Near-death experience

"Well, I said, I will tell you a tale; not one of the tales which Odysseus tells to the hero Alcinous, yet this too is a tale of a hero, Er the son of Armenius, a Pamphylian by birth. He was slain in battle, and ten days afterwards, when the bodies of the dead were taken up already in a state of corruption, his body was found unaffected by decay, and carried away home to be buried. And on the twelfth day, as he was lying on the funeral pile, he returned to life and told them what he had seen in the other world." (from Plato, The Republic)

(PD) Image: Hieronymus Bosch

Near-death experience, also known as NDE, is the common name for feelings, impressions and out-of-body experiences reported by people who have been resuscitated.

Such reports date back to the time of Plato who wrote about the Myth of Er., but the term near-death experience was coined by a psychologist, Raymond Moody, in his bestselling book, Life after Life, first published in 1975. The book was a compilation of the experiences reported by more than 100 people who came close to death. Moody believes in an afterlife, and regards these reports as possible supporting evidence for this, while recognising that there are other explanations. Generally however, scientists consider that NDEs arise from the disordered activity of a brain under extreme stress that is interpreted in a way conditioned by expectations.

In a later book, Moody wrote: “By the classical definition, death is the state from which you don't return. It is defined as irreversible. Hence, since all of the NDEers returned, they were never really dead. What happened was that various criteria for death were fufilled" Both adults and children report similar NDE experiences. Similar experiences have been reported by others, including when someone is participating in meditation, under emotional duress or at the bedside of a dying loved one.

Did the NDE experiencer really die?

The immediate reactions to Moody's book were very polarised; some embraced the reports as endorsing their belief in an afterlife, others dismissed the reports as hallucinatory delusions or mere inventions. Moody's book was simply a compilation of anecdotes. However, other researchers since then have consistently found that NDEs are a relatively common occurrence, and follow a quite consistent narrative form in many different cultures and in historical accounts. This suggests that NDEs share a common neurological basis, and various theories have been proposed, for example, that neuronal dysfunction due to anoxia and/or carbon dioxide overload leads to a sequence of disordered brain activity that is subsequently interpreted as an "experience" in a way conditioned by expectations.

The notion that NDEs are evidence for a life after death is untenable. Moody, in The Light Beyond, writes: "The lesson of all this is that there is a lot we don't know about the physiology of dying. So technically speaking, NDEers are never really dead, but they are much closer than most of us have ever been." He explains that, by the classical definition, death is the state from which you don't return. Death being irreversible, the people who survived and returned to report their NDE were never really dead.

Even if the NDE has a relatively prosaic explanation, the impact of an NDE on the lives of those who have experienced one is often considerable. There are many accounts of an NDE changing a person's values, making them less afraid of death, more religious and less materialistic. Conversely, an NDE apparently led Hong Xiuquan to believe that he was the brother of Jesus Christ, and he went on to lead a rebellion that claimed at least 20 million lives.

Scales

Two primary scales are used to score NDE experiences. In 1980, psychologist Kenneth Ring developed a 10 point interview scale, which he used to interview 102 people who had come close to death. The interview using the scale determined that 48% of Ring's group had experienced an NDE. Using this information he developed the Weighted Core Experience Index. This index asked about whether the NDE was peaceful; involved an Out-of-Body Experience (OBE); tunnel or dark area; saw a light; entered the light.

The Greyson Scale was developed by psychiatrist Bruce Greyson after he interviewed 74 people who reported experiencing an NDE. He used the 16 most frequently reported features to develop his questionaire, which sought to establish whether there had been: an experience of altered time; accelerated thought process; a life review; a sense of sudden understanding; feelings of peace; feelings of joy; feeling of 'cosmic oneness'; seeing or feeling the surrounding of light; reporting vivid sensations; extrasensory perception (ESP); experiencing visions; an OBE; a sense being in an 'otherworldly environment'; a sense of a mystical entity; a sense of deceased or religious figures; a sense of a 'border' or point of no return. Each question is rated 0, 1 or 2. The potential maximum score was 32 and a score of 7 was needed to qualify for having an NDE. There are variances between adults and children in what they may experience and describe concerning the NDE. Cultural variations concerning NDEs have also been reported.

Incidence

How people interpret an NDE is influenced by religious and psychosocial teachings about death, and by their belief in an afterlife. In 1982, a Gallup poll survey in the United States, where most people believe in an afterlife, estimated that approximately 8 million people had had an NDE. Of the sample reporting an NDE, 26% described an OBE; 23% felt that they had experienced accurate visual perception; 17% heard sounds or voices; 32% feelings of peace or painlessness ; 14% saw light phenomena; 32% described having a life review ;32% being in another world ;23% encountering other beings; 9% described a tunnel experience; and 6% described a sense of precognition .

Physician Sam Parnia states that, in his study of cardiac-arrest survivors, around 6% had an NDE (4 out of 63). In his book What Happens When We Die Parnia states that the oxygen levels were higher in the NDE patients than in the study control group.

In his first book, Moody described a series of features consistently reported by adults (in western society) who reported experiencing an NDE. Some of these included: a feeling of peace and quiet; hearing a 'buzzing' or wind-like sound; the sensation of leaving one's body ('Out-of Body Experience'); having a life review; reaching a border where if crossed there would be no return; and finally the returning to the physical body. In The Light Beyond, Moody expands on this, explaining that people often reported the following:

1. a "sense of peace and painlessness”. Cardiac patients, according to Moody, report the intense pain of a heart attack turns into pleasure. Moody states some researchers believe this effect could be caused by a self-made chemical to stop the pain. Moody states there have been no experiments to prove this is the case.
2. an "Out-of-Body Experience" (OBE): Moody reports his study subjects described seeing their body below while retaining a “body” of some sort they can not describe. The study subjects state their OBE body has a shape that may look like an energy field or filled with many colors. One person described their hands as being composed of light with “tiny structures in them.”
3. a tunnel. At this point, the dying person will realize this experience may have something to do with death, writes Moody. A tunnel or portal will then be seen as the person is moved into darkness while moving towards a brilliant light. Moody also reports some people have witnessed a staircase going upward. Others have reported seeing ornately decorated doors instead of a tunnel. “The descriptions are many, but the sense of what is happening remains the same: the person is going through a passageway toward an intense light” . Other witnesses have reported floating and a rapid rise into heaven. During this experience, the witness reports seeing the universe from the perspective reported by astronauts. Moody writes psychotherapist C.G.Jung described this experience in 1944 when he had a heart attack.
4. 'People of Light', that glow with intense luminescence that fills the person with love. The light is described as being much brighter than anything found on earth while not hurting the eyes. The person under-going this experience will usually see friends and relatives who have died. Joining this experience is the ability to see beautiful pastoral scenes. One female witness reported seeing plants filled with their own inner light. Other NDE subjects have reported seeing beautiful cities of light. Communication during this portion of the experience is nonverbal or telepathic.
5. Being of Light: The NDE witness will report seeing a holy supreme being of light. When meeting this holy being the person wants to remain but is told by the being of light to return to their earthly body.
6. Life Review: A panoramic review of every single thing the person has done in their lives takes place. “The closest description I've heard of it is that the whole person's life is there at once,” writes Moody. The being of light helps the person through the life review process. Moody states the NDE experiencer comes away from the experience realizing the most important things in life are love followed by knowledge. Some people also report a life review that includes foretelling of their future. One person reported knowing when and who he would marry. He also knew how many children he would have and where they would live.
7. Return: NDE experiencers want to remain in the heavenly place and often experience short-term anger when they are brought back from death states Moody. Later the NDE patient is happy they survived and they are happy to have been given a chance to live Moody further writes.

Most often the NDE experiencer wants to return to life as they do not want to leave their children behind or they do not want their families to grieve. One woman reported to Moody she argued with the being of light to return to life. “But I am young, I haven't danced enough yet. At that point the being of light have out a hearty laugh and allowed her to live,” wrote Moody.

Moody also states not everyone who under-goes an NDE experience will have “all the symptoms”. “It is the presence of one or more of these traits that define the NDE”. He further states that after interviewing more than a thousand people, some have had full blown NDE experiences where all nine NDE traits.

In The Handbook of Near-Death Experiences, Bruce Greyson and Ian Stevenson in their 1980 research conducted a study of a sample of 78 NDE experiencers. In this study Greyson and Stevenson identified some of the features in an NDE. They included having an OBE, passing through a tunnel or similar structure, entering an unearthly realm, encountering beings, reaching a border or point of no return, hearing music or noises, having a sensation of warmth or analgesia, feeling a distortion of time, having extrasensory perception (ESP), and panoramic memory.

Most NDE experiencers felt the experiences was neutral or mildly negative followed by mildly positive. None reported the experience as being “very negative”.

Non-Western experiences

The Handbook of Near-Death Experiences summarises reports collated in 16 refereed journal articles describing more than 275 non-Western NDEs, gathered since 2005. The experiences are from Asia, Pacific area and hunter-gatherer cultures.

China

Based on the historical work of Carl Becker and the empirical work by Fen Zhi-ying and Liu Jian-xun the following information was collected. Becker interviewed three Chinese Buddhist monks who were seriously ill and either had a NDE or or deathbed vision. No tunnel of light was reported by the monks although one did report “going through a void”. None reported an OBE or life review; all three reported visiting the “pure land.”

Medical doctors Zhi-ying and Jian-xun interviewed 81 survivors of the Tangshan earthquake. They found 32 NDE experiencers who reported most of the similar experiences found in Western NDE studies. The Chinese earthquake survivors reported OBEs, the tunnel experience, peace, life reviews, seeing deceased beings and seeing an unearthly realm of existence.

India

K. Osis and E. Haraldson interviewed 704 Indian medical personnel in 1977. The interviews dealt with their experiences with the dying. The interviews showed that 64 participants reported an NDE while the rest reported near-death visions. Satwant Pasrich and (first name unknown) Stephenson in 1986 reported 16 cases of NDE in India. Of the 16 reports, 10 of the reporting witnesses were directly interviewed. By 1993, a total of 45 cases were reviewed. The researchers found no evidence of tunnel of light and one person reported an OBE.

Thailand

Researcher Todd Murphy in 2001 collected 10 published NDE accounts. There was one report of an OBE but Murphy believed the Yamtoots, guides of the underworld, served the this function. No tunnel or tunnel-like experiences were reported by Murphy other than the one case reported. He wrote “tunnels are rare, if not absent, in Thai NDEs.”

The Pacific Region

"I died, as you know. I seemed to leave my body and stand beside it, looking down on what was me. The me that was standing there looked like the form I was looking at, only, I was alive and the other was dead. I gazed at my body for a few minutes, then turned and walked away. I left the house and village, and walked on and on to the next village, and there I found crowds of people,—Oh, so many people! The place which I knew as a small village of a few houses was a very large place, with hundreds of houses and thousands of men, women, and children. Some of them I knew and they spoke to me,—although that seemed strange, for I knew they were dead,—but nearly all were strangers. They were all so happy! They seemed not to have a care; nothing to trouble them. Joy was in every face, and happy laughter and bright, loving words were on every tongue." From Hawaiian Folk Tales (1907)

Thomas Thrum's Hawaiian Folk Tales includes the tale of a Hawaiian womam who died, was placed alongside the road for her funeral rites, and later revived. The woman reported walking out of her house and to her village. She then walked onto another village where she saw numerous people and then realized these people had died. She then felt the need to walk towards Pele's Pit known as the “jumping off of souls of the dead” As she reached this point, she was told it was not her time to die and crowds of people drove her back to life.

New Zealand

Researcher Michael King reported in 1985 the report of a Maori woman who died and reported hovering over her body. She later ascended to a ledge and looked at the entrance of the underworld. She performed a dance in preparation of entering the underworld. As she prepared to enter, a voice told her it was not her time and she returned to her body.

Children

Pediatrician Melvin Morse became interested in NDEs after one of his patients told about her NDE. She was resuscitated after nearly drowning. Katie spent three days near the brink of death and was kept in a deep coma. On the third day she awoke as if from a deep sleep and by the next day was visiting with family. She showed no signs of brain damage. Morse interviewed the girl about what she remembered from the experience and was told about her visit to heaven. Morse reports a person actually needs to be near death to have a near-death experience. He also reports the ara in the brain near the right temporal lobe is genetically coded for near-death experiences, forward to the book Closer to the Light.

Morse created the Seattle Study to determine if someone needed to be near death in order to have an NDE. The control group of 121 seriously ill children had a less than five percent chance of dying but were ill. Morse interviewed children based on the psychological experience of being in an intensive care unit with no mention of NDEs. Interviews lasted approximately two hours and asked questions such as what the patient remembered while being sick, dreams and hospital experiences. 118 of the children who were seriously ill, but not close to death, did not remember their hospital experience.

The experimental group, the cardiac survivors or ones who awoke from deep comas, most of the children did report at least one feature of the NDE. Morse states the child would often start telling of their experience with a puzzled look. He gave the example of “Well, I kind of remember a really funny thing that I can't exactly telly. I was looking at myself and going somewhere, but I didn't exactly know where,” p. 23 Closer to the Light. Morse said the children would go onto tell about their NDE. Some of the children were not affected by the experience while others were profoundly affected.

Children's reports

Here is a small selection of reports collected by Morse Closer to the Light.

Patient Two related this story after under-going cardiac surgery at the age of 10. “I have a wonderful secret to tell you Mother. I've been climbing the staircase to heaven. It was such a good and peaceful feeling. I felt wonderful. I was on a staircase, and it was dark, and I started climbing upward. I got about halfway up the staircase and decided not to go any higher. I wanted to go on up, but I knew I wouldn't come back if I went too high. That would hurt my mom and dad; since my little brother had already died, they wouldn't have anyone to take care of”. He returned to his body by turning and going down the staircase.

Patient Five nearly drowned when her hair was caught in a pool drain. She went onto to relate the following story: “All I remember was my hair getting stuck in the drain and then blacking out. The next thing I knew, I floated out of my body. I could see myself under the water but I wasn't afraid. All of a sudden I started goint up a tunnel and before I could think about it, I found myself in heaven. I know it was heaven because everything was bright and everyone was cheerful. 'A nice young man asked me if I wanted to stay there. I thought about staying; I really did. But I said 'I want to be with my family'. Then I got to come back,”

In The Light Beyond Moody gives several examples of children who experienced NDEs. While a resident at a Georgia hospital Moody discovered a nine-year-old boy, who he called Sam, who told him about how he nearly died the previous year from a cardiac arrest. Moody writes that Sam told him about he floated out of his body and watched his doctor perform CPR to restart his heart. Sam then reported that he began to move rapidly away from the earth and towards a dark tunnel. He passed through the tunnel where he was met by a group of “angels”. He told Dr. Moody the angels did not have wings but described them as glowing. He described the place as filled with light and saw beautiful pastoral scenes encircled by a fence. The angels said if he went past the fence he would not be able to return to life. He then encountered a being of light who (Sam told Moody this was God) who told him he had to return to his body

The NDE is similar between adults and children. Children though typically report being accompanied by someone when they enter the light while adults usually do not report this experience. Children may also describe being accompanied by a deceased family pet during an NDE <refname=Handbook/>

Of note, preverbal and nonverbal children may indicate they witnessed the tunnel during the NDE. This information was discovered after observing how some children became fearful of tunnel-like objects. One child who experienced this fear of tunnels later asked if her grandmother would have to go through the tunnel found at a grocery store so she could see God.

Adults, who report childhood NDEs later in life, are reliable and not distorted or changed to fit cultural or social expectations. Moody states the NDEs of children give better evidence for an afterlife as they have been less influenced by cultural material.

Colton Burpo

Colton Burpo, 4, nearly died from a ruptured appendix, but lived to tell about his "trip to heaven". The book Heaven Is Real tells of Burpo's near-death experience and how he "sat in the lap of Jesus". He also "saw" God and the mother of Jesus, Mary, during his NDE. Burpo gives detailed accounts from the viewpoint of a young child and describes heaven as a place of rainbows, animals and people who wear wings. Colton reported "seeing" dead relatives including a beloved family member named Pop, who he later identified in a photo; and told about seeing a sister (she died in utero) who died before he was born. Colton did not know of his mother's miscarriage until after telling about seeing his sister. His father, Todd Burpo who is a pastor, provides biblical documentation to back up what his son reports.

Veridical NDE

The apparently nonphysical veridical NDE perception (AVP) is when the NDE experiencer either through the current condition of the NVP or position of their body during their experience could not have been caused by normal sensory processes. The reported experience is backed up or corroborated as having a consensus to reality .

AVP experiencers are further defined as undergoing reversible death and were revived. “...from a purely scientific perspective, the nature of person's consciousness during reversible death may or may not indicate the nature of one's concerning during irreversible death. The consciousness associated with a body that has not yet lost the potential to live may or may not be the same as the consciousness associated with a body that has lost that potential,”

One of the best documented cases of AVP concerns Pam Reynolds who under went surgery for a brain aneurysm. Neurosurgeon Robert Spetzler performed a “hypothermic cardiac arrest” during surgery in order to repair the aneurysm. Below is a paraphrased summation of the report filed by Spetzler. .

At 7:15 a.m. Reynolds is brought into the operating room in a conscious state, she is then given intravenous petnathol, whereupon she reported a 'loss of time'. Her eyes were taped shut and general anesthesia was administered. Monitoring devices were then instrumented to her including EEG electrodes to her head. Small speakers were molded to and inserted in both of her ears to emit a 95 decibel clicking sound that would register on a monitor of her brainstem. By 8:40 a.m. an incision was made into her scalp and a section of her skull was removed. It was determined the hypothermic cardiac procedure would be performed due to the size of the aneurysm. By 10:50 a.m. The blood cooling and cardiopulmonary bypass was underway. At 11 a.m. Reynold's core body temperature was 73 degrees F. At 11:25 a.m. Her core body temperature was 60 degrees and “the clicks from the ear speakers no longer elicited a response” . The aneurysm was repaired and the process of restoring normal body functions began. At 12 noon, the heart monitor showed ventricular defibirilation and two defibrilation shocks were administered. Her heart beat normally. By 12:32 p.m. Her body temperature registered 89.6 degrees and the monitoring equipment was removed. She was taken to the recovery room in stable condition at 2:10 p.m.

Reynolds reported hearing the cranial saw after the pentathol was administered. As a musician, she was able to determine that she saw a natural D tone emitted and that sound pulled her out through the top of her head. Reynolds claimed a greater sense of awareness and enhanced vision. She also 'observed' surgical procedures such as the tools used to operate and observed the way her head was shaved. She also encountered deceased loved ones including an uncle “giving her a push back” to help her enter her body. Reynolds said her reentry into her body felt like jumping into a pool of ice water.

Hellish NDEs

Key reported components of the hell-like NDE include seeing lifeless or threatening apparitions; barren or ugly landscapes; hearing threats, screams or perceiving silence; feeling a sense of danger or the possibility of violence including torture; a feeling of cold or temperature extremes and a sense of hell.

A study conducted by Hubert Knoblauch, Ina Schmied and Bernt Schnetter involved 82 German participants, of these, 4% reported NDEs; 60% of the West German correspondents reported positive NDEs (or emotions) while 29% reported negative NDEs (or emotions), whereas the East German participants reported 40% positive and 60% negative experiences. “The authors concluded that not only the interpretation but 'also the very content of what is experienced...is culturally constructed.”

Montana State University Health Science Professor William Serdahely reported that 4 of 12 NDE experiencers considered the experience scary or frightening. The scantiness of statistics concerning hellish NDEs may be based upon the lack of wanting to disclose this experience states medical social worker Kimberly Clark Sharp. She says people will call and start to discuss their negative experience and then change their mind.

Blind can "see" during an NDE

Morse writes about Vicki Umipeg who developed blindness as a premature baby. Umipeg had her first NDE during an appendectomy at the age of 12, and experienced a very typical NDE despite her blindness. She reported "seeing" Jesus, as a man with woolly hair who told her to be kind and show others how to be kind. As an adult she had a second classic NDE after an auto accident. During this she reported that she had an OBE, reported travelling through a tunnel, seeing deceased relatives and friends and seeing Jesus, who instructed her not to not touch anyone nor to cross through the gate as it wasn't her time. She returned to her body through a tunnel with holes and saw people traveling along similar paths alongside her. She felt like she was being propelled along. During this experience she heard fanlike sounds, chimes and smelled the scent of jasmine. During this experience she received knowledge of all sorts. "...there was a brief time when knowledge came to her on most any topic; mathematics, science, astronomy, building, sewing....she would think it and the knowledge would come. She didn't bring the knowledge back with her, but she remembers having it. Jesus told her she must go back to have her children, and that someday she'd have all that knowledge again. She was told she had to go back to learn and teach about loving and forgiving, then she had a very intense life review and was returned."

Morse writes Umipeg has never developed any light perception although she had some 'facial vision' but that has lessened after her auto accident. 'To 'see', has memories of things by touch, but in NDE's objects were "percieved from a distance" and felt "very eerie". She didn't see colors and doesn't know what 'colors' are, but saw different brilliances of light, and having never seen light, it was "almost appalling (to see light during her NDE.)'

Transformation

Moody writes that all of the clinicians and scholars he has talked to, and who have interviewed NDE experiencers, said the experiencers were better people because of the NDE, p. 27 The Light Beyond. He cites research done by Charles Flynn who found that NDE experiencers developed a greater concern for others after their experience. They also developed an increased belief in the afterlife and a lessened fear of death, p. 28 The Light Beyond. “Loss of the fear of death was reported with the greatest frequency. NDErs have tended to attribute this loss to a new or strengthened belief in survival of bodily death,” . While they retained their fear of dying their experience had lessened the fear of death itself. They also developed a greater sense of spirituality which was enhanced or new to the experiencer. They may also report a greater sense of purpose in their life and many reported they were sent back to complete their work. Sometimes their mission was not clear, but the NDE experiencer felt there was need for their return and a mission to accomplish. Many of the NDE experiencers also reported a sense of being detached from their body or they felt imprisoned by their body. They also reported greater compassion and a desire to serve after their experience.

Patient One in Morse's book Closer to the Light states “I know one thing. I am not afraid to die. My near-death experience has made me more aware of life. It has kept me from being interested in drugs or driving around in cars and getting high like my friends do, “ p. 166.

Theories of what may cause an NDE

NDEs seem to be relatively common in cardiac arrest patients after successful resuscitation, with an estimated incidence of 11 to 23%.One prospective study of 52 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest reported that 11 had experienced an NDE, and that this was connected to higher initial partial pressures of end-tidal CO2, higher arterial blood CO2 levels, and previous NDEs. Higher serum levels of potassium might also play a role. During cardiac arrest, the end-tidal CO2 falls to very low levels, reflecting the very low cardiac output achieved with cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CO2 levels affect the acid-base equilibrium in the brain, and this can provoke unusual experiences in the form of bright light, visions, and out-of-body experiences

In 2007, the New England Journal of Medicine published a report of a patient, in whom electrodes had been implanted to suppress tinnitus, who repeatedly experienced an out-of-body experience during stimulation of part of the superior temporal gyrus. Positron-emission tomographic scanning showed brain activation at specific brain sites following stimulation, and the authors suggested that the experience of disembodiment is mediated by coactivation of a small area at the junction of the angular and supramarginal gyrus, which affects vestibular–somatosensory integration of body orientation in space, and the posterior part of the superior temporal cortex, which is believed to be involved in processing an internal map of self-perception. They suggest that these same regions may be activated in patients who report disembodiment as part of an NDE.

The Birth Tunnel experience

Astronomer Carl Sagan proposed the NDE is a leftover birth memory. Sagan writes in Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science every human being has the shared experience of birth to back up his theory.

Endorphin model

Endorphins are produced in the brain to help alleviate pain. Dr. Daniel Carr proposes the brain produces endorphins to help ease the pain of dying. “There is no evidence in the medical literature that the stresses of dying actually produce significantly greater amounts of endorphins in the brain,” writes Morse.

Near-Death-Like experiences that are not

One view of NDEs is to include them in the large group of phenomena in which changes in the body seem related to mental or spiritual experiences. There are many of these, from mediation and fasting to ceremonial intoxicants to forty days in the wilderness. In any of them, the effects have been interpreted as anything from madness to divine inspiration. See Mysticism for discussion.

Morse rejects this view, and considers none of the following to be NDEs:

• LSD – People who use this drug may feel like they've left their bodies. They also know they are not experiencing reality.
• Morphine and Heroin – People using these drugs usually do not perceive this experience as real, nor does it usually involve seeing the tunnel of light, seeing the light, or having visions of heaven.
• Recreational drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines and barbituates tend to cause paranoia, speech disturbances, loss of control of thought processes, poor memory, depression and fear, but not NDE-like experiences.
• Anesthetic Agents – halothane, surital, nitrous oxide, narcotics, and nembutal do not cause hallucinations, although the patient may hear conversations while under the influence of one of these agents and become confused.
• Ketamine – Another anesthetic agent no longer used. When used, patients reported frightening OBEs and they may have seen mirror images of themselves (autoscopic) when under the influence of this agent. Patients also know they are under the influence of drugs during this experience.
• Transient Depersonalization – The person becomes emotionally detached from their bodies during a near-fatal experience. Morse found no evidence of this in the children he interviewed after their NDE.

Reported mechanisms

Not everyone agrees about what causes an NDE. Some believe the event is a peek into the the afterlife while others discount this.

Neuroscientist Mario Beauregard examined the brains of 15 people who reported near-death experiences. The participants relived their experiences while Beauregard completed the exam using electrodes and an isolation chamber. Beauregard noted there was a shift in their brain and the shift would allow these people to stay in touch with the spiritual world.

Pyschiatrist Karl Jansen attributes NDEs to “underlying mechanisms in more mysterious realms that cannot currently be described." He attributes NDEs partly to neurochemistry and psychology.

Neurologist Kevin Nelson believes that the explanantion for NDEs lies within the brain itself. He attributes NDEs to Rapid Eye Movement (REM) state, and believes that the NDE bright light is caused by visual stimulation in the brain due to the REM, while the 'tunnel' is caused by a decrease of blood flow to theeye.

Mark Mahowald, director of the Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center, believes there is nothing mysterious about NDEs. He attributes NDEs to oxygen starvation in the brain.

Laboratory-induced NDE

Recently, it has been established that the spectrum of effects attributed to near-death experiences can be fully reproduced, at will, by area-specific stimulation of the brain by magnetic resonance imaging techniques in combination with sensory deprivation.

The seat of the soul

There are many theories on what causes an NDE, but none have been proven. Morse writes in Closer to the Light the right temporal lobe when electrically stimulated has caused patients to report 'seeing God'. He first came up with this theory after discussing NDEs with Art Ward who was the chairman of neurosurgery at the University of Washington. During their conversation, Ward reported many of his own patients had reported similar experiences. He recalled one patient who experienced every trait of the NDE experience after an area of his brain was examined with an electric probe (by Wilder Penfield). After this discussion between Morse and Ward further research was done concerning Penfield's work. The area being mapped was called the Sylvian fissure located in the area of the right temporal lobe, p. 104-105 Closer to the Light. Researchers in Chile confirmed that near-death experiences were caused by neuron activity within the Sylvian fissure.

“Learning that other scientists had reached the same conclusion independently told us that we had at least discovered the circuit boards of mysticism. In our hearts, some of us believed strongly that we had discovered the seat of the soul” p. 110 Closer to the Light.