CZ:Biology Workgroup: Difference between revisions

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{|width=100% style="border: 1px solid #a79c83; background-color:#faf8f1;"
{{WorkgroupTop|Biology}}
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{{Workgroup|group=Biology}}
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{|
| align="center" style="border: 1px solid darkblue; background-color:lightblue; margin-bottom: 3px;"| <big>'''Biology workgroup tasks'''</big>
|-
|'''''[https://lists.purdue.edu/pipermail/citizendium-l/2006-November/000805.html Suggestions for this page as recommended by Larry Sanger]'''''
Still to do:


'''''(i)''''' a welcome message aimed at new editors in your area, and perhaps
==How you can help==
Please participate in the [[#Naming_convention|Naming convention]]s discussion.  There is an online poll [http://www.doodle.ch/participation.html?pollId=vyb92ak9gguddpvk here]. Also look at the proposal from Noel of separating pagenames (i.e. location) and article names (i.e. title).  See the forum thread [http://forum.citizendium.org/index.php/topic,1654.msg15982.html#msg15982 here] for more details (read the whole thread for context). There is also a [http://iphylo.blogspot.com/2009/10/wikipedia-and-gregg-paradox.html comprehensive blog post on the matter].


'''''(ii)''''' a link to a version of  [[Citizendium_Pilot:Recruitment_Letter]] adapted for your discipline.  And whatever else seems helpful!
==Proposed subgroups==
::The most up to date version of the recruitment letter can been [[Citizendium_Pilot:Recruitment_Letter#Version_2_for_Biological_.2F_Health_Sciences|seen here]].
The organisation we inherited from Wikipedia is subdivided into ''disciplines within biology'', however, we do not have to follow such a format. We can move forward with subgroups that seem more natural, and I imagine some subgroups will include several related disciplines. We can discuss this more on the [http://forum.citizendium.org/index.php/topic,260.0.html subgroups thread], in the biology forum, as we reach a critical mass of editors and authors.
|}
|width=33% rowspan=2|__TOC__
|-
|
{|
| align="center" style="border: 1px solid darkblue; background-color:lightblue; margin-bottom: 3px;"| <big>'''How you can help'''</big>
|-
|'''Launch workgroup tagging of articles'''   
Any article related to the Biology Workgroup should be placed in the category <nowiki>[[Category:Biology Workgroup]]</nowiki>". This means that we think the biology workgroup will be one of the main groups to manage this article. Note, the tag is *not* "<nowiki>[[Category:Biology]]</nowiki>"; that's because we're attaching the article to its *management*.


'''Note:''' only articles with the biology workgroup category tag will been seen in the recent changes for ''all biology articles'' (see header above).
Relevant lists and headers from Wikipedia are shown at the bottom of this section. Also, the list of high priority articles in the next section are currently categorized by discipline.  


'''Launch area management: deferred'''  We should probably defer selection of discipline workgroup management until after more people in each area have arrived, and we have had a chance to finalize how this management will be selected.
==Core articles==
|}
{{Core-articles-note}} ''Click [[CZ:Core Articles/Biology|here]] to edit this transcluded list.''
|-
{{CZ:Core Articles/Biology}}
|colspan=2|
{|
| align="center" style="border: 1px solid darkblue; background-color:lightblue; margin-bottom: 3px;"| <big>'''Proposed subgroups'''</big>
|-
|
The organisation we inherited from Wikipedia is subdivided into ''disciplines within biology'', however,  we do not have to follow such a format. We can move forward with subgroups that seem more natural, and I imagine some subgroups will include several related disciplines. We can discuss this more on the [http://forum.citizendium.org/index.php/topic,260.0.html subgroups thread], in the biology forum, as we reach a critical mass of editors and authors.


Relevant lists and headers from Wikipedia are shown at the bottom of this section. Also, the list of high priority articles in the next section are currently categorized by discipline.
==Articles==
----
{{subtopics-note}}
''[[List of biology disciplines]]''
{{r|Biology}}
{{biology-footer}}
{{:Biology/Related Articles}}
|}
|}


==High priority articles==
==High priority articles==
This list of articles is not complete but it can be used as a starting point for writing new articles or focus our efforts towards getting more articles approved. Articles in bold are regarded as a higher priority.  Those struck through are considered as low priority.
This list of articles is not complete but it can be used as a starting point for writing new articles or focus our efforts towards getting more articles approved. Articles in bold are regarded as a higher priority.  Those struck through are considered as low priority.
<div style="float:right; width:100%;" border="1" valign="top" border=1 >
 
<div style="float:left; width:48%;" valign="top" >
'''Legend:'''
 
[[Image:Level0.jpg|10px]] (Approved)&nbsp;
[[Image:Level1.jpg|10px]] (Status 1) &nbsp; [[Image:Level2.jpg|10px]] (Status 2) &nbsp;
[[Image:Level3.jpg|10px]] (Status 3) &nbsp;
[[Image:level4.jpg|10px]] (External)
 
{{pl|Henry's law|Example article1}} [[Image:Approval button.png|13px]] (Nominated for approval) &nbsp; &nbsp;
{{pl|Merox|Example article2}} [[Image:Approval button.png|13px]] (Nominated for reapproval)
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
=== Biography ===
=== Biography ===
# '''{{pl|Charles Darwin}}'''  
# {{pl|Biography}}
# {{pl|Carolus Linnaeus}} -
# '''{{pl|Charles Darwin}}'''
# {{pl|Walter Bradford Cannon}}
# {{pl|Francis Crick}}
# {{pl|Richard Dawkins}}
# {{pl|Theodosius Dobzhansky}}
# {{pl|R. A. Fisher}}
# {{pl|J. B. S. Haldane}}
# {{pl|William Harvey}}
# {{pl|Robert Hooke}}
# {{pl|Bernard Katz}}
# {{pl|John Lindley}}
# {{pl|Carolus Linnaeus}}  
# {{pl|Konrad Lorenz}}
# {{pl|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}}
# {{pl|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}}
# {{pl|Marcello Malpighi}}
# {{pl|Ernst Mayr}}
# {{pl|Barbara McClintock}}
# {{pl|Gregor Mendel}}
# {{pl|Gregor Mendel}}
# {{pl|Barbara_McClintock}} - '''approved'''
# {{pl|Louis Pasteur}}
# {{pl|Alfred Russel Wallace}}
# {{pl|James D. Watson}}
# {{pl|E. O. Wilson}}
# {{pl|Sewall Wright}}
# {{pl|Vesalius}}
# {{pl|Rosalind Franklin}}


==={{pl|Anatomy}} ===
=== Anatomy ===
#{{pl|Anatomy}}
#{{pl|Histology}}
# '''{{pl|Circulatory system}}'''
# '''{{pl|Circulatory system}}'''
##''' {{pl|Blood}}'''
##''' {{pl|Blood}}'''
##''' {{pl|Heart}}'''
##''' {{pl|Heart}}'''
# {{pl|Endocrine system}}
# {{pl|Endocrine system}}
##'''{{pl|Gland}}'''
##{{pl|Immune system}}
# {{pl|Gastrointestinal tract}}''
# {{pl|Gastrointestinal tract}}''
## <strike>{{pl|Large intestine}}</strike>
## <strike>{{pl|Large intestine}}</strike>
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#'''{{pl|Nervous system}}'''
#'''{{pl|Nervous system}}'''
##''' {{pl|Brain}}'''
##''' {{pl|Brain}}'''
##''' {{pl|Spinal Cord}}'''
##''' {{pl|Spinal cord}}'''
##''' {{pl|Peripheral Nervous System}}'''
##''' {{pl|Peripheral nervous system}}'''
# {{pl|Sensory system}}
# {{pl|Sensory system}}
## '''{{pl|Auditory system}}'''
## '''{{pl|Auditory system}}'''
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# '''{{pl|Skeleton}}'''
# '''{{pl|Skeleton}}'''


==={{pl|Biochemistry}}===
===Biochemistry===
#{{pl|Biochemistry}}
#'''{{pl|Macromolecule}}s'''
#'''{{pl|Macromolecule}}s'''
##'''{{pl|Nucleic acid}}'''
##'''{{pl|Nucleic acid}}'''
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## {{pl|Carbohydrate}}
## {{pl|Carbohydrate}}
## {{pl|Lipid}}
## {{pl|Lipid}}
#'''{{pl|Metabolism}}''' - '''approved'''
#'''{{pl|Metabolism}}'''
##'''{{pl|Glycolysis}}'''
##'''{{pl|Glycolysis}}'''
###'''{{pl|NAD}}'''
###'''{{pl|NAD}}'''
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##{{pl|Cell_metabolism|Intermediary metabolism}}
##{{pl|Cell_metabolism|Intermediary metabolism}}


==={{pl|Botany}}===
 
===Biophysics===
#{{pl|Biophysics}}
#{{pl|Biofilms}}
#{{pl|Biomechanics}}
##{{pl|Molecular motor}}
##{{pl|Muscle}}
##{{pl|Organogenesis}}
#{{pl|Biomineralisation}}
##{{pl|Fossil}}
##{{pl|Skeleton}}
#{{pl|Bionics}}
#{{pl|Biophysical techniques}}
##{{pl|Confocal microscopy}}
##{{pl|X-ray computed tomography|CT}}
##{{pl|Dielectric spectroscopy}}
##{{pl|ECG}}
##{{pl|EEG}}
##{{pl|Infrared spectroscopy}}
##{{pl|MEG}}
##{{pl|Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI}}
##{{pl|Microscope}}
##{{pl|NMR spectroscopy}}
##{{pl|Optical tweezers}}
##{{pl|Patch clamp}}
##{{pl|Positron emission tomography|PET}}
##{{pl|Transcranial magnetic stimulation|TMS}}
##{{pl|Ultrasound}}
##{{pl|X-ray}}
#'''{{pl|Cell (biology)|Cell}}'''
##'''{{pl|Cell membrane}}'''
###{{pl|Ion channel}}
###{{pl|Membrane potential}}
###{{pl|Phospholipid}}
##{{pl|Metabolism|Cell metabolism}}
###{{pl|Kinetics}}
###{{pl|Metabolic control theory}}
##{{pl|Cell signalling}}
###{{pl|Cell differentiation}}
###{{pl|Immune system}}
##{{pl|Cell migration}}
#{{pl|Cryptobiosis}}
##{{pl|Cryobiology}}
###{{pl|Cryopreservation}}
###{{pl|Cold hardiness}}
##{{pl|Dehydration}}
#{{pl|Homeostasis (biology)|Homeostasis}}
#{{pl|Locomotion}}
#{{pl|Radiobiology}}
#'''{{pl|Signal transduction}}'''
##{{pl|Cell signalling}}
##{{pl|Hormone|Hormones}}
##{{pl|Nervous system}}
##'''{{pl|Sensory system}}'''
#{{pl|Systems biology}}
#{{pl|Theoretical biology}}
#{{pl|Thermodynamics}}
 
===Botany===
#{{pl|Botany}}
# '''{{pl|Fungus}}'''
# '''{{pl|Fungus}}'''
##{{pl|Yeast}}
##{{pl|Yeast}}
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##{{pl|Phototropism}}
##{{pl|Phototropism}}
##{{pl|Thigmotropism}}
##{{pl|Thigmotropism}}
</div>
{{col-break|width=50%}}
<div style="float:right; width:48%;" valign="top" >
===Cell biology===
==={{pl|Cell biology}}===
#{{pl|Cell biology}}
#'''{{pl|Cell}}'''
#'''{{pl|Cell (biology)|Cell}}'''
#'''{{pl|Cell division}}'''
#'''{{pl|Cell division}}'''
#'''{{pl|Cell nucleus}}'''
#'''{{pl|Cell nucleus}}'''
#{{pl|Cell wall}}
#{{pl|Cell wall}}
#{{pl|Cell membrane}}
#{{pl|Cell membrane}}
#{{pl|Metabolism|Cell metabolism}}
#{{pl|Cytoplasm}}
#{{pl|Cytoplasm}}
#{{pl|Cytoskeleton}}
#{{pl|Cytoskeleton}}
#{{pl|Flagellum}}
#{{pl|Flagellum}}
#{{pl|Organelles}}
#{{pl|Organelle|Organelles}}
##'''{{pl|Chloroplast}}'''
##'''{{pl|Chloroplast}}'''
##'''{{pl|Mitochondrion}}'''
##'''{{pl|Mitochondrion}}'''
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##'''{{pl|Ribosome}}'''
##'''{{pl|Ribosome}}'''


==='''{{pl|Developmental biology}}'''===
 
===Developmental biology===
# {{pl|Developmental biology}}
# {{pl|Cellular differentiation}}
# {{pl|Cellular differentiation}}
# {{pl|Stem Cells}}
# {{pl|Stem cell}}
# {{pl|Cancer}}
# {{pl|Cancer}}
# '''{{pl|Embryogenesis|Descriptive embryology}}'''
# '''{{pl|Embryogenesis|Descriptive embryology}}'''


==={{pl|Ecology}}===
===Ecology===
# {{pl|Ecology}}
# {{pl|Habitat}}
# {{pl|Habitat}}
# {{pl|Population}}
# {{pl|Population}}
# {{pl|Metapopulation}}
# {{pl|Metapopulation}}
# {{pl|Community}}
# {{pl|Community (ecology)}}
# {{pl|Ecosystem}}
# {{pl|Ecosystem}}
# {{pl|Landscape}}
# {{pl|Landscape}}
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## {{pl|Island Biogeography}}
## {{pl|Island Biogeography}}
# {{pl|Biological dispersal}}
# {{pl|Biological dispersal}}
# {{pl|Succession}}
# {{pl|Ecological succession}}
# {{pl|Species interaction}}
# {{pl|Symbiosis}}
# {{pl|Symbiosis}}
# {{pl|Food web}}
# {{pl|Food web}}


==='''{{pl|Evolutionary biology}}'''===
 
===Evolutionary biology===
#{{pl|Evolutionary biology}}
#{{pl|Evolution}}  
#{{pl|Evolution}}  
##{{pl|Evidence of evolution}}  
##{{pl|Evidence of evolution}}  
Line 218: Line 294:
#{{pl|EvoDevo}}
#{{pl|EvoDevo}}


==={{pl|Genetics}}===
 
===Genetics===
#{{pl|Genetics}}
#'''{{pl|Classical genetics}}'''
#'''{{pl|Classical genetics}}'''
##'''{{pl|Mendelian inheritance}}'''
##'''{{pl|Mendelian inheritance}}'''
##{{pl|mutation}}
##{{pl|Mutation}}
#'''{{pl|Clinical genetics}}'''
#'''{{pl|Clinical genetics}}'''
##'''{{pl|Genetic counseling}}'''
##'''{{pl|Genetic counseling}}'''
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##{{pl|genetic drift}}
##{{pl|genetic drift}}
##{{pl|gene flow}}
##{{pl|gene flow}}
#{{pl|Quantitative genetics}}  
#{{pl|Quantitative genetics}}


==='''{{pl|Microbiology}}'''===
 
===Microbiology===
#{{pl|Microbiology}}
# {{pl|Archaea}}
# {{pl|Archaea}}
#''' {{pl|Bacteria}}'''
#''' {{pl|Bacteria}}'''


==={{pl|Molecular biology}}===
 
===Molecular biology===
#{{pl|Molecular biology}}
#'''{{pl|Polymerase chain reaction}}'''
#'''{{pl|Polymerase chain reaction}}'''
#{{pl|Gel electrophoresis}}
#{{pl|Gel electrophoresis}}
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#{{pl|Western blot}}
#{{pl|Western blot}}


==={{pl|Neuroscience}}===
 
===Neuroscience===
#{{pl|Neuroscience}}
#'''{{pl|Behaviour}}'''
#'''{{pl|Brain}}'''
#'''{{pl|Brain}}'''
#'''{{pl|Spinal cord}}'''
#'''{{pl|Intelligence}}'''
#'''{{pl|Intelligence}}'''
#'''{{pl|Nervous system}}'''
#'''{{pl|Neuron}}'''
#'''{{pl|Neuron}}'''
#'''{{pl|Neural development}}'''
#'''{{pl|Neuroanatomy}}'''
#'''{{pl|Neurochemistry}}'''
#'''{{pl|Synapse}}'''




==={{pl|Physiology}}===
===Physiology===
#{{pl|Physiology}}
# {{pl|Digestion}}
# {{pl|Digestion}}
# {{pl|Excretion}}
# {{pl|Excretion}}
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==='''{{pl|Taxonomy}}'''===
===Systems biology===
 
 
===Taxonomy===
#{{pl|Taxonomy}}
#{{pl|Cladistics}}
#{{pl|Cladistics}}
#{{pl|Systematics}}
#{{pl|Systematics}}
#'''{{pl|Tree of life}}'''
#'''{{pl|Tree of life}}'''


==='''{{pl|Virology}}'''===
 
===Virology===
#{{pl|Virology}}
#{{pl|Bacteriophage}}
#{{pl|Bacteriophage}}
#{{pl|DNA virus}}
#{{pl|DNA virus}}
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##{{pl| Chickenpox|Chicken Pox & Shingles (Varicella)}}
##{{pl| Chickenpox|Chicken Pox & Shingles (Varicella)}}


==='''{{pl|Zoology}}'''===
 
===Zoology===
#{{pl|Zoology}}
#''' {{pl|Protist}}'''
#''' {{pl|Protist}}'''
#''' {{pl|Animal}}'''
#''' {{pl|Animal}}'''
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#### <strike>{{pl|Cattle}}</strike>
#### <strike>{{pl|Cattle}}</strike>
####'''{{pl|Canidae|The Dog Family}}'''
####'''{{pl|Canidae|The Dog Family}}'''
#####'''{{pl|Wolves}}'''
#####'''{{pl|Dog}}'''
#####'''{{pl|Wolf}}'''
#####'''{{pl|Grey Wolf}}'''
#####'''{{pl|Grey Wolf}}'''
#### <strike>{{pl|Dolphin}}</strike>
#### <strike>{{pl|Dolphin}}</strike>
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###### <strike>{{pl|Penguin}}</strike>
###### <strike>{{pl|Penguin}}</strike>
#### <strike>{{pl|Snake}}</strike>
#### <strike>{{pl|Snake}}</strike>
</div></div>
{{col-end}}
 
==Core articles list==
A list of core articles has been adapted from the high priority articles above at [[CZ:Core_Articles/Biology]].  These are articles that we deem vital to get the biology section going.  Please add to and delete from that list but try to keep it focused to key articles rather than being a comprehensive collection. For a more comprehensive list see [[CZ:Biology_Workgroup/list]] or [[CZ:Biology_Workgroup/concepts]].
 
==Tree-of-life subgroup==
A major part of the articles in the biology workgroup can be categorized under the concept of [[Tree of Life]]. All article about a species, genus or any other taxonomic level are part of this subgroup.
 
===Naming convention===
To be decided. Online poll is [http://www.doodle.ch/participation.html?pollId=vyb92ak9gguddpvk here]. Also look at the proposal from Noel of separating pagenames (i.e. location) and article names (i.e. title).  See the forum thread [http://forum.citizendium.org/index.php/topic,1654.msg15982.html#msg15982 here] for more details (read the whole thread for context).
 
'''Options:'''
 
*If page address and page title are ''not'' required to be identical
** Address and title of an article could be handled independently, as [http://forum.citizendium.org/index.php/topic,1654.0.html proposed] by [[User:J. Noel Chiappa|J. Noel Chiappa]] and already done at [[Special:Wantedpages]] whose title is "Wanted pages".
 
 
*If page address and page title are required to be identical
:1. Only common name: "Giant Panda"
 
::'''Example:''' The '''giant panda''' (Scientific name ''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'') is a species of bear...
 
::'''Pros:''' May be more user friendly, as most users are unfamiliar with the scientific name.
 
::'''Cons:''' Lacks consistency, as there are no common names for some organisms.  Also, if a bot is eventually used to fill out taxoboxes, it requires that the scientific name always redirect to the common name, which may not always be the case.


==Core article==
:2. Only scientific name: "Ailuropoda melanoleuca"
The list below is adapted from the high priority articles above and the small list that has already started at [[CZ:Core_Articles#Biology]].  These are articles that we deem vital to get the biology section going.  Please add and delete from this list.  We are restricted to 198 articles that we think are needed now.


For a more comprehensive list search for the red links in the [[CZ:Biology_Workgroup/list]] or [[CZ:Biology_Workgroup/concepts]].  
::'''Example:''' '''Ailuropoda melanoleuca''', commonly known as the '''giant panda''', is a species of bear...


Just to clarify, I combined the list the concepts and the core article we already had.  I then edited for duplicates and removed items that did not seem to fit the core concept. We now have 300 articles. Feel free to add topics that are missing. Also feel free to group articles into topic related concepts, although this alphabetical list is probably OK for those wanting to see what is missing from CZ. [[User:Chris Day|Chris Day]] [[User talk:Chris Day|(talk)]] 16:33, 27 September 2007 (CDT)
::'''Pros:''' More suited to bot farming of taxonomy.  Avoids confusion where a common name doesn't exactly line up with a taxonomic division.


{{col-begin}}
::'''Cons:''' Less user friendly &ndash; would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name.
{{col-break|width=33%}}
 
'''Lower priority'''
:3. Both names, scientific one in parentheses: "Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)"
----
 
::'''Example:''' The '''Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)''' is a species of bear...


#{{pl|abiogenesis}}
::'''Pros:''' Includes all information in title. This presentation of the information is fairly standard, so it is likely that users will recognize that the information in parentheses is the scientific name.
#{{pl|acetyl CoA}}
#{{pl|acid}}
#{{pl|activation energy}}
#{{pl|aerobic}}
#{{pl|autotroph}}
#{{pl|Biochemistry}}
#{{pl|biological emergence}}
#{{pl|blastula}}
#{{pl|Botany}}
#{{pl|carotenoid}}
#{{pl|carnivore}}
#{{pl|Cell biology}}
#{{pl|Cellular differentiation}}
#{{pl|Chi square test}}
#{{pl|chitin}}
#{{pl|Cladistics}}
#{{pl|Classical genetics}}
#{{pl|conformation}}
#{{pl|decomposer}}
#{{pl|Developmental biology}}
#{{pl|diffusion}}
#{{pl|dimer}}
#{{pl|DNA sequencing}}
#{{pl|epistasis}}
#{{pl|Ethology}}
#{{pl|Excretion}}
#{{pl|FADH2}}
#{{pl|gene pool}}
#{{pl|Genomics}}
#{{pl|glucose}}
#{{pl|Hershey-Chase experiment}}
#{{pl|housekeeping gene}}
#{{pl|hybrid}}
#{{pl|knock-out mouse}}
#{{pl|limnology}}
#{{pl|mass extinction}}
#{{pl|mass spectrometry}}
#{{pl|Molecular biology}}
#{{pl|niche}}
#{{pl|Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide}}
#{{pl|non-competitive inhibition}}
#{{pl|nucleosome}}
#{{pl|peroxisome}}
#{{pl|phospholipid}}
#{{pl|pigment}}
#{{pl|Plant physiology}}
#{{pl|Plant tissues}}
#{{pl|plastid}}
#{{pl|primary structure}}
#{{pl|proteomics}}
#{{pl|punctuated equilibrium}}
#{{pl|purine}}
#{{pl|pyrimidine}}
#{{pl|quaternary structure}}
#{{pl|secondary structure}}
#{{pl|Southern blot}}
#{{pl|Systematics}}
#{{pl|taxis}}
#{{pl|Taxonomy}}
#{{pl|tertiary structure}}
#{{pl|twin}}
#{{pl|xanthophyll}}
#{{pl|Zoology}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
'''Biographies'''
We may already have some of these under different spellings or without the middle name.
----
#{{pl|Alfred Russel Wallace}}
#{{pl|Ernst Haeckel}}
#{{pl|Francis Crick}}
#{{pl|Melvin Calvin}}
#{{pl|Hans Krebs}}
#{{pl|Fred Sanger}}
#{{pl|Linus Pauling}}
#{{pl|James Watson}}
#{{pl|Jean-Baptiste Lamarck}}
#{{pl|Konrad Lorenz}}
#{{pl|Max Delbrück}}
# [[Oswald T. Avery]] (DNA as the genetic material)
# [[Comte de Buffon]]


'''Organisms'''
::'''Cons:''' Name is long.  Would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name.  Poorly suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Also, the page will have to be moved if the common name OR the scientific name is changed.
----
#{{pl|algae}}
#{{pl|Ant}}
#{{pl|Arabidopsis thaliana}}
#{{pl|archaebacteria}}
#{{pl|Bryophyte}}
#{{pl|DNA virus}}
#{{pl|eubacteria}}
#{{pl|Escherichia coli}}
#{{pl|fungi}}
#{{pl|human}}
#{{pl|neurospora crassa}}
#{{pl|plant}}
#{{pl|retrovirus}}
#{{pl|RNA virus}}


{{col-break|width=33%}}
:4. Both names, common one in parentheses: "Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant Panda)"
'''Already have these''':
Move these to the first column if they need a lot of work.
#{{pl|acetylcholine}}
#{{pl|Alexander Fleming}}
#{{pl|amino acid}}
#{{pl|anabolism}}
#{{pl|Anatomy}}
#{{pl|animal}}
#{{pl|Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek}}
#{{pl|bacteria}}
#{{pl|Bioinformatics}}
#{{pl|biotechnology}}
#{{pl|cancer}}
#{{pl|catabolism}}
#{{pl|cell (biology)}}
#{{pl|Cellular respiration}}
#{{pl|Charles Darwin}}
#{{pl|circulatory system}}
#{{pl|citric acid cycle}}
#{{pl|cloning}}
#{{pl|cytoskeleton}}
#{{pl|dihybrid cross}}
#{{pl|DNA}}
#{{pl|Ecology}}
#{{pl|endosymbiotic theory}}
#{{pl|enzyme}}
#{{pl|Evolution}}
#{{pl|fermentation (biochemistry)}}
#{{pl|flower}}
#{{pl|Genetics}}
#{{pl|genotype}}
#{{pl|glycogen}}
#{{pl|histone}}
#{{pl|hormone}}
#{{pl|insect}}
#{{pl|insulin}}
#{{pl|kidney}}
#{{pl|life}}
#{{pl|Lipid}}
#{{pl|macromolecule}}
#{{pl|marine biology}}
#{{pl|microbiology}}
#{{pl|microfilament}}
#{{pl|mutation}}
#{{pl|natural selection}}
#{{pl|nervous system}}
#{{pl|neurotransmitter}}
#{{pl|organism}}
#{{pl|Physiology}}
#{{pl|plasma membrane}}
#{{pl|pollination}}
#{{pl|prion}}
#{{pl|Protein}}
#{{pl|species}}
#{{pl|stem cell}}
#{{pl|synapse}}
#{{pl|systems biology}}
#{{pl|transposon}}
#{{pl|Vasopressin}}
#{{pl|wood}}
#{{pl|x-ray diffraction }}
{{col-end}}


Bear in mind the Health Sciences Workgroup has 198, too, and there must not be overlap. --[[User:Larry Sanger|Larry Sanger]] 12:02, 27 September 2007 (CDT)
::'''Example:''' Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda) is a species of bear...
:Also note that the red links on the "already have" list are articles that are marked as externally sourced. These may be included at [[CZ:Core Articles]] to be rewritten.[[User:Joe Quick|--Joe Quick]]  ([[User talk:Joe Quick|Talk]]) 18:53, 27 September 2007 (CDT)


==Tree-of-life subgroup==
::'''Pros:''' Includes all information in title.
A major part of the articles in the biology workgroup can be categorized under the concept of [[Tree of Life]]. All article about a species, genus or any other taxonomic level are part of this subgroup.


===Naming convention===
::'''Cons:''' Name is long. Would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name. Poorly suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Also, the page will have to be moved if the common name OR the scientific name is changed.
# Each species or higher taxon, except exceptions below, are to be written under their official scientific name. If there is a single established common name, that name is included in the title between parenthesis. (e.g. "''Barnardius zonarius'' (Australian Ringneck)").
# Groups that are included in the "''Latin name'' (Common name)" system are birds ([http://www.worldbirdnames.org/names.html offcial names]) and mammals ([http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/ the single authoritative source for mammal names]). Other groups will be added if a single authoritative source has been established.
# If a single authoritative common name is available for a species (see point above), that name is to be used in the article and overrules English dialect varieties.
# Subspecies and specific populations are included in the article of the species, unless they warrant a full article by themselves due to the amount of subspecies specific information.
# All common names are created as redirects to the main article. All scientific synonyms are created as redirects to the main article. In case of the "''Latin name'' (Common name)" scheme, the the main scientific name is also created as a redirect.
# Exceptions. The following domesticated species are created under their common name, most of the time using "Domesticated " as a prefix:
## [[Human]] (''Homo sapiens sapiens'')
## [[Domesticated horse]] (''Equus ferus caballus'')
## [[Domesticated cat]] (''Felis silvestris catus'')
## [[Domesticated dog]] (''Canis lupus familiaris'')
## To be completed.


===Taxoboxes===
===Taxoboxes===
Line 557: Line 512:
|-
|-
! align=left valign=top|  '''Other fields'''
! align=left valign=top|  '''Other fields'''
| align="left" style="vertical-align: top;"&nbsp;| <small>[[Anatomy]]&nbsp;| [[astrobiology]]&nbsp;| [[botany]]&nbsp;|  [[bioengineering]]&nbsp;| [[bioinformatics]]&nbsp;| [[human biology]]&nbsp;| [[microbiology]]&nbsp;| [[origin of life]]&nbsp;| [[paleontology]]&nbsp;| [[parasitology]]&nbsp;| [[pathology]]&nbsp;| [[pharmacology]]&nbsp;| [[phylogenetics]]&nbsp;| [[physiology]]&nbsp;| [[marine biology]]&nbsp;|  [[systems biology]]&nbsp;| [[alpha taxonomy|taxonomy]]&nbsp;| [[zoology]] </small>
| align="left" style="vertical-align: top;"&nbsp;| <small>[[Anatomy]]&nbsp;| [[astrobiology]]&nbsp;| [[botany]]&nbsp;|  [[bioengineering]]&nbsp;| [[bioinformatics]]&nbsp;| [[human biology]]&nbsp;| [[microbiology]]&nbsp;| [[origin of life]]&nbsp;| [[paleontology]]&nbsp;| [[parasitology]]&nbsp;| pathology &nbsp;| [[pharmacology]]&nbsp;| [[phylogenetics]]&nbsp;| [[physiology]]&nbsp;| [[marine biology]]&nbsp;|  [[systems biology]]&nbsp;| [[alpha taxonomy|taxonomy]]&nbsp;| [[zoology]] </small>
|-
|-
! align=left valign=top| '''Classification&nbsp;of&nbsp;man'''
! align=left valign=top| '''Classification&nbsp;of&nbsp;man'''
Line 565: Line 520:
|align="left" style="vertical-align: top;"&nbsp;| <small> [[Natural history]]&nbsp;| [[History of geography|geography]]&nbsp;| [[History of ecology|ecology]]&nbsp;| [[History of molecular biology|molecular biology]]&nbsp;| [[History of evolutionary thought|evolutionary biology]]&nbsp;| [[Great Chain of Being]] </small>
|align="left" style="vertical-align: top;"&nbsp;| <small> [[Natural history]]&nbsp;| [[History of geography|geography]]&nbsp;| [[History of ecology|ecology]]&nbsp;| [[History of molecular biology|molecular biology]]&nbsp;| [[History of evolutionary thought|evolutionary biology]]&nbsp;| [[Great Chain of Being]] </small>
|}
|}
==Tools==
''See also [[:Category:Technical_Help]]''
*[http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Scholar/ To wikify scientific references (via Google Scholar)]. [http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Scholar/Scholar.php?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=biology+next+mathematics&btnG=Search&intitle=&as_publication=&as_auth=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&hl=en&lr= Sample search] for "biology next mathematics".
**[http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Scholar/Cite.php Universal reference formatter] from the same suite
*[http://invention.swmed.edu/etblast/etblast.shtml To find related articles (in Pubmed)]. [http://invention.swmed.edu/cgi-bin/etblast/processing_etblast.pl?user-id=1212680897 Sample search] (based on the first paragraph of [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Life&oldid=100284891 Life]). The site is slow, though, and thus perhaps only of good use if you are looking for references outside your primary field of expertise.
*[http://biosearch.berkeley.edu/ To find Open Access biomedical images]. [http://biosearch.berkeley.edu/index.php?q=amygdala&submit=Search&view=abstract&sortedby=rel&action=submit_search Sample search] for "amygdala"
*[http://toolserver.org/~tangotango/mayflower/ Mayflower: Tool for finding things on Wikimedia] - [http://toolserver.org/~tangotango/mayflower/search.php?q=image+xenopus&t=n sample search for "image xenopus"]
*[http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/top_10_ways_to_search_wikipedia.php Top 10 Ways to Search Wikipedia] - much of this is useful here, too
*[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Main_Page Biological definitions at the Biology-Online dictionary]
*[http://webcitation.org/ Webcitation.org - a tool that archives webpages so that they can be cited in the form they had when visited]
*[http://www.zotero.org/ Zotero (bibliographic management)]

Latest revision as of 02:55, 9 September 2024

Workgroups are no longer used for group communications, but they still are used to group articles into fields of interest. Each article is assigned to 1-3 Workgroups via the article's Metadata.

Biology banner.png
Biology article All articles (1,621) To Approve (0) Editors: active (1) / inactive (46)
and
Authors: active (441) / inactive (0) 		Workgroup Discussion
Recent changes Citable Articles (25)
Subgroups (12.5)
Checklist-generated categories:

Subpage categories:

Missing subpage categories:

Article statuses:

The Biology Workgroup will organize and coordinate efforts to create and improve articles relating to Biology. If you are interested in participating, you may add yourself to Category:Biology Authors, then simply dive in and begin contributing!

Please note that information below may be out-of-date.


How you can help

Please participate in the Naming conventions discussion. There is an online poll here. Also look at the proposal from Noel of separating pagenames (i.e. location) and article names (i.e. title). See the forum thread here for more details (read the whole thread for context). There is also a comprehensive blog post on the matter.

Proposed subgroups

The organisation we inherited from Wikipedia is subdivided into disciplines within biology, however, we do not have to follow such a format. We can move forward with subgroups that seem more natural, and I imagine some subgroups will include several related disciplines. We can discuss this more on the subgroups thread, in the biology forum, as we reach a critical mass of editors and authors.

Relevant lists and headers from Wikipedia are shown at the bottom of this section. Also, the list of high priority articles in the next section are currently categorized by discipline.

Core articles

Core articles are those that are as-yet unwritten and so should be prioritised. Please start articles on the topics below. Click here to edit this transcluded list.

Biochemistry

Biography

Botany

Cell Biology

Developmental Biology

Ecology

Evolution

Genetics

Molecular Biology

Physiology

Taxonomy

Articles

Click on the [r] after the first definition below to edit this list of transcluded subtopics.

History of biology

Techniques

Other related topics

General

Tree of life

Classification of man

The cell

Ecology

Conservation

Evolution

Development

Life cycle

Biochemistry

Genetics


High priority articles

This list of articles is not complete but it can be used as a starting point for writing new articles or focus our efforts towards getting more articles approved. Articles in bold are regarded as a higher priority. Those struck through are considered as low priority.

Legend:

Level0.jpg (Approved)  Level1.jpg (Status 1)   Level2.jpg (Status 2)   Level3.jpg (Status 3)   Level4.jpg (External)

Example article1 Approval button.png (Nominated for approval)     Example article2 Approval button.png (Nominated for reapproval)

Biography

  1. Stub Biography
  2. Charles Darwin
  3. Walter Bradford Cannon
  4. Stub Francis Crick
  5. Richard Dawkins
  6. Theodosius Dobzhansky
  7. R. A. Fisher
  8. J. B. S. Haldane
  9. William Harvey
  10. Robert Hooke
  11. Bernard Katz
  12. John Lindley
  13. Carolus Linnaeus
  14. Konrad Lorenz
  15. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  16. Marcello Malpighi
  17. Ernst Mayr
  18. Barbara McClintock
  19. Gregor Mendel
  20. Stub Louis Pasteur
  21. Alfred Russel Wallace
  22. James D. Watson
  23. E. O. Wilson
  24. Sewall Wright
  25. Vesalius
  26. Rosalind Franklin

Anatomy

  1. Anatomy
  2. Stub Histology
  3. Circulatory system
    1. Stub Blood
    2. Heart
  4. Endocrine system
    1. Gland
    2. Immune system
  5. Gastrointestinal tract
    1. Large intestine
    2. Small intestine
    3. Stub Liver
  6. Integumentary system
    1. Breast
    2. Stub Skin
  7. Stub Nervous system
    1. Brain
    2. Spinal cord
    3. Peripheral nervous system
  8. Sensory system
    1. Stub Auditory system
      1. Ear
    2. Gustatory system
    3. Olfactory system
      1. Nose
    4. Somatosensory system
    5. Visual system
      1. Stub Eye
  9. Reproductive system
    1. Stub Penis
    2. Stub Vagina
  10. Respiratory system
    1. Lung
  11. Skeleton

Biochemistry

  1. Stub Biochemistry
  2. Macromolecules
    1. Stub Nucleic acid
      1. DNA
      2. RNA
    2. Protein
      1. Enzyme
      2. Amino acid
      3. Stub Peptide
    3. Carbohydrate
    4. Lipid
  3. Metabolism
    1. Glycolysis
      1. NAD
    2. Krebs cycle
      1. FAD
    3. Electron transport chain
    4. Photosynthesis
    5. Intermediary metabolism


Biophysics

  1. Stub Biophysics
  2. Biofilms
  3. Stub Biomechanics
    1. Molecular motor
    2. Muscle
    3. Organogenesis
  4. Biomineralisation
    1. Fossil
    2. Skeleton
  5. Stub Bionics
  6. Biophysical techniques
    1. Confocal microscopy
    2. CT
    3. Dielectric spectroscopy
    4. Stub ECG
    5. EEG
    6. Infrared spectroscopy
    7. MEG
    8. Stub MRI
    9. Stub Microscope
    10. NMR spectroscopy
    11. Optical tweezers
    12. Stub Patch clamp
    13. PET
    14. TMS
    15. Ultrasound
    16. X-ray
  7. Cell
    1. Cell membrane
      1. Stub Ion channel
      2. Membrane potential
      3. Phospholipid
    2. Cell metabolism
      1. Kinetics
      2. Metabolic control theory
    3. Cell signalling
      1. Cell differentiation
      2. Immune system
    4. Cell migration
  8. Cryptobiosis
    1. Cryobiology
      1. Stub Cryopreservation
      2. Cold hardiness
    2. Dehydration
  9. Homeostasis
  10. Locomotion
  11. Radiobiology
  12. Stub Signal transduction
    1. Cell signalling
    2. Stub Hormones
    3. Stub Nervous system
    4. Sensory system
  13. Systems biology
  14. Theoretical biology
  15. Thermodynamics

Botany

  1. Stub Botany
  2. Fungus
    1. Yeast
  3. Plant
    1. Angiosperm
      1. Eudicotyledon
        1. Arabidopsis thaliana
        2. Stub Tobacco
        3. Oak
      2. Monocotyledon
        1. Maize
        2. Rice
        3. Barley
    2. Bryophyte
      1. Liverwort
      2. Stub Moss
    3. Fern
    4. Gymnosperm
  4. Plant anatomy
    1. Leaf
    2. Flower
      1. Petal
    3. Root
    4. Stem
    5. Plant tissues
      1. parenchyma
      2. collenchyma
      3. sclerenchyma
      4. epidermis
        1. guard cell
        2. stomate (plural: stomata)
        3. trichome
        4. root hair
      5. xylem article could merge together the subcategories
        1. vessel element
        2. tracheid
      6. phloem article could merge together the subcategories
        1. sieve tube cell
        2. companion cell
  5. Plant physiology
    1. Dehiscence
    2. Flower induction
    3. Nitrogen assimilation
    4. Plant senescence
    5. Wilting
      1. Plasmolysis
    6. Plant hormones
      1. Abscisic acid
      2. Auxin
      3. Brassinosteroid
      4. Cytokinin
      5. Ethylene
      6. Gibberellin
  6. Plant behavior
    1. Gravitropism
    2. Heliotropism
    3. Phototropism
    4. Thigmotropism

Cell biology

  1. Cell biology
  2. Cell
  3. Stub Cell division
  4. Stub Cell nucleus
  5. Cell wall
  6. Cell membrane
  7. Cell metabolism
  8. Cytoplasm
  9. Cytoskeleton
  10. Flagellum
  11. Stub Organelles
    1. Stub Chloroplast
    2. Mitochondrion
    3. Endoplasmic reticulum
    4. Stub Golgi apparatus
    5. Vacuole
    6. Ribosome


Developmental biology

  1. Developmental biology
  2. Cellular differentiation
  3. Stem cell
  4. Cancer
  5. Descriptive embryology

Ecology

  1. Ecology
  2. Stub Habitat
  3. Stub Population
  4. Metapopulation
  5. Community (ecology)
  6. Ecosystem
  7. Stub Landscape
  8. Biome
  9. Species
  10. Biodiversity
  11. Biogeography
    1. Island Biogeography
  12. Biological dispersal
  13. Ecological succession
  14. Symbiosis
  15. Stub Food web


Evolutionary biology

  1. Evolutionary biology
  2. Evolution
    1. Evidence of evolution
    2. Stub macroevolution
    3. microevolution
  3. Natural selection
  4. Gene flow
  5. Adaptation
  6. Speciation
  7. EvoDevo


Genetics

  1. Genetics
  2. Classical genetics
    1. Mendelian inheritance
    2. Mutation
  3. Clinical genetics
    1. Genetic counseling
  4. Ecological genetics
  5. Molecular genetics
  6. Population genetics
    1. selection
    2. genetic drift
    3. gene flow
  7. Quantitative genetics


Microbiology

  1. Microbiology
  2. Archaea
  3. Bacteria


Molecular biology

  1. Molecular biology
  2. Stub Polymerase chain reaction
  3. Gel electrophoresis
  4. Stub Southern blot
  5. Northern blot
  6. Stub Restriction enzyme
  7. Stub Western blot


Neuroscience

  1. Neuroscience
  2. Behaviour
  3. Brain
  4. Spinal cord
  5. Intelligence
  6. Stub Nervous system
  7. Stub Neuron
  8. Neural development
  9. Neuroanatomy
  10. Stub Neurochemistry
  11. Synapse


Physiology

  1. Physiology
  2. Digestion
  3. Excretion
  4. Biological reproduction
  5. Stub Hormone
    1. Stub Pregnancy
    2. Stub Asexual reproduction
    3. Sexual reproduction
  6. Respiration (physiology)


Systems biology

Taxonomy

  1. Taxonomy
  2. Cladistics
  3. Stub Systematics
  4. Tree of life


Virology

  1. Virology
  2. Bacteriophage
  3. DNA virus
  4. RNA virus
  5. Viral diseases
    1. AIDS
    2. SARS
    3. Chicken Pox & Shingles (Varicella)


Zoology

  1. Stub Zoology
  2. Stub Protist
  3. Animal
    1. Arthropod
      1. Insect
        1. Stub Ant
        2. Bee
        3. Beetle
        4. Butterfly
      2. Arachnid
    2. Chordate
      1. Amphibian
        1. Frog
      2. Fish
        1. Shark
      3. Stub Mammal
        1. Ape
          1. Stub Human
        2. Bat
        3. Bear
        4. Camel
        5. Cat
        6. Cattle
        7. The Dog Family
          1. Dog
          2. Wolf
          3. Grey Wolf
        8. Dolphin
        9. Elephant
          1. Mammoth
        10. Horse
        11. Sheep
        12. Lion
        13. Pig
        14. Whale
      4. Stub Reptile
        1. Dinosaur
          1. Stub Bird
            1. Eagle
            2. Duck
            3. Chicken
            4. Stub Owl
            5. Dove
            6. Turkey
            7. Ostrich
            8. Penguin
        2. Snake

Core articles list

A list of core articles has been adapted from the high priority articles above at CZ:Core_Articles/Biology. These are articles that we deem vital to get the biology section going. Please add to and delete from that list but try to keep it focused to key articles rather than being a comprehensive collection. For a more comprehensive list see CZ:Biology_Workgroup/list or CZ:Biology_Workgroup/concepts.

Tree-of-life subgroup

A major part of the articles in the biology workgroup can be categorized under the concept of Tree of Life. All article about a species, genus or any other taxonomic level are part of this subgroup.

Naming convention

To be decided. Online poll is here. Also look at the proposal from Noel of separating pagenames (i.e. location) and article names (i.e. title). See the forum thread here for more details (read the whole thread for context).

Options:

  • If page address and page title are not required to be identical


  • If page address and page title are required to be identical
1. Only common name: "Giant Panda"
Example: The giant panda (Scientific name Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a species of bear...
Pros: May be more user friendly, as most users are unfamiliar with the scientific name.
Cons: Lacks consistency, as there are no common names for some organisms. Also, if a bot is eventually used to fill out taxoboxes, it requires that the scientific name always redirect to the common name, which may not always be the case.
2. Only scientific name: "Ailuropoda melanoleuca"
Example: Ailuropoda melanoleuca, commonly known as the giant panda, is a species of bear...
Pros: More suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Avoids confusion where a common name doesn't exactly line up with a taxonomic division.
Cons: Less user friendly – would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name.
3. Both names, scientific one in parentheses: "Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)"
Example: The Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a species of bear...
Pros: Includes all information in title. This presentation of the information is fairly standard, so it is likely that users will recognize that the information in parentheses is the scientific name.
Cons: Name is long. Would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name. Poorly suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Also, the page will have to be moved if the common name OR the scientific name is changed.
4. Both names, common one in parentheses: "Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant Panda)"
Example: Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda) is a species of bear...
Pros: Includes all information in title.
Cons: Name is long. Would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name. Poorly suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Also, the page will have to be moved if the common name OR the scientific name is changed.

Taxoboxes

Taxoboxes facilitate the navigation through the Tree-of-Life and each taxon is required to have one using the Template:Taxobox.

Major topics from wikipedia biology portal

General Life | species | biology
Ecology Biomass | food chain | indicator species | extinction | habitat | species distribution | Gaia theory
Conservation Biodiversity | biodiversity hotspot | nature reserve | edge effect | Allee effect | corridor | fragmentation | pollution | invasive species | in situ - ex situ | seedbank | environmental economics
Evolution Natural selection | genetic drift | sexual selection | speciation | mutation | gene flow
Tree of life Animals | plants | fungi | protists | bacteria | archaea | prokaryote | eukaryote | three-domain system | angiosperms | insects | nematodes | viruses
Development Tissues | fertilization | embryogenesis | gastrulation | neurulation | organogenesis | differentiation | morphogenesis | metamorphosis | ontogeny
Life cycle reproduction | ploidy | spermatogenesis | alternation of generations | oogenesis | parasitism | evolution of sex | meiosis | DNA replication
The cell Cell wall | cell membrane | cytoskeleton | mitochondrion | chloroplast | nucleus | endoplasmic reticulum | Golgi apparatus | cell cycle | mitosis | metabolism | cell signaling | protein targeting
Biochemistry DNA | RNA | protein | enzyme | protein folding | carbohydrate | lipid | glycolysis | citric acid cycle | electron transport chain | oxidative phosphorylation | photosynthesis | protein structure
Genetics Gene | genome | karyotype | transcription | translation | recombination | chromosome | Mendelian inheritance | phenotype | genotype | epigenetics | splicing | mutation | genetic fingerprint | chromatin | classical genetics | ecological genetics | molecular genetics | population genetics | quantitative genetics
Techniques Genetic engineering | transformation | gel electrophoresis | chromatography | centrifugation | cell culture | DNA sequencing | DNA microarray | green flourescent protein | vector | Enzyme assay | Protein purification | Western blot | Northern blot | Southern blot | restriction enzyme | polymerase chain reaction | two-hybrid screening
Other fields Anatomy | astrobiology | botany | bioengineering | bioinformatics | human biology | microbiology | origin of life | paleontology | parasitology | pathology  | pharmacology | phylogenetics | physiology | marine biology | systems biology | taxonomy | zoology
Classification of man Primate | mammal | vertebrate | craniata | chordate | deuterostome | animal
History of biology Natural history | geography | ecology | molecular biology | evolutionary biology | Great Chain of Being


Tools

See also Category:Technical_Help

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