- Albania [r]: Republic in south-eastern Europe (population c. 3.6 million; capital Tirana (Tirane)), with a long Adriatic coastline on the west; has land borders with Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia and Greece. [e]
- Andorra [r]: Small landlocked country in western Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. [e]
- Austria [r]: Federal republic in central Europe (population c. 8.2 million; capital Vienna), bordered to the north by Germany and the Czech Republic; to the south by Italy and Yugoslavia; to the west by Switzerland and Liechtenstein; and to the east by Hungary and Slovakia. [e]
- Belarus [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Belgium [r]: Federal monarchy (population c. 10.5 million; capital Brussels) in western Europe, located between France, Germany and the Netherlands, and with a short coastline on the North Sea; founding member of the European Union. [e]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina [r]: Formerly part of Yugoslavia, a mountainous federal democratic republic (population c. 4.6 million; capital Sarajevo) bordering Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, and with a few kilometres of Adriatic coast on the southern tip of the country. [e]
- Bulgaria [r]: Mountainous republic (population c. 7.3 million; capital Sofia) in south-eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the north (with River Danube as border); the Black Sea to the east; Greece and Turkey to the south; and Yugoslavia and Macedonia to the west. [e]
- Croatia [r]: South-east European republic (population c. 4.5 million; capital Zagreb), located south of Slovenia and Hungary, west of Serbia, and north and west of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and with a long Adriatic coastline to its west. [e]
- Cyprus [r]: Contested eastern Mediterranean island republic (population c. 793,000; capital Nicosia (Lefkosia)), divided between Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC, recognised only by Turkey) in the north and Greek Cypriot Republic of Cyprus (Cyprus) in the south. [e]
- Czech Republic [r]: Landlocked republic (population c. 10.2 million; capital Prague) comprising the territories of Bohemia and Moravia; formerly part of Czechoslovakia; bordered by Germany, Poland, Slovakia and Austria. [e]
- Denmark [r]: Constitutional monarchy and multiparty democracy (population c. 5.5 million; capital Copenhagen); the most southerly Scandinavian nation, comprising the Jutland Peninsula, the islands of Sjaelland, Fyn, Lolland and Falster, and more than 400 smaller islands. [e]
- Estonia [r]: Baltic republic (population c. 1.3 million; capital Tallinn) bordered by Latvia to the south and the Russian Federation to the east; it includes more than 1500 islands, and its people are more closely related to the Finns than those of the other Baltic states, Latvia and Lithuania. [e]
- Finland [r]: Scandinavian republic (population c. 5.2 million; capital Helsinki) bordered by Norway and Sweden to the north and west and the Russian Federation to the east; a low-lying country of forests and almost 188,000 lakes. [e]
- France [r]: Western European republic (population c. 64.1 million; capital Paris) extending across Europe from the English Channel in the north-west to the Mediterranean in the south-east; bounded by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Spain; founding member of the European Union. [e]
- Germany [r]: Federal republic in central Europe (population c. 82.4 million; capital Berlin), with the North Sea, Denmark and the Baltic Sea to the north; Poland and the Czech Republic to the east; France, Switzerland and Austria to the south; and Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west; founding member of the European Union. [e]
- Greece [r]: The southernmost Balkan nation, the Hellenic Republic (Greece; population c. 11 million; capital Athens) is bordered by Albania, the (former Yugoslav) Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and Turkey, and with a coastline on the Ionian, Aegean and Mediterranean seas. [e]
- Hungary [r]: Landlocked central European republic (population c. 9.9 million; capital Budapest) in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. [e]
- Iceland [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ireland [r]: Republic (population c. 4.2 million; capital Dublin) comprising about 85% of the Atlantic island of Ireland, west of Great Britain. [e]
- Italy [r]: Southern European republic (population c. 58.1 million; capital Rome) that has northern borders with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia, and coastlines on the Tyrrhenian, Mediterranean, Inonian and Adriatic seas; founding member of the European Union. [e]
- Kosovo [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Latvia [r]: Small republic (population c. 2.3 million; capital Riga) on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea; lies between Estonia and Lithuania, with Russian Federation and Belorussia to the east. [e]
- Liechtenstein [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Lithuania [r]: Former Soviet republic (population c. 3.6 million; capital Vilnius) bordered by Latvia, Belorussia, Poland and the Russian Federation, and with a short coastline on the Baltic Sea. [e]
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- Luxembourg [r]: Constitutional monarchy (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; population c. 486,000; capital Luxembourg) surrounded by Belgium, France and Germany; founding member of the European Union. [e]
- Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Malta [r]: An island republic (population c. 403,500; capital Valletta) lying in the Mediterranean Sea, midway between Europe and North Africa; of the four main islands of the Maltese Archipelago, Gozo, Malta and Kummuna are inhabited and Filfla is not. [e]
- Moldova [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Monaco [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Montenegro [r]: South-east European, former Yugoslav republic (population c. 678,000; capital Podgorica) off the north-eastern Adriatic Sea, bordering Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo and Albania. [e]
- Netherlands [r]: Constitutional monarchy (population c. 16.6 million; capital Amsterdam) located at the delta of three major rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde) in north-western Europe; situated between Germany and Belgium, and bordering the North Sea to the north and west; founding member of the European Union. [e]
- Norway [r]: A constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula. [e]
- Poland [r]: Central European republic (population c. 38.5 million; capital Warsaw) extending from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Tatry Mountains on its southern borders with the Czech Republic and Slovakia; also borders Germany to the west, the Russian Federation and Lithuania to the north-east, and Belorussia and Ukraine to the east. [e]
- Portugal [r]: South-west European republic (population c. 10.7 million; capital Lisbon) on the western side of the Iberian Peninsula, with a long Atlantic coastline to its west and bordering Spain to the north and east. [e]
- Romania [r]: South-east European republic (population c. 22.2 million; capital Bucharest) on the western shore of the Black Sea, and divided by the arc of the Carpathian Mountains, which enclose the Transylvanian basin in the north-west; borders Ukraine, Moldavia, Hungary, Serbia and Bulgaria. [e]
- Russia [r]: Add brief definition or description
- San Marino [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Serbia [r]: Landlocked, former Yugoslav republic (population c. 10.2 million; capital Belgrade) in south-eastern Europe, having borders with Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia. [e]
- Slovakia [r]: The Slovak Republic (population c. 5.5 million; capital Bratislava) is a landlocked nation adjoining Austria to the west, the Czech Republic to the north-west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. [e]
- Slovenia [r]: Former Yugoslav republic (population c. 2 million; capital Ljubljana) at the north-eastern end of the Adriatic Sea, and bordering Italy and Austria to the alpine west and north, Hungary to the north-east, and Croatia along a long frontier to the east and south. [e]
- Spain [r]: South-west European parliamentary monarchy (population c. 40.5 million; capital Madrid) between the Atlantic Ocean and Bay of Biscay to the north-west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south and east; the Pyrenees mountain range forms the border with France to the north-east, and Portugal is situated to the west. [e]
- Sweden [r]: Constitutional monarchy (population c. 9 million; capital Stockholm) situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula, between Norway and Finland; has a long eastern coastline on the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia. [e]
- Switzerland [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Turkey [r]: A secular Islamic republic (population 71.9 million; capital Ankara) extending from Eastern Thrace in Europe across the peninsula of Asia Minor; meets the Black Sea to the north, the Aegean to the west and the Mediterranean to the south; has land borders with Greece and Bulgaria in Europe, and Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq and Syria. [e]
- Ukraine [r]: A large Slavic nation in Eastern Europe whose capital is Kyiv (Kiev). [e]
- United Kingdom [r]: Constitutional monarchy (population c. 60.9 million; capital London) and island nation in north-west Europe, between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea; formally known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which includes England, Scotland, Wales (on the island of Great Britain) and Northern Ireland. [e]
- Vatican City [r]: City state in Europe. [e]
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