Wisconsin v. Yoder
In Wisconsin v. Yoder (406 U.S. 205)[1], decided on May 15, 1972, the United States Supreme Court, by a verdict of 7-0, upheld the judgement of the Wisconsin Supreme Court in voiding the convictions of the Amish plaintiffs (Yoder, et al) under the state's compulsory school attendance law. The convictions of the plaintiffs were voided under the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The case had come to the U.S. Court as a result of a Wisconsin compulsory school attendance law which required parents to enroll their children in public or private schools until at least the age of 16. The defendents, who were members of an Old Order Amish community, refused to send their 14 and 15 year old children to the consolidated public schools, or to otherwise provide education, in satisfaction of the statutes, for them after they had completed the eighth grade.
At lower court levels, the Amishmen were convicted of violating the statute and fined. They claimed that their rights under the free exercise of religion clause (First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution) were violated by the statute and appealed the conviction. Their appeal was heard by the state Supreme Court, where they were upheld. The State of Wisconsin then took the matter to the United States Supreme Court.
Chief Justice Warren Burger delivered the opinion of the court. Justice William O. Douglas, while voting with the court, wrote an opinion dissenting in part.
The Amish schools controversy
The background to the 1972 US Supreme Court decision in the Wisconsin v. Yoder case was a decades-long controversy surrounding educational reform as it affected the Amish religious community. The issues involved concerned the consolidation of rural school districts (the one-room schoolhouse) into larger districts, compulsory school attendance laws, and teacher certification, all of which were seen by the Amish as threats to their way of life.
The move towards schools consolidation
The one-room schoolhouse of rural America (affectionately known to many Americans as the "little red schoolhouse" though, in truth, it was more often white) continues to be a staple of American nostalgia. At one time in the early decades of the 20th century, one-fourth of all rural pupils in the United States attended one of nearly 188,000 such schools.[2]However, throughout the 20th century, and, in fact, beginning even before that, the one-room schoolhouse was largely phased out in favor of "consolidated" schools until at present, there are very few such schools remaining.
In the one-room school, a number of pupils (usually a few dozen at most) in grades 1 through 8 were all taught together by a single teacher. By consolidating several such one-room schools into one, larger school, a number of practical and educational benefits could be achieved, or so it was alleged by the proponents of consolidation.
These alleged benefits included the possibility of a more diversified curriculum, the ability of the teacher to devote more time to the pupils of each grade level, lower financial costs, and the extension of quality education to rural students.
But while many Americans lamented the loss of the one-room country schoolhouse with its nostalgic recollections of a simpler time, for one group, it meant more than that. The Amish, who have always taken a skeptical attitude towards progress and modernity generally, considered that the intrusion of the consolidated public schools and the extension of the minimum age for compulsory education which went with it, threatened their very existence as a religious community and a people.
Compromise and confrontation
The schools controversy erupted in several states, including Pennsylvania, Indiana, Ohio, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, and Wisconsin - in short, wherever there were significant concentrations of Amish. Prior to this (and until about the mid 1950s), the Amish generally had sent their children to the public schools for elementary education - that is, up through the 8th grade, or age 14. But with the schools controversy and the push by educational reformers to consolidate rural districts, the Amish began to withdraw their children from the public schools and form their own Amish schools to provide basic elementary education.
In each case, the schools controversy took slightly different forms. In Pennsylvania, beginning as early as the late 1930s, the issue centered on consolidation, teacher certification, and the accompanying revision of the state mandated compulsory attendance laws which were extended to age 16.
In the Pennsylvania case, a compromise was reached in 1955 whereby the state would accept a form of home education and training, typically centered around the Amish home and farm, as satisfactory compliance under the state's vocational education provisions. All that was required of the Amish vocational schools was record-keeping on the part of the Amish and a few hours per week in attendance at an established school. Teachers (often the child's parents or family) were not required to be certified in accordance with the state's certification standards. This worked well and some other states copied the Pennsylvania plan.