Writing Demystified. Techniques That ''Will'' Make ''You'' a More Successful Writer'', p. 148: <blockquote>"As in other mysteries, toward the end of a typical ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' episode, when [[Jessica Fletcher]] revealed the killer, she usually described how she had arrived at the solution. Such moments are generally known among writers as ''Morris-the-Explainer Scenes''.</blockquote></ref> This storytelling [[cliché]] of narrative exposition is also known by the names '''Jake the Explainer''',<ref>William Froug (1992), ''Screenwriting Tricks of the Trade'', p. 114 sq., s.v. "Jake the Explainer".</ref> '''Sam the Explainer'''<ref>David Kahane, [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NDg1NjhkMWRlMTcyYTM5ZDNmNjM3ZDMwYjkyMDU3MTU=#more "Explaining ''in the Morning''. Meet Hollywood Sam"], in: ''National Review'', New York, April 12, 2007; Kahane also uses the term ''Morris the Explainer''.</ref> and '''Irving the Explainer'''.<ref>Ridley Scott, interview in the documentary film ''On the Edge of ''Blade Runner.</ref> | '''Morris the Explainer''' is an old [[Cinema of the United States|American film industry]] term referring to a [[fictional character]] (by whatever name) whose job it is to explain the plot or parts of a plot to other characters and the audience.<ref>Tom Lazarus, ''Secrets of Filmwriting'', New York 2001, p. 145, s.v. "Morris the Explainer"; cf. Peter Lefcourt, ''The Deal: A Novel of Hollywood'', New York, 1991, p. 93; cf. Thomas B. Sawyer (2003), ''Fiction Writing Demystified. Techniques That ''Will'' Make ''You'' a More Successful Writer'', p. 148: <blockquote>"As in other mysteries, toward the end of a typical ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' episode, when [[Jessica Fletcher]] revealed the killer, she usually described how she had arrived at the solution. Such moments are generally known among writers as ''Morris-the-Explainer Scenes''.</blockquote></ref> This storytelling [[cliché]] of narrative exposition is also known by the names '''Jake the Explainer''',<ref>William Froug (1992), ''Screenwriting Tricks of the Trade'', p. 114 sq., s.v. "Jake the Explainer".</ref> '''Sam the Explainer'''<ref>David Kahane, [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NDg1NjhkMWRlMTcyYTM5ZDNmNjM3ZDMwYjkyMDU3MTU=#more "Explaining ''in the Morning''. Meet Hollywood Sam"], in: ''National Review'', New York, April 12, 2007; Kahane also uses the term ''Morris the Explainer''.</ref> and '''Irving the Explainer'''.<ref>[[Ridley Scott]], interview in the documentary film ''On the Edge of ''[[Blade Runner]].</ref> | ||
The origin of Morris the Explainer is probably found in [[Yiddish | The origin of Morris the Explainer is probably found in [[Yiddish theatre]], where the character was embodied by a reporter as a generally used device of narrative exposition.<ref>David G. Yellin (1973), ''Special: Fred Freed and the Television Documentary'', p. 143.<blockquote>His usual synthesist, the reporter, did no more than make an introductory statement. Although I appreciate that Fred had to try something like this some time to see if he could kick the habit of being too dependent on what [screenwriter] Burton Benjamin [active 1946–65] calls "Morris, the explainer" (the one in almost every Yiddish play who serves as Reporter) […]</blockquote></ref> In film it was common since early mystery film plots, where the end often consists of the police or a private investigator confronting a room full of suspects and explaining who committed the crime, why and how it was done. This easy-way-out technique was given a funny send-up in ''[[A Shot in the Dark]]'' by [[Blake Edwards]] and [[William Peter Blatty]], where [[Inspector Clouseau]] ([[Peter Sellers]]) delivers a perfect parody of crude mystery solutions in [[film]]. A famous example for a Morris the Explainer from a serious context is in the film ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' by [[Wachowski Brothers|Laurence and Andrew Wachowski]], in which the [[Architect (The Matrix)|Architect's]] role as [[Mentor (storytelling)|mentor]] is misused for narrative exposition. | ||
However, an explainer doesn't have to occur only at the end of a story, and a similar technique found throughout a modern film narrative is the '''''expositioning character''''', who is used by writers to explain certain elements of the story and give background information along the way. [[Exposition (literary technique)|Expositioning]] can surface as the so-called ''[[technobabble]]'', e.g. in television series like ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'',<ref>Cf. e.g. Tom McArthur, "The Galactic Language", in: ''English Today'', Vol. 15, pp. 52–56, Cambridge 1999.</ref> or as an over-psychologized storytelling, where the writer prefers to let the characters talk about their emotions and motivations rather than letting them act according to their needs and intentions.<ref>Cf. especially David Kahane (2007), who specifically links psychologization and the ''Explainer'' cliché (v.s.): <blockquote>Sam the Explainer is a fixture in Euro-cinema; hell, in Euro-cinema, ''every'' character is Sam the Explainer. The cousin/''cousine'' who explains at great length, over cigarettes and coffee, and entirely in the nude, why he/she’s sleeping with his/her father/mother/brother/sister/uncle/random stranger/the St. Bernard/the beach ball.</blockquote></ref> The expositioning technique is often referred to as a ''plot dump'' due to its inferior narrative quality. A related parody was created as the character ''Basil Exposition'' for the [[Austin Powers series|Austin Powers films]]. | However, an explainer doesn't have to occur only at the end of a story, and a similar technique found throughout a modern film narrative is the '''''expositioning character''''', who is used by writers to explain certain elements of the story and give background information along the way. [[Exposition (literary technique)|Expositioning]] can surface as the so-called ''[[technobabble]]'', e.g. in television series like ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'',<ref>Cf. e.g. Tom McArthur, "The Galactic Language", in: ''English Today'', Vol. 15, pp. 52–56, Cambridge 1999.</ref> or as an over-psychologized storytelling, where the writer prefers to let the characters talk about their emotions and motivations rather than letting them act according to their needs and intentions.<ref>Cf. especially David Kahane (2007), who specifically links psychologization and the ''Explainer'' cliché (v.s.): <blockquote>Sam the Explainer is a fixture in Euro-cinema; hell, in Euro-cinema, ''every'' character is Sam the Explainer. The cousin/''cousine'' who explains at great length, over cigarettes and coffee, and entirely in the nude, why he/she’s sleeping with his/her father/mother/brother/sister/uncle/random stranger/the St. Bernard/the beach ball.</blockquote></ref> The expositioning technique is often referred to as a ''plot dump'' due to its inferior narrative quality. A related parody was created as the character ''Basil Exposition'' for the [[Austin Powers series|Austin Powers films]]. | ||
Revision as of 15:22, 3 July 2009
Morris the Explainer is an old American film industry term referring to a fictional character (by whatever name) whose job it is to explain the plot or parts of a plot to other characters and the audience.[1] This storytelling cliché of narrative exposition is also known by the names Jake the Explainer,[2] Sam the Explainer[3] and Irving the Explainer.[4]
The origin of Morris the Explainer is probably found in Yiddish theatre, where the character was embodied by a reporter as a generally used device of narrative exposition.[5] In film it was common since early mystery film plots, where the end often consists of the police or a private investigator confronting a room full of suspects and explaining who committed the crime, why and how it was done. This easy-way-out technique was given a funny send-up in A Shot in the Dark by Blake Edwards and William Peter Blatty, where Inspector Clouseau (Peter Sellers) delivers a perfect parody of crude mystery solutions in film. A famous example for a Morris the Explainer from a serious context is in the film The Matrix Reloaded by Laurence and Andrew Wachowski, in which the Architect's role as mentor is misused for narrative exposition.
However, an explainer doesn't have to occur only at the end of a story, and a similar technique found throughout a modern film narrative is the expositioning character, who is used by writers to explain certain elements of the story and give background information along the way. Expositioning can surface as the so-called technobabble, e.g. in television series like Star Trek: Voyager,[6] or as an over-psychologized storytelling, where the writer prefers to let the characters talk about their emotions and motivations rather than letting them act according to their needs and intentions.[7] The expositioning technique is often referred to as a plot dump due to its inferior narrative quality. A related parody was created as the character Basil Exposition for the Austin Powers films.
Notes
- ↑ Tom Lazarus, Secrets of Filmwriting, New York 2001, p. 145, s.v. "Morris the Explainer"; cf. Peter Lefcourt, The Deal: A Novel of Hollywood, New York, 1991, p. 93; cf. Thomas B. Sawyer (2003), Fiction Writing Demystified. Techniques That Will Make You a More Successful Writer, p. 148:
"As in other mysteries, toward the end of a typical Murder, She Wrote episode, when Jessica Fletcher revealed the killer, she usually described how she had arrived at the solution. Such moments are generally known among writers as Morris-the-Explainer Scenes.
- ↑ William Froug (1992), Screenwriting Tricks of the Trade, p. 114 sq., s.v. "Jake the Explainer".
- ↑ David Kahane, "Explaining in the Morning. Meet Hollywood Sam", in: National Review, New York, April 12, 2007; Kahane also uses the term Morris the Explainer.
- ↑ Ridley Scott, interview in the documentary film On the Edge of Blade Runner.
- ↑ David G. Yellin (1973), Special: Fred Freed and the Television Documentary, p. 143.
His usual synthesist, the reporter, did no more than make an introductory statement. Although I appreciate that Fred had to try something like this some time to see if he could kick the habit of being too dependent on what [screenwriter] Burton Benjamin [active 1946–65] calls "Morris, the explainer" (the one in almost every Yiddish play who serves as Reporter) […]
- ↑ Cf. e.g. Tom McArthur, "The Galactic Language", in: English Today, Vol. 15, pp. 52–56, Cambridge 1999.
- ↑ Cf. especially David Kahane (2007), who specifically links psychologization and the Explainer cliché (v.s.):
Sam the Explainer is a fixture in Euro-cinema; hell, in Euro-cinema, every character is Sam the Explainer. The cousin/cousine who explains at great length, over cigarettes and coffee, and entirely in the nude, why he/she’s sleeping with his/her father/mother/brother/sister/uncle/random stranger/the St. Bernard/the beach ball.