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- Academy [r]: The name traditionally associated with Plato's philosophy school just north of Athens; thought by some sources to have been the name of a grove of trees. In modern usage the term often refers to higher education as an ideal type. [e]
- Aesthetics [r]: Discipline of philosophy which deals with understanding aesthetic evaluation and judgment through the application of reason. [e]
- Afrocentrism [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Alexander the Great [r]: King of Macedon who conquered the Persian Empire in the late 4th century BCE. [e]
- Ancient Greece [r]: The loose collection of Greek-speaking city-states centered on the Aegean Sea which flourished from the end of the Mycenaean age to the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC. [e]
- Aporia [r]: In philosophy, a philosophical puzzle or state of puzzlement, and, in rhetoric, a rhetorically useful expression of doubt. [e]
- Aristotle [r]: (384-322 BCE) Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, and one of the most influential figures in the western world between 350 BCE and the sixteenth century. [e]
- Atheism [r]: The belief that there is no God, or there are no gods; on a popular usage, the mere lack of any belief in any God or gods also qualifies as atheism, though philosophers more often call this agnosticism. [e]
- Athens [r]: Athens (Modern Greek: Αθήνα/Athina, Ancient Greek: Ἀθῆναι/Athēnai) is the capital and the greatest city of Greece, (Ελλάς) with more than 4 million people in the metropolitan area and around 1 million in the city centre. [e]
- Cosmology [r]: A branch of astronomy and of metaphysics committed to the study of the universe as a whole, of the contents, structure, and evolution of the universe from the beginning of time to the future. [e]
- Elenchus [r]: Pedagogical technique in which a teacher does not give information directly but instead asks a series of questions, with the result that the student comes either to the desired knowledge by answering the questions or to a deeper awareness of the limits of knowledge. [e]
- Ethics [r]: The branch of philosophy dealing with standards of good and evil. [e]
- Euthyphro dilemma [r]: Philosophical dilemma regarding divine command theory stemming from Socrates in Euthyphro, a Platonic dialogue. [e]
- Government [r]: System by which a community or nation is controlled and regulated. [e]
- Hans-Georg Gadamer [r]: (1900–2002) Leading philosopher in the field of hermeneutics, the art of interpretation. [e]
- Hippocrates [r]: (c. 460 – 370 BCE) A physician, who revolutionized the practice of medicine by transforming it from its mythical, superstitious, magical and supernatural roots to a science based on observation and reason. [e]
- History of astronomy [r]: Chronology of the development and history of astronomy. [e]
- History of pre-classical economic thought [r]: Add brief definition or description
- John Steinbeck [r]: (1902–1968) One of the best known and most widely read American writers of the 20th century; wrote Grapes of Wrath. [e]
- Lampoons of philosophers [r]: The often humorous perception of philosophers by other members of society. [e]
- Logic [r]: The study of the standards and practices of correct argumentation. [e]
- Lyceum (Aristotle) [r]: Grove and gymnasium near Athens, sacred to Apollo Lyceius, where Aristotle taught philosophy, and whose members were the Peripatetics. [e]
- Philosophy of religion [r]: Branch of philosophy concerned with religion. [e]
- Philosophy [r]: The study of the meaning and justification of beliefs about the most general, or universal, aspects of things. [e]
- Plato [r]: (circa 427-347 BCE) Ancient Greek philosopher, whose dialogues, supposedly recording conversations with Socrates, contain many of the debates central to Western philosophy. [e]
- Political philosophy [r]: Branch of philosophy that deals with fundamental questions about politics. [e]
- Positivist calendar [r]: Alternative calendar proposed by Auguste Comte in 1849, with each day and month celebrating a different person. [e]
- René Descartes [r]: French 17th-century philosopher, mathematician and scientist, author of the Discourse on Method. [e]
- Søren Kierkegaard [r]: (May 5, 1813 – November 11, 1855) was a 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian, generally recognized as the first existentialist philosopher. [e]
- The Republic (dialogue of Plato) [r]: Socratic dialogue on the nature of justice through imagining a new city state. [e]
- Thomas Aquinas [r]: (1225–1274) Catholic theologian and philosopher, author of Summa Theologica, a bedrock of Catholic thought and teaching. [e]
- Truth-seeking [r]: The attempt to discover deep truths, especially by putting aside simple prejudices and unexamined traditions. [e]
- Voltaire's Socrates (play) [r]: A satirical play in three acts that concerns itself with Socrates and the events just before his death during his trial. [e]
- Weakness of will [r]: Condition in which while knowing what it would be best to do, one does something else. [e]
- Why I Am Not A Christian [r]: Speech (and later pamphlet and book) by philosopher Bertrand Russell explaining his rejection of Christianity. [e]
