Water

Water is one of the Earth's basic naturally occurring substances. It covers about 70% of the world's surface, and is one of the key parts to the survival of species. Up to 60% of the human body is water.

The word "water" itself is practically synonymous with the word "liquid", as we refer to different liquids as water-like: "watered down", or "watery". We know that water moves and flows and is a force; to come across another liquid which visibly resembled water with an unknown chemical makeup, we might infer that it is water but would not know until more evidence was discovered.

Scientific makeup

On a molecular level, water is a chemical compound comprised of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen (H₂O). Water by definition is a liquid, although it can be converted to different states by the removal or addition of heat.

When heated to 100 degrees Celcius (its boiling point), water begins to convert to steam, and when cooled to 0 degrees Celcius (the freezing point) it converts to ice. Water is unique in that it is the only naturally occurring substance that is found in these three states.

When cooled down to 0 K (absolute zero) or as close as can be practically achieved water is the only known substance (as of this date) that has a rest vibrational energy. No other known substance exhibits this peculiar behavior as it was assumed that at the absolute zero temperature every molecule would be totally frozen, having an energy of 0 J/mol.

Additionally, water is usually referred to as "the universal solvent" because of its ability to dissolve more substances than any other existing liquid. It has a neutral acidity, which on a pH scale has a measurement of 7.

When frozen water has over 20 crystal structures it can assume dependent upon the circumstances. These water structures are denoted by Roman numbers, I -- XX. The structures of the different ice crystals are reflecting the response of water and its intramolecular interactions to the environment while freezing.

Uses

The availability of water on the Earth affords humanity an incredible number of uses, aside from consumption as an integral part of survival. Water can be used to cool machinery and facilities, such as nuclear power plants and industrial milling tools. Water can also be heated to generate power--the focus of the steam engine which was born out of the industrial revolution, and hydroelectric dams which use water flow and gravity to turn turbines and rotors to generate electricity. Water can also be pressurized, creating a narrow stream that can cut through conrete and steel.