Europe/Addendum: Difference between revisions

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==The states of Europe==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!state
!capital
!official<br>state<br>language
![[European Union|European<br>Union]]<br>member
![[Eurozone]]<br>member
![[Council of Europe|Council<br>of<br>Europe]]<br>member
![[NATO]]<br>member
![[GDP]]/head<br>2009<br> $ <ref>At purchasing power parity rates[http://search.worldbank.org/data?qterm=GDP%20per%20capita&language=EN&format=html]</ref>
! IMF<br>category<ref>A&nbsp;=&nbsp;advanced,&nbsp;E&nbsp;=&nbsp;developing and emerging</ref>
|-
|'''[[Albania]]'''
|[[Tirana]]
|[[Albanian language|Albanian]]
|application<br>submitted
|
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8,373
|-
|'''[[Andorra]]'''
|[[Andorra la Vella]]
|[[Catalan language|Catalan]]
|
|euro user<br>without<br>agreement
|<center>•</center>
|
|
|-
|'''[[Armenia]]'''<br>(edge of Europe)
|[[Yerevan]]
|[[Armenian language|Armenian]]
|
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|
|-
|'''[[Austria]]'''
|[[Vienna]]
|[[German language|German]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;38,363
|-
|'''[[Azerbaijan]]'''<br>(edge of Europe)
|[[Baku]]
|[[Azeri language|Azeri]]
|
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9,638
|-
|'''[[Belarus]]'''
|[[Minsk]]
|[[Belarussian language|Belarussian]]
|
|
|
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13,039
|-
|'''[[Belgium]]'''
|[[Brussels]]
|[[Dutch language|Dutch]],<br>[[French language|French]],<br>[[German language|German]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;36,249
|-
|'''[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]'''
|[[Sarajevo]]
|[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]],<br>[[Croatian language|Croatian]],<br>[[Serbian language|Serbian]]
|potential<br>candidate
|&nbsp;&nbsp;€ peg<ref name="peg"> Non-member with currency pegged to the euro</ref>
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8,491
|-
|'''[[Bulgaria]]'''
|[[Sofia]]
|[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;€ peg<ref name="peg"> Non-member with currency pegged to the euro</ref>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13,332
|-
|'''[[Croatia]]'''
|[[Zagreb]]
|[[Croatian language|Croatian]]
|candidate
|
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19,805
|-
|'''[[Cyprus]]'''<br>(edge of Europe)
|[[Nicosia]]
|[[Greek language|Greek]],<br>[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|
|
|-
|'''[[Czechia]]'''
|[[Prague]]
|[[Czech language|Czech]]
|<center>•</center>
|
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;25,232
|-
|'''[[Denmark]]'''
|[[Copenhagen]]
|[[Danish language|Danish]]
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;€ peg<ref name="peg"> Non-member with currency pegged to the euro</ref>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;36,762
|-
|'''[[Estonia]]'''
|[[Tallinn]]
|[[Estonian language|Estonian]]
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;€ peg<ref name="peg"/>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19,451
|-
|'''[[Finland]]'''
|[[Helsinki]]
|[[Finnish language|Finnish]],<br>[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;34,720
|-
|'''[[France]]'''
|[[Paris]]
|[[French language|French]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;33,655
|-
|'''[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]'''<br>(edge of Europe)
|[[Tbilisi]]
|[[Georgian language|Georgian]]
|
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4,774
|-
|'''[[Germany]]'''
|[[Berlin]]
|[[German language|German]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;36,267
|-
|'''[[Greece]]'''
|[[Athens]]
|[[Greek language|Greek]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;29,663
|-
|'''[[Hungary]]'''
|[[Budapest]]
|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;€ peg<ref name="peg"/>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19,764
|-
|'''[[Iceland]]'''
|[[Reykjavík]]
|[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
|candidate
|
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;37,595
|-
|'''[[Ireland]]'''
|[[Dublin]]
|[[Irish language|Irish]],<br>[[English language|English]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;41,278
|-
|'''[[Italy]]'''
|[[Rome]]
|[[Italian language|Italian]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;31,909
|-
|'''[[Kazakhstan]]'''<br>(edge of Europe)
|[[Astana]]<br>(in Asia)
|[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
|
|
|
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11,509
|-
|'''[[Kosovo]]'''
|[[Priština]]
|[[Albanian language|Albanian]],<br>[[Serbian language|Serbian]]
|potential<br>candidate
|euro user<br>without<br>agreement
|
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
|'''[[Latvia]]'''
|[[Riga]]
|[[Latvian language|Latvian]]
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;€ peg<ref name="peg"/>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15,413
|-
|'''[[Liechtenstein]]'''
|[[Vaduz]]
|[[German language|German]]
|
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
|'''[[Lithuania]]'''
|[[Vilnius]]
|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;€ peg<ref name="peg"/>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16,747
|-
|'''[[Luxembourg]]'''
|[[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]]
|[[German language|German]]/<br>[[Luxembourgish]],<br>[[French language|French]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
|'''[[Republic of Macedonia]]'''<br>(FYROM)
|[[Skopje]]
|[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
|candidate
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10,823
|-
|'''[[Malta]]'''<br>(edge of Europe)
|[[Valletta]]
|[[Maltese language|Maltese]],<br>[[English language|English]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
|'''[[Moldova]]'''
|[[Chișinău]]
|[[Romanian language|Romanian<br>(“Moldovan”)]]
|
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2,854
|-
|'''[[Monaco]]'''
|(city-sate)
|[[French language|French]]
|
|euro user<br>by<br>agreement
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
|'''[[Montenegro]]'''
|[[Podgorica]]
|[[Serbian language|Serbian<br>(“Montenegrin”)]]
|candidate
|euro user<br>without<br>agreement
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13,292
|-
|'''[[Netherlands]]'''
|[[The Hague]],<br>[[Amsterdam]]
|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;40,715
|-
|'''[[Norway]]'''
|[[Oslo]]
|[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
|
|
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;55,672
|-
|'''[[Poland]]'''
|[[Warsaw]]
|[[Polish language|Polish]]
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;€ peg<ref name="peg"/>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19,059
|-
|'''[[Portugal]]'''
|[[Lisbon]]
|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24,569
|-
|'''[[Romania]]'''
|[[Bucharest]]
|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]
|<center>•</center>
|
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14,199
|-
|'''[[Russia]]'''<br>(edge of Europe)
|[[Moscow]]
|[[Russian language|Russian]]
|
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18,962
|-
|'''[[San Marino]]'''
|[[City of San Marino|City of<br>San Marino]]
|[[Italian language|Italian]]
|
|euro user<br>by<br>agreement
|<center>•</center>
|
|
|-
|'''[[Serbia]]'''
|[[Belgrade]]
|[[Serbian language|Serbian]]
|application<br>submitted
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11,719
|-
|'''[[Slovakia]]'''
|[[Bratislava]]
|[[Slovakian language|Slovakian]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22,356
|-
|'''[[Slovenia]]'''
|[[Ljubljana]]
|[[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;27,004
|-
|'''[[Spain]]'''
|[[Madrid]]
|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;32,545
|-
|'''[[Sweden]]'''
|[[Stockholm]]
|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
|<center>•</center>
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;37,905
|-
|'''[[Switzerland]]'''
|[[Bern]]
|[[German language|German]],<br>[[French language|French]],<br>[[Italian language|Italian]],<br>[[Romansh language|Romansh]]
|
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;45,117
|-
|'''[[Turkey]]'''<br>(edge of Europe)
|[[Ankara]]
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|candidate
|
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13,885
|-
|'''[[Ukraine]]'''
|[[Kyiv]]
|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|
|
|<center>•</center>
|
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6,317
|-
|'''[[United Kingdom]]'''
|[[London]]
|[[English language|English]]
|<center>•</center>
|
|<center>•</center>
|<center>•</center>
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;36,496
|-
|'''[[Vatican City]]'''
|(city-state,<br>inside<br>Rome)
|[[Italian language|Italian]],<br>[[Latin language|Latin]]
|
|euro user<br>by<br>agreement
|
|
|
|-
|}
Note that Europe includes the following, ''[[de facto]]'', independent territories, with no or very little international recognition: [[Abkhazia]] (edge of Europe), [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] (edge of Europe), [[Northern Cyprus]] (edge of Europe), [[South Ossetia]] (edge of Europe) and [[Transnistria]].


==The languages of Europe==
==The languages of Europe==

Revision as of 10:40, 24 December 2010

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https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Europe/Addendum&printable=yes
This addendum is a continuation of the article Europe.

|   

The languages of Europe

The following list presents the current, autochtonous languages of Europe, classified by language families. Various, recently claimed languages that are not widely—or not yet—recognised by the linguist community are not enlisted here.[1] Each table matches with a lower range language family. Languages are presented in a geographic order, mainly from west to east and from north to south.

Basque language

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Basque Spain, France Spain (R) endangered

Indo-European languages

Celtic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Irish Ireland, United Kingdom Ireland endangered
Scottish Gaelic United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Manx Isle of Man endangered
Welsh (Cymric) United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Cornish United Kingdom endangered
Breton France endangered

Germanic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Icelandic Iceland Iceland
Faroese Faroe Islands Faroe Islands (R)
Norwegian Norway Norway
Swedish Sweden, Finland Sweden, Finland
Danish Denmark, Sweden Denmark (endangered in Sweden)
English United Kingdom United Kingdom, Ireland
Frisian Netherlands, Germany endangered
Dutch (Netherlandic) Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany Netherlands, Belgium
Low German (Low Saxon, Saxon) Germany, Netherlands endangered
German (High German) Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy, France Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy (R) (endangered in France)
Yiddish scattered across Central Europe endangered

Romance languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Galician-Portuguese Portugal, Spain Portugal, Spain (R) (endangered in Spain)
Asturian-Leonese Spain, Portugal Portugal (R) endangered
Spanish (Castilian) Spain Spain
Aragonese Spain endangered
Catalan Spain, France, Andorra, Italy Andorra, Spain (R) endangered
Occitan (Lenga d'Òc, Provençal) France, Italy, Spain, Monaco Spain (R) endangered
Francoprovençal (Arpitan) France, Switzerland, Italy endangered
French (Langue d'Oïl) France, Belgium, Switzerland, Channel Islands France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Monaco (endangered in the Channel Islands)
Romansh Switzerland Switzerland endangered
Ladin Italy endangered
Friulian Italy endangered
Northern Italian (Padanian) Italy, Switzerland, Monaco, San Marino, Slovenia, Croatia endangered
Italian Italy Italy, Switzerland, San Marino
Corsican France, Italy endangered
Sardinian Italy endangered
Romanian Romania, Moldova, Balkans Romania, Moldova

Baltic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Latvian Latvia Latvia
Lithuanian Lithuania Lithuania

Slavic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Sorbian (Lusatian) Germany Germany (R) endangered
Kashubian Poland endangered
Polish Poland Poland
Czech Czechia Czechia
Slovakian Slovakia Slovakia
Belarussian Belarus, Russia Belarus endangered
Ukrainian Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia Ukraine
Russian Russia Russia, Belarus, Moldova (R)
Slovenian Slovenia, Italy, Austria Slovenia (endangered in Italy and Austria)
Croatian (Serbo-Croatian) Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian (Serbo-Croatian) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) (including Montenegrin) Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Croatia Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo
Macedonian (Slavomacedonian) Republic of Macedonia, Greece Republic of Macedonia (endangered in Greece)
Bulgarian Bulgaria, Greece Bulgaria (endangered in Greece)

Albanian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Albanian Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Greece Albania, Kosovo (endangered in Greece)

Greek

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Greek (Hellenic) Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Turkey Greece, Albania (endangered in Albania, Turkey and Northern Cyprus)

Indo-Iranian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status)) 		vitality
Ossetic Russia, South Ossetia South Ossetia endangered
Zaza Turkey endangered
Kurdish Turkey endangered
language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Romany (Romani, Gypsy, Gipsy) scattered across Europe endangered

Armenian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Armenian Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh (endangered in Turkey)

Afro-Asiatic languages

Semitic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Maltese Malta Malta
Arabic Turkey endangered
Aramaic Turkey endangered

Uralic languages

Finno-Ugric languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Sami (Lappish) Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia endangered
Finnish (including Karelian) Finland, Russia, Sweden Finland (endangered in Russia and Sweden)
Estonian Estonia Estonia
Livonian Latvia endangered
Veps Russia endangered
Komi Russia Russia (R) endangered
Udmurt Russia Russia (R) endangered
Mari Russia Russia (R) endangered
Erza Russia Russia (R) endangered
Moksha Russia Russia (R) endangered
Hungarian (Magyar) Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Austria, Serbia Hungary (endangered in Slovakia, Romania, Austria and Serbia)

Samoyedic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Nenets Russia endangered

Altaic languages

Turkic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Turkish Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria Turkey, Cyprus (endangered in Greece and Bulgaria)
Gagauz Moldova, Ukraine Moldova (R) endangered
Chuvash Russia Russia (R) endangered
Crimean Tatar Ukraine endangered
Volga Tatar (Kazan Tatar) Russia Russia (R) endangered
Bashkort (Bashkir) Russia Russia (R) endangered
Kumyk Russia endangered
Karachay-Balkar Russia Russia (R) endangered
Nogay Russia Russia (R) endangered
Azeri (Azerbaijani) Azerbaijan, Iran Azerbaijan

Mongolian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Mongolian (including Kalmyk) Russia Russia (R) endangered

North Caucasian languages

The unity of the North Caucasian family is debated among specialists.

Northwest Caucasian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Abkhaz-Abaza Abkhazia, Russia Abkhazia endangered
Circassian (Adyghe, Kabardian) Russia Russia (R) endangered

Northeast Caucasian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Chechen Russia Russia (R) endangered
Ingush Russia Russia (R) endangered
many languages of Daghestan, including: Bats, Avar, Andi, Lak, Dargwa, Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Udi, Rutul, etc. Russia, Azerbaijan (R) (for some of them) endangered

Kartvelian languages (South Caucasian languages)

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Georgian Georgia Georgia (R)
Svan Georgia endangered
Mingrelian Georgia endangered
Laz Turkey, Georgia endangered

Footnotes

  1. ↑ See, for example, a serious, scientific survey of the languages of Europe in: BADIA I CAPDEVILA Ignasi (2002) Diccionari de les llengües d’Europa, coll. Diccionaris temàtics, Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana.
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