Museum

The word museum originally comes from the Musaeum of Alexandria (in Greek : Μουσείον της Αλεξάνδρειας), which was founded in the third century B.C. by the Ptolemies and "was renowned throughout the ancient world as a haven for philosophers and scientists from throughout the Alexandrian empire." Museums have undergone a number of transformations since the time of the Musaeum, taking on a variety of forms and serving several different functions. Today, the term encompasses a range of different institutions, all of which display collections of material of one sort or another for public consumption and the majority of which include as a part of their mission statements a component of educational outreach. According to the International Council of Museums:

A museum is a non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.

Not all museums, however, are or have been non-profit. Especially in the late 18th and early 19th century, commercial museums, such as that of P.T. Barnum, were profitable and popular businesses. Barnum and his like were showmen, not scholars, and emphasized the sensational.

One subcategory is the art gallery, which includes both purely nonprofit educational and scholarly institutions, as well as businesses that sell art — but also may have educational outreach, expert owners and studio space.

The Musaeum at Alexandria

The Musaeum complex, which included the famous Library of Alexandria, was built to be a temple of the Muses and was aimed at the celebration and expansion of knowledge. It "hosted 30 scholars in residence; provided spaces and services to support research, discussion, performance and artistic expression; and was a magnet for scholars throughout the classical world." Due to a dearth in primary sources and an absence of archeological evidence very little is known about the day-to-day functions of the Musaeum or what, precisely, was studied there. Yet its memory survived the middle ages in the writings of a few Greek scholars to lend its name to modern institutions.

The modern museum

Modern museums largely find their roots in the collections that were amassed by nobility and the wunderkammer that were assembled by wealthy explorers in Renaissance Europe.